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Richer N, Bradford JC, Ferris DP. Mobile neuroimaging: What we have learned about the neural control of human walking, with an emphasis on EEG-based research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105718. [PMID: 38744350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Our understanding of the neural control of human walking has changed significantly over the last twenty years and mobile brain imaging methods have contributed substantially to current knowledge. High-density electroencephalography (EEG) has the advantages of being lightweight and mobile while providing temporal resolution of brain changes within a gait cycle. Advances in EEG hardware and processing methods have led to a proliferation of research on the neural control of locomotion in neurologically intact adults. We provide a narrative review of the advantages and disadvantages of different mobile brain imaging methods, then summarize findings from mobile EEG studies quantifying electrocortical activity during human walking. Contrary to historical views on the neural control of locomotion, recent studies highlight the widespread involvement of many areas, such as the anterior cingulate, posterior parietal, prefrontal, premotor, sensorimotor, supplementary motor, and occipital cortices, that show active fluctuations in electrical power during walking. The electrocortical activity changes with speed, stability, perturbations, and gait adaptation. We end with a discussion on the next steps in mobile EEG research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Richer
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Health, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - J Cortney Bradford
- US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Daniel P Ferris
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Santos PCRD, Heimler B, Koren O, Flash T, Plotnik M. Dopamine improves defective cortical and muscular connectivity during bilateral control of gait in Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2024; 7:495. [PMID: 38658666 PMCID: PMC11043351 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD)-typical declines in gait coordination are possibly explained by weakness in bilateral cortical and muscular connectivity. Here, we seek to determine whether this weakness and consequent decline in gait coordination is affected by dopamine levels. To this end, we compare cortico-cortical, cortico-muscular, and intermuscular connectivity and gait outcomes between body sides in people with PD under ON and OFF medication states, and in older adults. In our study, participants walked back and forth along a 12 m corridor. Gait events (heel strikes and toe-offs) and electrical cortical and muscular activities were measured and used to compute cortico-cortical, cortico-muscular, and intermuscular connectivity (i.e., coherences in the alpha, beta, and gamma bands), as well as features characterizing gait performance (e.g., the step-timing coordination, length, and speed). We observe that people with PD, mainly during the OFF medication, walk with reduced step-timing coordination. Additionally, our results suggest that dopamine intake in PD increases the overall cortico-muscular connectivity during the stance and swing phases of gait. We thus conclude that dopamine corrects defective feedback caused by impaired sensory-information processing and sensory-motor integration, thus increasing cortico-muscular coherences in the alpha bands and improving gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cezar Rocha Dos Santos
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- IDOR/Pioneer Science Initiative, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Benedetta Heimler
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Or Koren
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tamar Flash
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meir Plotnik
- Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Roeder L, Breakspear M, Kerr GK, Boonstra TW. Dynamics of brain-muscle networks reveal effects of age and somatosensory function on gait. iScience 2024; 27:109162. [PMID: 38414847 PMCID: PMC10897916 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Walking is a complex motor activity that requires coordinated interactions between the sensory and motor systems. We used mobile EEG and EMG to investigate the brain-muscle networks involved in gait control during overground walking in young people, older people, and individuals with Parkinson's disease. Dynamic interactions between the sensorimotor cortices and eight leg muscles within a gait cycle were assessed using multivariate analysis. We identified three distinct brain-muscle networks during a gait cycle. These networks include a bilateral network, a left-lateralized network activated during the left swing phase, and a right-lateralized network active during the right swing. The trajectories of these networks are contracted in older adults, indicating a reduction in neuromuscular connectivity with age. Individuals with the impaired tactile sensitivity of the foot showed a selective enhancement of the bilateral network, possibly reflecting a compensation strategy to maintain gait stability. These findings provide a parsimonious description of interindividual differences in neuromuscular connectivity during gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Roeder
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Information Systems, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Breakspear
- College of Engineering Science and Environment, College of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham K Kerr
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tjeerd W Boonstra
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Tharawadeepimuk K, Limroongreungrat W, Pilanthananond M, Nanbancha A. Auditory Cue Effects on Gait-Phase-Dependent Electroencephalogram (EEG) Modulations during Overground and Treadmill Walking. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1548. [PMID: 38475084 DOI: 10.3390/s24051548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Walking rehabilitation following injury or disease involves voluntary gait modification, yet the specific brain signals underlying this process remains unclear. This aim of this study was to investigate the impact of an auditory cue on changes in brain activity when walking overground (O) and on a treadmill (T) using an electroencephalogram (EEG) with a 32-electrode montage. Employing a between-group repeated-measures design, 24 participants (age: 25.7 ± 3.8 years) were randomly allocated to either an O (n = 12) or T (n = 12) group to complete two walking conditions (self-selected speed control (sSC) and speed control (SC)). The differences in brain activities during the gait cycle were investigated using statistical non-parametric mapping (SnPM). The addition of an auditory cue did not modify cortical activity in any brain area during the gait cycle when walking overground (all p > 0.05). However, significant differences in EEG activity were observed in the delta frequency band (0.5-4 Hz) within the sSC condition between the O and T groups. These differences occurred at the central frontal (loading phase) and frontocentral (mid stance phase) brain areas (p < 0.05). Our data suggest auditory cueing has little impact on modifying cortical activity during overground walking. This may have practical implications in neuroprosthesis development for walking rehabilitation, sports performance optimization, and overall human quality-of-life improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ampika Nanbancha
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Guo X, Zhao S, Yu L, Wang H, Acquah MEE, Chen W, Gu D. Neural Correlates of Abnormal Cortical Gait Control in Parkinson's Disease: A Whole-Gait-Cycle EEG Study. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2024; 71:400-409. [PMID: 37535480 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3301528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroencephalography (EEG) with high time-resolution allows for recording dynamic cortical activity during walking and provides new insight into the underlying pathophysiology of gait impairments in PD. However, traditional gait-phase-specific EEG analysis only measures the brain activities in the isolated gait phase, but neglects the between-gait-phase interactions as well as the whole-gait-cycle characteristics, and therefore is unable to effectively reflect the abnormal cortical gait control. METHODS In this study, we introduced three whole-gait-cycle measures of intra-stride EEG activity (i.e., mean desynchronization, amplitude of fluctuations, and coupling to the gait phase), and investigated their abnormalities in PD and relationships with gait impairments, which were further compared with the traditional gait-phase-specific measures. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, PD patients showed overwhelming stronger desynchronizations (ERD) across the whole gait cycle in θ, α and low-β bands, implying a cortical compensatory strategy in response to the low efficiency of the motor network. Patients also exhibited weaker intra-stride ERD fluctuations in the central area in α and low-β bands, with reduced amplitude and less coupling to the gait phase, which were correlated with gait impairments in walking speed, gait rhythm and walking stability. However, gait-phase-specific EEG measures did not show any significant correlation with gait impairments in PD. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated the efficiency of whole-gait-cycle EEG measures in characterizing the abnormal cortical gait control, and for the first time, associated gait impairments with weak intra-stride electrocortical fluctuations. SIGNIFICANCE The findings may shed light on the development of cortical-targeted interventions for PD.
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Wen L, Watanabe T, Iwamoto Y, Ishii Y, Miyoshi F, Shiraishi K, Date S, Siu KC, Kirimoto H, Takahashi M. Intramuscular and intermuscular coherence analysis while obstacle crossing during treadmill gait. Somatosens Mot Res 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38145411 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2023.2296516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the contribution of the common synaptic drives to motor units during obstacle avoidance, using coherence analysis between a-pair electromyography (EMG) signals (EMG-EMG coherence). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen healthy volunteers walked on a treadmill with and without obstacle avoidance. During obstacle gait, subjects were instructed to step over an obstacle with their right leg while walking that would randomly and unpredictably appear. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the following muscles of the right leg: the proximal and distal ends of tibialis anterior (TAp and TAd), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and medial gastrocnemius (MG). Beta-band (13-30 Hz) EMG-EMG coherence was analysed. RESULTS Beta-band EMG-EMG coherence of TAp-TAd during swing phase and BF-ST during pre and initial swing phase when stepping over an obstacle were significantly higher compared to normal gait (both p < 0.05). Beta-band EMG-EMG coherence of TAp-TAd, BF-ST, and LG-MG during stance phase were not significantly different between the two gait conditions (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest increased common synaptic drives to motor units in ankle dorsiflexor and knee flexor muscles during obstacle avoidance. It also may reflect an increased cortical contribution to modify the gait patterns to avoid an obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wen
- Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Watanabe
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iwamoto
- Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ishii
- Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumiya Miyoshi
- Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kanako Shiraishi
- Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shota Date
- Department of Analysis and Control of Upper Extremity Function, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ka-Chun Siu
- Physical Therapy Education, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hikari Kirimoto
- Department of Sensorimotor Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Takahashi
- Department of Biomechanics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Katmah R, Shehhi AA, Jelinek HF, Hulleck AA, Khalaf K. A Systematic Review of Gait Analysis in the Context of Multimodal Sensing Fusion and AI. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2023; 31:4189-4202. [PMID: 37847624 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2023.3325215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological diseases are a leading cause of disability and mortality. Gait, or human walking, is a significant predictor of quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Gait patterns and other kinematic, kinetic, and balance gait features are accurate and powerful diagnostic and prognostic tools. OBJECTIVE This review article focuses on the applicability of gait analysis using fusion techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) models. The aim is to examine the significance of mixing several types of wearable and non-wearable sensor data and the impact of this combination on the performance of AI models. METHOD In this systematic review, 66 studies using more than two modalities to record and analyze gait were identified. 40 studies incorporated multiple gait analysis modalities without the use of artificial intelligence to extract gait features such as kinematic, kinetic, margin of stability, temporal, and spatial gait parameters, as well as cerebral activity. Similarly, 26 studies analyzed gait data using multimodal fusion sensors and AI algorithms. RESULTS The research summarized here demonstrates that the quality of gait analysis and the effectiveness of AI models can both benefit from the integration of data from many sensors. Meanwhile, the utilization of EMG signals in fusion data is especially advantageous. CONCLUSION The findings of this review suggest that a smart, portable, wearable-based gait and balance assessment system can be developed using multimodal sensing of the most cutting-edge, clinically relevant tools and technology available. The information presented in this article may serve as a vital springboard for such development.
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8
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Fernandez-Del-Olmo M, Sánchez-Molina JA, Novo-Ponte S, Fogelson N. Directed connectivity in Parkinson's disease patients during over-ground and treadmill walking. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112220. [PMID: 37230335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Treadmill walking is considered a useful therapeutic tool for improving gait in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The study investigated the role of top-down, frontal-parietal versus bottom-up parietal-frontal networks, during over-ground and treadmill walking in PD and control subjects, using functional connectivity. To this end, EEG was recorded simultaneously, during a ten-minute period of continuous walking either over-ground or on a treadmill, in thirteen PD patients and thirteen age-matched controls. We evaluated EEG directed connectivity, using phase transfer entropy in three frequency bands: theta, alpha and beta. PD patients showed increased top-down connectivity during over-ground compared with treadmill walking, in the beta frequency range. Control subjects showed no significant differences in connectivity between the two walking conditions. Our results suggest that in PD patients, OG walking was associated with increased allocation of attentional resources, compared with that on the TL. These functional connectivity modulations may shed further light on the mechanisms underlying treadmill versus overground walking in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabela Novo-Ponte
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Fogelson
- Department of Humanities, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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Zipser-Mohammadzada F, Scheffers MF, Conway BA, Halliday DM, Zipser CM, Curt A, Schubert M. Intramuscular coherence enables robust assessment of modulated supra-spinal input in human gait: an inter-dependence study of visual task and walking speed. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1675-1689. [PMID: 37199775 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intramuscular high-frequency coherence is increased during visually guided treadmill walking as a consequence of increased supra-spinal input. The influence of walking speed on intramuscular coherence and its inter-trial reproducibility need to be established before adoption as a functional gait assessment tool in clinical settings. Here, fifteen healthy controls performed a normal and a target walking task on a treadmill at various speeds (0.3 m/s, 0.5 m/s, 0.9 m/s, and preferred) during two sessions. Intramuscular coherence was calculated between two surface EMG recordings sites of the Tibialis anterior muscle during the swing phase of walking. The results were averaged across low-frequency (5-14 Hz) and high-frequency (15-55 Hz) bands. The effect of speed, task, and time on mean coherence was assessed using three-way repeated measures ANOVA. Reliability and agreement were calculated with the intra-class correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman method, respectively. Intramuscular coherence during target walking was significantly higher than during normal walking across all walking speeds in the high-frequency band as obtained by the three-way repeated measures ANOVA. Interaction effects between task and speed were found for the low- and high-frequency bands, suggesting that task-dependent differences increase at higher walking speeds. Reliability of intramuscular coherence was moderate to excellent for most normal and target walking tasks in all frequency bands. This study confirms previous reports of increased intramuscular coherence during target walking, while providing first evidence for reproducibility and robustness of this measure as a requirement to investigate supra-spinal input.Trial registration Registry number/ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03343132, date of registration 2017/11/17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjelle Fredie Scheffers
- Department of Neurophysiology, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard A Conway
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NW, UK
| | - David M Halliday
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - Carl Moritz Zipser
- Department of Neurophysiology, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Armin Curt
- Department of Neurophysiology, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schubert
- Department of Neurophysiology, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Kim J, Lee J, Lee G, Chang WH, Ko MH, Yoo WK, Ryu GH, Kim YH. Relationship between lower limb muscle activity and cortical activation among elderly people during walking: Effects of fast speed and cognitive dual task. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1059563. [PMID: 36704503 PMCID: PMC9871491 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1059563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Gait is a complex behavior that involves not only the musculoskeletal system, but also higher-order brain functions, including cognition. This study was performed to investigate the correlation between lower limb muscle activity and cortical activation during treadmill walking in two groups of elderly people: the young-old (aged 65-74 years) and the old-old (aged 75-84 years). Methods Thirty-one young-old and 31 old-old people participated in this study. All participants were sequentially subjected to three gait conditions on a treadmill: (1) comfortable walking, (2) fast walking, and (3) cognitive dual-task walking. During treadmill walking, the activity of the lower limb muscles was measured using a surface electromyography system, and cortical activation was measured using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. The correlation between muscle activity and cortical activation during treadmill walking was analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results During comfortable walking, lower extremity muscle activity had a strong correlation with cortical activation, especially in the swing phase; this was significantly stronger in the young-old than the old-old. During fast walking, the correlations between lower limb muscle activity and cortical activation were stronger than those during comfortable walking in both groups. In cognitive dual-task walking, cortical activation in the frontal region and motor area was increased, although the correlation between muscle activity and cortical activation was weaker than that during comfortable walking in both groups. Conclusion The corticomotor correlation differed significantly between the old-old and the young-old. These results suggest that gait function is compensated by regulating corticomotor correlation as well as brain activity during walking in the elderly. These results could serve as a basis for developing gait training and fall prevention programs for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Ybrain Inc., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Medical IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Chang
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hwan Ko
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Ha Ryu
- Office of R&D Strategy and Planning, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,*Correspondence: Yun-Hee Kim, ;
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Yokoyama H, Kaneko N, Sasaki A, Saito A, Nakazawa K. Firing behavior of single motor units of the tibialis anterior in human walking as non-invasively revealed by HDsEMG decomposition. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36541453 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aca71b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Investigation of the firing behavior of motor units (MUs) provides essential neuromuscular control information because MUs are the smallest organizational component of the neuromuscular system. The MUs activated during human infants' leg movements and rodent locomotion, mainly controlled by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG), show highly synchronous firing. In addition to spinal CPGs, the cerebral cortex is involved in neuromuscular control during walking in human adults. Based on the difference in the neural control mechanisms of locomotion between rodent, human infants and adults, MU firing behavior during adult walking probably has some different features from the other populations. However, so far, the firing activity of MUs in human adult walking has been largely unknown due to technical issues.Approach.Recent technical advances allow noninvasive investigation of MU firing by high-density surface electromyogram (HDsEMG) decomposition. We investigated the MU firing behavior of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle during walking at a slow speed by HDsEMG decomposition.Main results.We found recruitment threshold modulation of MU between walking and steady isometric contractions. Doublet firings, and gait phase-specific firings were also observed during walking. We also found high MU synchronization during walking over a wide range of frequencies, probably including cortical and spinal CPG-related components. The amount of MU synchronization was modulated between the gait phases and motor tasks. These results suggest that the central nervous system flexibly controls MU firing to generate appropriate force of TA during human walking.Significance.This study revealed the MU behavior during walking at a slow speed and demonstrated the feasibility of noninvasive investigation of MUs during dynamic locomotor tasks, which will open new frontiers for the study of neuromuscular systems in the fields of neuroscience and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yokoyama
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sasaki
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering Science, Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Osaka University, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Center for Health and Sports Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka 813-8503, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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12
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Charalambous CC, Hadjipapas A. Is there frequency-specificity in the motor control of walking? The putative differential role of alpha and beta oscillations. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:922841. [PMID: 36387306 PMCID: PMC9650482 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.922841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha and beta oscillations have been assessed thoroughly during walking due to their potential role as proxies of the corticoreticulospinal tract (CReST) and corticospinal tract (CST), respectively. Given that damage to a descending tract after stroke can cause walking deficits, detailed knowledge of how these oscillations mechanistically contribute to walking could be utilized in strategies for post-stroke locomotor recovery. In this review, the goal was to summarize, synthesize, and discuss the existing evidence on the potential differential role of these oscillations on the motor descending drive, the effect of transcranial alternate current stimulation (tACS) on neurotypical and post-stroke walking, and to discuss remaining gaps in knowledge, future directions, and methodological considerations. Electrophysiological studies of corticomuscular, intermuscular, and intramuscular coherence during walking clearly demonstrate that beta oscillations are predominantly present in the dorsiflexors during the swing phase and may be absent post-stroke. The role of alpha oscillations, however, has not been pinpointed as clearly. We concluded that both animal and human studies should focus on the electrophysiological characterization of alpha oscillations and their potential role to the CReST. Another approach in elucidating the role of these oscillations is to modulate them and then quantify the impact on walking behavior. This is possible through tACS, whose beneficial effect on walking behavior (including boosting of beta oscillations in intramuscular coherence) has been recently demonstrated in both neurotypical adults and stroke patients. However, these studies still do not allow for specific roles of alpha and beta oscillations to be delineated because the tACS frequency used was much lower (i.e., individualized calculated gait frequency was used). Thus, we identify a main gap in the literature, which is tACS studies actually stimulating at alpha and beta frequencies during walking. Overall, we conclude that for beta oscillations there is a clear connection to descending drive in the corticospinal tract. The precise relationship between alpha oscillations and CReST remains elusive due to the gaps in the literature identified here. However, better understanding the role of alpha (and beta) oscillations in the motor control of walking can be used to progress and develop rehabilitation strategies for promoting locomotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos C. Charalambous
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Neuroscience and Integrative Brain Research (CENIBRE), Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Avgis Hadjipapas
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Center for Neuroscience and Integrative Brain Research (CENIBRE), Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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13
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Jacobsen NSJ, Blum S, Scanlon JEM, Witt K, Debener S. Mobile electroencephalography captures differences of walking over even and uneven terrain but not of single and dual-task gait. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:945341. [PMID: 36275441 PMCID: PMC9582531 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.945341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking on natural terrain while performing a dual-task, such as typing on a smartphone is a common behavior. Since dual-tasking and terrain change gait characteristics, it is of interest to understand how altered gait is reflected by changes in gait-associated neural signatures. A study was performed with 64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) of healthy volunteers, which was recorded while they walked over uneven and even terrain outdoors with and without performing a concurrent task (self-paced button pressing with both thumbs). Data from n = 19 participants (M = 24 years, 13 females) were analyzed regarding gait-phase related power modulations (GPM) and gait performance (stride time and stride time-variability). GPMs changed significantly with terrain, but not with the task. Descriptively, a greater beta power decrease following right-heel strikes was observed on uneven compared to even terrain. No evidence of an interaction was observed. Beta band power reduction following the initial contact of the right foot was more pronounced on uneven than on even terrain. Stride times were longer on uneven compared to even terrain and during dual- compared to single-task gait, but no significant interaction was observed. Stride time variability increased on uneven terrain compared to even terrain but not during single- compared to dual-tasking. The results reflect that as the terrain difficulty increases, the strides become slower and more irregular, whereas a secondary task slows stride duration only. Mobile EEG captures GPM differences linked to terrain changes, suggesting that the altered gait control demands and associated cortical processes can be identified. This and further studies may help to lay the foundation for protocols assessing the cognitive demand of natural gait on the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Svenja Josée Jacobsen
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Nadine Svenja Josée Jacobsen
| | - Sarah Blum
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Hörzentrum Oldenburg GmbH, Oldenburg, Germany,Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Elizabeth Mary Scanlon
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Branch for Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology HSA, Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Witt
- Department of Neurology and Research Center Neurosensory Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany,Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Oldenburg, Germany
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14
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Sato SD, Choi JT. Corticospinal drive is associated with temporal walking adaptation in both healthy young and older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:920475. [PMID: 36062156 PMCID: PMC9436318 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.920475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy aging is associated with reduced corticospinal drive to leg muscles during walking. Older adults also exhibit slower or reduced gait adaptation compared to young adults. The objective of this study was to determine age-related changes in the contribution of corticospinal drive to ankle muscles during walking adaptation. Electromyography (EMG) from the tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), medial, and lateral gastrocnemius (MGAS, LGAS) were recorded from 20 healthy young adults and 19 healthy older adults while they adapted walking on a split-belt treadmill. We quantified EMG-EMG coherence in the beta-gamma (15-45 Hz) and alpha-band (8-15 Hz) frequencies. Young adults demonstrated higher coherence in both the beta-gamma band coherence and alpha band coherence, although effect sizes were greater in the beta-gamma frequency. The results showed that slow leg TA-TA coherence in the beta-gamma band was the strongest predictor of early adaptation in double support time. In contrast, early adaptation in step length symmetry was predicted by age group alone. These findings suggest an important role of corticospinal drive in adapting interlimb timing during walking in both young and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire D. Sato
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Julia T. Choi
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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15
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Zhao M, Bonassi G, Samogin J, Taberna GA, Porcaro C, Pelosin E, Avanzino L, Mantini D. Assessing Neurokinematic and Neuromuscular Connectivity During Walking Using Mobile Brain-Body Imaging. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:912075. [PMID: 35720696 PMCID: PMC9204106 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.912075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait is a common but rather complex activity that supports mobility in daily life. It requires indeed sophisticated coordination of lower and upper limbs, controlled by the nervous system. The relationship between limb kinematics and muscular activity with neural activity, referred to as neurokinematic and neuromuscular connectivity (NKC/NMC) respectively, still needs to be elucidated. Recently developed analysis techniques for mobile high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG) recordings have enabled investigations of gait-related neural modulations at the brain level. To shed light on gait-related neurokinematic and neuromuscular connectivity patterns in the brain, we performed a mobile brain/body imaging (MoBI) study in young healthy participants. In each participant, we collected hdEEG signals and limb velocity/electromyography signals during treadmill walking. We reconstructed neural signals in the alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and gamma (30–50 Hz) frequency bands, and assessed the co-modulations of their power envelopes with myogenic/velocity envelopes. Our results showed that the myogenic signals have larger discriminative power in evaluating gait-related brain-body connectivity with respect to kinematic signals. A detailed analysis of neuromuscular connectivity patterns in the brain revealed robust responses in the alpha and beta bands over the lower limb representation in the primary sensorimotor cortex. There responses were largely contralateral with respect to the body sensor used for the analysis. By using a voxel-wise analysis of variance on the NMC images, we revealed clear modulations across body sensors; the variability across frequency bands was relatively lower, and below significance. Overall, our study demonstrates that a MoBI platform based on hdEEG can be used for the investigation of gait-related brain-body connectivity. Future studies might involve more complex walking conditions to gain a better understanding of fundamental neural processes associated with gait control, or might be conducted in individuals with neuromotor disorders to identify neural markers of abnormal gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Zhao
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gaia Bonassi
- S.C. Medicina Fisica e Riabilitazione Ospedaliera, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Chiavarese, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jessica Samogin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Camillo Porcaro
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies—National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Pelosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Dante Mantini,
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16
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Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Electrical Stimulation over the Supplementary Motor Area Combined with Walking on the Intramuscular Coherence of the Tibialis Anterior in a Subacute Post-Stroke Patient: A Single-Case Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050540. [PMID: 35624929 PMCID: PMC9139188 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor recovery is related to the corticospinal tract (CST) lesion in post-stroke patients. The CST originating from the supplementary motor area (SMA) affects the recovery of impaired motor function. We confirmed the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the SMA combined with walk training on CST excitability. This study involved a stroke patient with severe sensorimotor deficits and a retrospective AB design. Walk training was conducted only in phase A. Phase B consisted of anodal tDCS (1.5 mA) combined with walk training. Walking speed, stride time variability (STV; reflecting gait stability), and beta-band intramuscular coherence—derived from the paired tibialis anterior on the paretic side (reflecting CST excitability)—were measured. STV quantified the coefficient of variation in stride time using accelerometers. Intramuscular coherence during the early stance phase noticeably increased in phase B compared with phase A. Intramuscular coherence in both the stance and swing phases was reduced at follow-up. Walking speed showed no change, while STV was noticeably decreased in phase B compared with phase A. These results suggest that tDCS over the SMA during walking improves gait stability by enhancing CST excitability in the early stance phase.
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17
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Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Bilateral Supplementary Motor Area on the Lower Limb Motor Function in a Stroke Patient with Severe Motor Paralysis: A Case Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040452. [PMID: 35447983 PMCID: PMC9029581 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with severe motor paralysis, increasing the excitability of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the non-injured hemisphere contributes to the recovery of lower limb motor function. However, the contribution of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the SMA of the non-injured hemisphere in the recovery of lower limb motor function is unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of tDCS on bilateral hemispheric SMA combined with assisted gait training. A post-stroke patient with severe motor paralysis participated in a retrospective AB design. Assisted gait training was performed only in period A and tDCS to the SMA of the bilateral hemisphere combined with assisted gait training (bi-tDCS) was performed in period B. Additionally, three conditions were performed for 20 min each in the intervals between the two periods: (1) assisted gait training only, (2) assisted gait training combined with tDCS to the SMA of the injured hemisphere, and (3) bi-tDCS. Measurements were muscle activity and beta-band intermuscular coherence (reflecting corticospinal tract excitability) of the vastus medialis muscle. The bi-tDCS immediately and longitudinally increased muscle activity and intermuscular coherence. We consider that bi-tDCS may be effective in recovering lower limb motor function in a patient with severe motor paralysis.
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18
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Scanlon JEM, Jacobsen NSJ, Maack MC, Debener S. Stepping in time: Alpha-mu and beta oscillations during a walking synchronization task. Neuroimage 2022; 253:119099. [PMID: 35301131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpersonal behavioral synchrony is referred to as temporal coordination of action between two or more individuals. Humans tend to synchronize their movements during repetitive movement tasks such as walking. Mobile EEG technology now allows us to examine how this happens during gait. 18 participants equipped with foot accelerometers and mobile EEG walked with an experimenter in three conditions: With their view of the experimenter blocked, walking naturally, and trying to synchronize their steps with the experimenter. The experimenter walked following a headphone metronome to keep their steps consistent for all conditions. Step behavior and synchronization between the experimenter and participant were compared between conditions. Additionally, event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) were time-warped to the gait cycle in order to analyze alpha-mu (7.5-12.5 Hz) and beta (16-32 Hz) rhythms over the whole gait cycle. Step synchronization was significantly higher in the synchrony condition than in the natural condition. Likewise regarding ERSPs, right parietal channel (C4, C6, CP4, CP6) alpha-mu and central channel (C1, Cz, C2) beta power were suppressed from baseline in the walking synchrony condition compared to the natural walking condition. The natural and blocked conditions were not found to be significantly different in behavioral or spectral comparisons. Our results are compatible with the view that intentional synchronization employs systems associated with social interaction as well as the central motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E M Scanlon
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - N S J Jacobsen
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - M C Maack
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Center for Neurosensory Science and Systems, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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19
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Kerkman JN, Zandvoort CS, Daffertshofer A, Dominici N. Body Weight Control Is a Key Element of Motor Control for Toddlers' Walking. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:844607. [PMID: 36926099 PMCID: PMC10013000 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.844607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
New-borns can step when supported for about 70-80% of their own body weight. Gravity-related sensorimotor information might be an important factor in developing the ability to walk independently. We explored how body weight support alters motor control in toddlers during the first independent steps and in toddlers with about half a year of walking experience. Sixteen different typically developing children were assessed during (un)supported walking on a running treadmill. Electromyography of 18-24 bilateral leg and back muscles and vertical ground reaction forces were recorded. Strides were grouped into four levels of body weight support ranging from no (<10%), low (10-35%), medium (35-55%), and high (55-95%) support. We constructed muscle synergies and muscle networks and assessed differences between levels of support and between groups. In both groups, muscle activities could be described by four synergies. As expected, the mean activity decreased with body weight support around foot strikes. The younger first-steps group showed changes in the temporal pattern of the synergies when supported for more than 35% of their body weight. In this group, the muscle network was dense with several interlimb connections. Apparently, the ability to process gravity-related information is not fully developed at the onset of independent walking causing motor control to be fairly disperse. Synergy-specific sensitivity for unloading implies distinct neural mechanisms underlying (the emergence of) these synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Kerkman
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coen S Zandvoort
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Daffertshofer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Dominici
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Liu H, Li B, Zhang M, Dai C, Xi P, Liu Y, Huang Q, He J, Lang Y, Tang R. Unexpected Terrain Induced Changes in Cortical Activity in Bipedal-Walking Rats. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010036. [PMID: 35053035 PMCID: PMC8773320 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Most studies on cortical dynamics during walking require subjects to walk stably on specific terrain. In fact, humans or other animals are often disturbed by an abrupt change in terrains during walking. To study the impact of unexpected terrain on cortical activity, we analyzed the kinematics and electroencephalography (EEG) dynamics of bipedal-walking rats after encountering unexpected terrain. We found that the gait of rats after encountering the unexpected terrain were significantly different from normal walking. Furthermore, the activities of the left and right primary motor areas (M1), the left and right primary somatosensory areas (S1), and the retrosplenial area (RSP) are coupled to gait cycle phase and varied with the terrain conditions. These findings suggest that unexpected terrains induced changes in gait and cortical activity, and provide novel insights into cortical dynamics during walking. Abstract Humans and other animals can quickly respond to unexpected terrains during walking, but little is known about the cortical dynamics in this process. To study the impact of unexpected terrains on brain activity, we allowed rats with blocked vision to walk on a treadmill in a bipedal posture and then walk on an uneven area at a random position on the treadmill belt. Whole brain EEG signals and hind limb kinematics of bipedal-walking rats were recorded. After encountering unexpected terrain, the θ band power of the bilateral M1, the γ band power of the left S1, and the θ to γ band power of the RSP significantly decreased compared with normal walking. Furthermore, when the rats left uneven terrain, the β band power of the bilateral M1 and the α band power of the right M1 decreased, while the γ band power of the left M1 significantly increased compared with normal walking. Compared with the flat terrain, the θ to low β (3–20 Hz) band power of the bilateral S1 increased after the rats contacted the uneven terrain and then decreased in the single- or double- support phase. These results support the hypothesis that unexpected terrains induced changes in cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Minjian Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Chuankai Dai
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Pengcheng Xi
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (H.L.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (C.D.); (P.X.); (Y.L.); (Q.H.); (J.H.)
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.T.)
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.T.)
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21
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Kim J, Lee G, Lee J, Kim YH. Changes in Cortical Activity during Preferred and Fast Speed Walking under Single- and Dual-Tasks in the Young-Old and Old-Old Elderly. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121551. [PMID: 34942853 PMCID: PMC8699214 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the elderly, walking while simultaneously engaging in other activities becomes more difficult. This study aimed to examine the changes in cortical activity during walking with aging. We try to reveal the effects of an additional task and increased walking speed on cortical activation in the young-old and the old-old elderly. Twenty-seven young-old (70.2 ± 3.0 years) and 23 old-old (78.0 ± 2.3 years) participated in this study. Each subject completed four walking tasks on the treadmill, a 2 × 2 design; two single-task (ST) walking conditions with self-selected walking speed (SSWS) and fast walking speed (FWS), and two dual-task (DT) walking conditions with SSWS and FWS. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was applied for measurement of cerebral oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) concentration during walking. Cortical activities were increased during DT conditions compared with ST conditions but decreased during the FWS compared with the SSWS on the primary leg motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in both the young-old and the old-old. These oxyHb concentration changes were significantly less prominent in the old-old than in the young-old. This study demonstrated that changes in cortical activity during dual-task walking are lower in the old-old than in the young-old, reflecting the reduced adaptive plasticity with severe aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (G.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
| | - Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-2832 (J.L.); +82-2-3410-2824 (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (J.K.); (G.L.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management & Research, Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3410-2832 (J.L.); +82-2-3410-2824 (Y.-H.K.)
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22
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Yokoyama H, Kaneko N, Watanabe K, Nakazawa K. Neural decoding of gait phases during motor imagery and improvement of the decoding accuracy by concurrent action observation. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34082405 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac07bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Brain decoding of motor imagery (MI) not only is crucial for the control of neuroprosthesis but also provides insights into the underlying neural mechanisms. Walking consists of stance and swing phases, which are associated with different biomechanical and neural control features. However, previous knowledge on decoding the MI of gait is limited to simple information (e.g. the classification of 'walking' and 'rest').Approach. Here, we investigated the feasibility of electroencephalogram (EEG) decoding of the two gait phases during the MI of walking and whether the combined use of MI and action observation (AO) would improve decoding accuracy.Main results. We demonstrated that the stance and swing phases could be decoded from EEGs during MI or AO alone. We also demonstrated the decoding accuracy during MI was improved by concurrent AO. The decoding models indicated that the improved decoding accuracy following the combined use of MI and AO was facilitated by the additional information resulting from the concurrent cortical activations related to sensorimotor, visual, and action understanding systems associated with MI and AO.Significance. This study is the first to show that decoding the stance versus swing phases during MI is feasible. The current findings provide fundamental knowledge for neuroprosthetic design and gait rehabilitation, and they expand our understanding of the neural activity underlying AO, MI, and AO + MI of walking.Novelty and significanceBrain decoding of detailed gait-related information during motor imagery (MI) is important for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for gait rehabilitation. This study is the first to show the feasibility of EEG decoding of the stance versus swing phases during MI. We also demonstrated that the combined use of MI and action observation (AO) improves decoding accuracy, which is facilitated by the concurrent and synergistic involvement of the cortical activations for MI and AO. These findings extend the current understanding of neural activity and the combined effects of AO and MI and provide a basis for effective techniques for walking rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yokoyama
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naotsugu Kaneko
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Faculty of Arts, Design, and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2021, Australia
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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23
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Energy Expenditure of Level Overground Walking in Young Adults: Comparison With Prediction Equations. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:965-972. [PMID: 34111844 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the published prediction equations for determining level overground walking energy cost in young adults. METHODS In total, 148 healthy young adults volunteered to participate in this study. Resting metabolic rate and energy expenditure variables at speeds of 4, 5, and 6 km/h were measured by indirect calorimetry, walking energy expenditure was estimated by 3 published equations. RESULTS The gross and net metabolic rate per mile of level overground walking increased with increased speed (all P < .01). Females were less economical than males. The present findings revealed that the American College of Sports Medicine and Pandolf et al equations significantly underestimated the energy cost of overground walking at all speeds (all P < .01) in young adults. The percentage mean bias for American College of Sports Medicine, Pandolf et al, and Weyand et al was 12.4%, 16.8%, 1.4% (4 km/h); 21.6%, 15.8%, 7.1% (5 km/h); and 27.6%, 12%, 6.6% (6 km/h). Bland-Altman plots and prediction error analysis showed that the Weyand et al was the most accurate in 3 existing equations. CONCLUSIONS The Weyand et al equation appears to be the most suitable for the prediction of overground walking energy expenditure in young adults.
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24
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Delaux A, de Saint Aubert JB, Ramanoël S, Bécu M, Gehrke L, Klug M, Chavarriaga R, Sahel JA, Gramann K, Arleo A. Mobile brain/body imaging of landmark-based navigation with high-density EEG. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:8256-8282. [PMID: 33738880 PMCID: PMC9291975 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coupling behavioral measures and brain imaging in naturalistic, ecological conditions is key to comprehend the neural bases of spatial navigation. This highly integrative function encompasses sensorimotor, cognitive, and executive processes that jointly mediate active exploration and spatial learning. However, most neuroimaging approaches in humans are based on static, motion‐constrained paradigms and they do not account for all these processes, in particular multisensory integration. Following the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging approach, we aimed to explore the cortical correlates of landmark‐based navigation in actively behaving young adults, solving a Y‐maze task in immersive virtual reality. EEG analysis identified a set of brain areas matching state‐of‐the‐art brain imaging literature of landmark‐based navigation. Spatial behavior in mobile conditions additionally involved sensorimotor areas related to motor execution and proprioception usually overlooked in static fMRI paradigms. Expectedly, we located a cortical source in or near the posterior cingulate, in line with the engagement of the retrosplenial complex in spatial reorientation. Consistent with its role in visuo‐spatial processing and coding, we observed an alpha‐power desynchronization while participants gathered visual information. We also hypothesized behavior‐dependent modulations of the cortical signal during navigation. Despite finding few differences between the encoding and retrieval phases of the task, we identified transient time–frequency patterns attributed, for instance, to attentional demand, as reflected in the alpha/gamma range, or memory workload in the delta/theta range. We confirmed that combining mobile high‐density EEG and biometric measures can help unravel the brain structures and the neural modulations subtending ecological landmark‐based navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Delaux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stephen Ramanoël
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Marcia Bécu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Lukas Gehrke
- Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Klug
- Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Chavarriaga
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.,Zurich University of Applied Sciences, ZHAW Datalab, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Klaus Gramann
- Institute of Psychology and Ergonomics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelo Arleo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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25
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Cao L, Chen X, Haendel BF. Overground Walking Decreases Alpha Activity and Entrains Eye Movements in Humans. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:561755. [PMID: 33414709 PMCID: PMC7782973 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.561755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments in animal models have shown that running increases neuronal activity in early visual areas in light as well as in darkness. This suggests that visual processing is influenced by locomotion independent of visual input. Combining mobile electroencephalography, motion- and eye-tracking, we investigated the influence of overground free walking on cortical alpha activity (~10 Hz) and eye movements in healthy humans. Alpha activity has been considered a valuable marker of inhibition of sensory processing and shown to negatively correlate with neuronal firing rates. We found that walking led to a decrease in alpha activity over occipital cortex compared to standing. This decrease was present during walking in darkness as well as during light. Importantly, eye movements could not explain the change in alpha activity. Nevertheless, we found that walking and eye related movements were linked. While the blink rate increased with increasing walking speed independent of light or darkness, saccade rate was only significantly linked to walking speed in the light. Pupil size, on the other hand, was larger during darkness than during light, but only showed a modulation by walking in darkness. Analyzing the effect of walking with respect to the stride cycle, we further found that blinks and saccades preferentially occurred during the double support phase of walking. Alpha power, as shown previously, was lower during the swing phase than during the double support phase. We however could exclude the possibility that the alpha modulation was introduced by a walking movement induced change in electrode impedance. Overall, our work indicates that the human visual system is influenced by the current locomotion state of the body. This influence affects eye movement pattern as well as neuronal activity in sensory areas and might form part of an implicit strategy to optimally extract sensory information during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Cao
- Department of Psychology (III), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Psychology (III), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara F Haendel
- Department of Psychology (III), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Gennaro F, de Bruin ED. A pilot study assessing reliability and age-related differences in corticomuscular and intramuscular coherence in ankle dorsiflexors during walking. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14378. [PMID: 32109345 PMCID: PMC7048377 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticomuscular (CMC) and intramuscular (intraMC) coherence represent measures of corticospinal interaction. Both CMC and intraMC can be assessed during human locomotion tasks, for example, while walking. Corticospinal control of gait can deteriorate during the aging process and CMC and intraMC may represent an important monitoring means. However, it is unclear whether such assessments represent a reliable tool when performed during walking in an ecologically valid scenario and whether age‐related differences may occur. Wireless surface electroencephalography and electromyography were employed in a pilot study with young and old adults during overground walking in two separate sessions. CMC and intraMC analyses were performed in the gathered beta and lower gamma frequencies (i.e., 13–40 Hz). Significant log‐transformed coherence area was tested for intersessions test–retest reliability by determining intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), yielding to low reliability in CMC in both younger and older adults. intraMC exclusively showed low reliability in the older adults, whereas intraMC in the younger adults revealed similar values as previously reported: test–retest reliability [ICC (95% CI): 0.44 (−0.23, 0.87); SEM: 0.46; MDC: 1.28; MDC%: 103; Hedge's g (95% CI): 0.54 (−0.13, 1.57)]. Significant differences between the age groups were observed in intraMC by either comparing the two groups with the first test [Hedge's g (95% CI): 1.55 (0.85, 2.15); p‐value: .006] or with the retest data [Hedge's g (95% CI): 2.24 (0.73, 3.70); p‐value: .005]. Notwithstanding the small sample size investigated, intraMC seems a moderately reliable assessment in younger adults. The further development and use of this measure in practical settings to infer corticospinal interaction in human locomotion in clinical practice is warranted and should help to refine the analysis. This necessitates involving larger sample sizes as well as including a wider number of lower limb muscles. Moreover, further research seems warranted by the observed differences in modulation mechanisms of corticospinal control of gait as ascertained by intraMC between the age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gennaro
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Liang T, Zhang Q, Liu X, Lou C, Liu X, Wang H. Time-Frequency Maximal Information Coefficient Method and its Application to Functional Corticomuscular Coupling. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2020; 28:2515-2524. [PMID: 33001806 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3028199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An important challenge in the study of functional corticomuscular coupling (FCMC) is an accurate capture of the coupling relationship between the cerebral cortex and the effector muscle. The coherence method is a linear analysis method, which has certain limitations in further revealing the nonlinear coupling between neural signals. Although mutual information (MI) and transfer entropy (TE) based on information theory can capture both linear and nonlinear correlations, the equitability of these algorithms is ignored and the nonlinear components of the correlation cannot be separated. The maximal information coefficient (MIC) is a suitable method to measure the coupling between neurophysiological signals. This study extends the MIC to the time-frequency domain, named time-frequency maximal information coefficient (TFMIC), to explore the FCMC in a specific frequency band. The effectiveness, equitability, and robustness of the algorithm on the simulation data was verified and compared with coherence, TE- and MI- based methods. Simulation results showed that the TFMIC could accurately detect the coupling for different functional relationships at low noise levels. The dorsiflexion experimental results revealed that the beta-band (14-30 Hz) significant coupling was observed at channels Cz, C4, FC4, and FCz. Additionally, the results showed that the coupling was higher in the alpha-band (8-13 Hz) and beta-band (14-30 Hz) than in the gamma-band (31-45 Hz). This might be related to a transition between sensorimotor states. Specifically, the nonlinear component of FCMC was also observed at channels Cz, C4, FC4, and FCz. This study expanded the research on nonlinear coupling components in FCMC.
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28
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Li B, Liu S, Hu D, Li G, Tang R, Song D, Lang Y, He J. Electrocortical activity in freely walking rats varies with environmental conditions. Brain Res 2020; 1751:147188. [PMID: 33137325 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Longstanding theories in the field of neurophysiology have held that walking in rats is an unconscious, rhythmic locomotion that does not require cortical involvement. However, recent studies have suggested that the extent of cortical involvement during walking actually varies depending on the environmental conditions. To determine the impact of environmental conditions on cortical engagement in freely walking rats, we recorded limb kinematics and signals from implanted electroencephalography arrays in rats performing a series of natural behaviors. We found that rat gaits were significantly different across various locomotion terrains (e.g. walking on an upslope vs. downslope). Further, rat forelimbs and hindlimbs showed similar patterns of motion. The results also suggested that rat cortical engagement during walking varied across environmental conditions. Specifically, α band power significantly increased during 30° downslope walking in the posterior parietal, left secondary motor, and left somatosensory clusters. Additionally, during 30° upslope walking, the β band power was greater in the left primary motor and left and right secondary motor sources. Further, rats walking on up- or downslopes of varying steepness were found to have different cortical activities. Compared with 10° downslope walking, α band power was greater during 30° downslope locomotion in the left primary motor and somatosensory sources. These findings support the hypothesis that cortical contribution during walking in rats is influenced by environmental conditions, underlining the importance of goal-directed behaviors for motor function rehabilitation and neuro-prosthetic control in brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sican Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dingyin Hu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongyu Tang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Da Song
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yiran Lang
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jiping He
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Beijing Innovation Centre for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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29
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Dos Santos PCR, Lamoth CJC, Barbieri FA, Zijdewind I, Gobbi LTB, Hortobágyi T. Age-specific modulation of intermuscular beta coherence during gait before and after experimentally induced fatigue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15854. [PMID: 32985547 PMCID: PMC7522269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of age on intermuscular beta-band (15–35 Hz) coherence during treadmill walking before and after experimentally induced fatigue. Older (n = 12) and younger (n = 12) adults walked on a treadmill at 1.2 m/s for 3 min before and after repetitive sit-to-stand, rSTS, to induce muscle fatigability. We measured stride outcomes and coherence from 100 steps in the dominant leg for the synergistic (biceps femoris (BF)-semitendinosus, rectus femoris (RF)-vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL)-Soleus (SL), tibialis anterior (TA)-peroneus longus (PL)) and for the antagonistic (RF-BF and TA-GL) muscle pairs at late swing and early stance. Older vs. younger adults had 43–62% lower GL-SL, RF-VL coherence in swing and TA-PL and RF-VL coherence in stance. After rSTS, RF-BF coherence in late swing decreased by ~ 20% and TA-PL increased by 16% independent of age (p = 0.02). Also, GL-SL coherence decreased by ~ 23% and increased by ~ 23% in younger and older, respectively. Age affects the oscillatory coupling between synergistic muscle pairs, delivered presumably via corticospinal tracts, during treadmill walking. Muscle fatigability elicits age-specific changes in the common fluctuations in muscle activity, which could be interpreted as a compensation for muscle fatigability to maintain gait performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cezar Rocha Dos Santos
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. .,Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil. .,Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Claudine J C Lamoth
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- Department of Physical Education, Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Inge Zijdewind
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi
- Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Institute of Biosciences, Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Yokoyama H, Yoshida T, Zabjek K, Chen R, Masani K. Defective corticomuscular connectivity during walking in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1399-1414. [PMID: 32938303 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00109.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait disturbances are common in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the basic patterns of walking are thought to be controlled by the brainstem and spinal networks, recent studies have found significant corticomuscular coherence in healthy individuals during walking. However, it still remains unknown how PD affects the cortical control of muscles during walking. As PD typically develops in older adults, it is important to investigate the effects of both aging and PD when examining disorders in patients with PD. Here, we assessed the effects of PD and aging on corticomuscular communication during walking by investigating corticomuscular coherence. We recorded electroencephalographic and electromyographic signals in 10 individuals with PD, 9 healthy older individuals, and 15 healthy young individuals. We assessed the corticomuscular coherence between the motor cortex and two lower leg muscles, tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius, during walking. Older and young groups showed sharp peaks in muscle activation patterns at specific gait phases, whereas the PD group showed prolonged patterns. Smaller corticomuscular coherence was found in the PD group compared with the healthy older group in the α band (8-12 Hz) for both muscles, and in the β band (16-32 Hz) for TA. Older and young groups did not differ in the magnitude of corticomuscular coherence. Our results indicated that PD decreased the corticomuscular coherence during walking, whereas it was not affected by aging. This lower corticomuscular coherence in PD may indicate lower-than-normal corticomuscular communication, although direct or indirect communication is unknown, and may cause impaired muscle control during walking.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mechanisms behind how Parkinson's disease (PD) affects cortical control of muscles during walking remain unclear. As PD typically develops in the elderly, investigation of aging effects is important to examine deficits regarding PD. Here, we demonstrated that PD causes weak corticomuscular synchronization during walking, but aging does not. This lower-than-normal corticomuscular communication may cause impaired muscle control during walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Yokoyama
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Applied Rehabilitation Technology Lab (ART-Lab), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Karl Zabjek
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kei Masani
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Lewis MJ, Jeffery ND, Olby NJ. Ambulation in Dogs With Absent Pain Perception After Acute Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Injury. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:560. [PMID: 33062648 PMCID: PMC7479830 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute thoracolumbar spinal cord injury (SCI) is common in dogs frequently secondary to intervertebral disc herniation. Following severe injury, some dogs never regain sensory function to the pelvic limbs or tail and are designated chronically "deep pain negative." Despite this, a subset of these dogs develop spontaneous motor recovery over time including some that recover sufficient function in their pelvic limbs to walk independently without assistance or weight support. This type of ambulation is commonly known as "spinal walking" and can take up to a year or more to develop. This review provides a comparative overview of locomotion and explores the physiology of locomotor recovery after severe SCI in dogs. We discuss the mechanisms by which post-injury plasticity and coordination between circuitry contained within the spinal cord, peripheral sensory feedback, and residual or recovered supraspinal connections might combine to underpin spinal walking. The clinical characteristics of spinal walking are outlined including what is known about the role of patient or injury features such as lesion location, timeframe post-injury, body size, and spasticity. The relationship between the emergence of spinal walking and electrodiagnostic and magnetic resonance imaging findings are also discussed. Finally, we review possible ways to predict or facilitate recovery of walking in chronically deep pain negative dogs. Improved understanding of the mechanisms of gait generation and plasticity of the surviving tissue after injury might pave the way for further treatment options and enhanced outcomes in severely injured dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas a & M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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32
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Kerkman JN, Bekius A, Boonstra TW, Daffertshofer A, Dominici N. Muscle Synergies and Coherence Networks Reflect Different Modes of Coordination During Walking. Front Physiol 2020; 11:751. [PMID: 32792967 PMCID: PMC7394052 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When walking speed is increased, the frequency ratio between the arm and leg swing switches spontaneously from 2:1 to 1:1. We examined whether these switches are accompanied by changes in functional connectivity between multiple muscles. Subjects walked on a treadmill with their arms swinging along their body while kinematics and surface electromyography (EMG) of 26 bilateral muscles across the body were recorded. Walking speed was varied from very slow to normal. We decomposed EMG envelopes and intermuscular coherence spectra using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), and the resulting modes were combined into multiplex networks and analyzed for their community structure. We found five relevant muscle synergies that significantly differed in activation patterns between 1:1 and 2:1 arm-leg coordination and the transition period between them. The corresponding multiplex network contained a single module indicating pronounced muscle co-activation patterns across the whole body during a gait cycle. NMF of the coherence spectra distinguished three EMG frequency bands: 4-8, 8-22, and 22-60 Hz. The community structure of the multiplex network revealed four modules, which clustered functional and anatomical linked muscles across modes of coordination. Intermuscular coherence at 4-22 Hz between upper and lower body and within the legs was particularly pronounced for 1:1 arm-leg coordination and was diminished when switching between modes of coordination. These findings suggest that the stability of arm-leg coordination is associated with modulations in long-distant neuromuscular connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N. Kerkman
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annike Bekius
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd W. Boonstra
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Andreas Daffertshofer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Dominici
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences & Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Shoes and Insoles: The Influence on Motor Tasks Related to Walking Gait Variability and Stability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124569. [PMID: 32630373 PMCID: PMC7345333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rhythmic control of the lower limb muscles influences the cycle-to-cycle variability during a walking task. The benefits of insoles, commonly used to improve the walking gait, have been little studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the walking gait variability and stability on different walking conditions (without shoes, WTS, with shoes, WS, with shoes and insoles, WSI) related to brain activity. Twelve participants randomly (WTS/WS/WSI) walked on a treadmill at 4 km/h for 10 min. Kinematic analysis (i.e., footstep and gait variability), brain activation (beta wave signal), rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-10 scale), and time domain measures of walking variability were assessed. The maximum Lyapunov exponent (LyE) on the stride cycle period's datasets was also calculated. Stride length and cycle calculated for all walking conditions were 61.59 ± 2.53/63.38 ± 1.43/64.09 ± 2.40 cm and 1.11 ± 0.03/1.14 ± 0.03/1.15 ± 0.04 s (F1,10 = 4.941/p = 0.01, F1,10 = 4.938/p = 0.012) for WTS, WS, WSI, respectively. Beta wave (F1,10 = 564.201/p = 0.0001) was higher in WTS compared to WS and WSI. Analysis of variance's (ANOVA) LyE showed a F1,10 = 3.209/p = 0.056, while post hoc analysis showed a significant effect between WS and WSI with p = 0.023, and nonsignificant effects between WTS and WS/WSI (p = 0.070/0.607), respectively. Small perturbations of the foot can influence the control of gait rhythmicity by increasing the variability in a dissipative deterministic regimen.
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Gennaro F, Maino P, Kaelin-Lang A, De Bock K, de Bruin ED. Corticospinal Control of Human Locomotion as a New Determinant of Age-Related Sarcopenia: An Exploratory Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E720. [PMID: 32155951 PMCID: PMC7141202 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a muscle disease listed within the ICD-10 classification. Several operational definitions have been created for sarcopenia screening; however, an international consensus is lacking. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recently recognized that sarcopenia detection requires improved diagnosis and screening measures. Mounting evidence hints towards changes in the corticospinal communication system where corticomuscular coherence (CMC) reflects an effective mechanism of corticospinal interaction. CMC can be assessed during locomotion by means of simultaneously measuring Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electromyography (EMG). The aim of this study was to perform sarcopenia screening in community-dwelling older adults and explore the possibility of using CMC assessed during gait to discriminate between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves showed high sensitivity, precision and accuracy of CMC assessed from EEG Cz sensor and EMG sensors located over Musculus Vastus Medialis [Cz-VM; AUC (95.0%CI): 0.98 (0.92-1.04), sensitivity: 1.00, 1-specificity: 0.89, p < 0.001] and with Musculus Biceps Femoris [Cz-BF; AUC (95.0%CI): 0.86 (0.68-1.03), sensitivity: 1.00, 1-specificity: 0.70, p < 0.001]. These muscles showed significant differences with large magnitude of effect between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults [Hedge's g (95.0%CI): 2.2 (1.3-3.1), p = 0.005 and Hedge's g (95.0%CI): 1.5 (0.7-2.2), p = 0.010; respectively]. The novelty of this exploratory investigation is the hint toward a novel possible determinant of age-related sarcopenia, derived from corticospinal control of locomotion and shown by the observed large differences in CMC when sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults are compared. This, in turn, might represent in future a potential treatment target to counteract sarcopenia as well as a parameter to monitor the progression of the disease and/or the potential recovery following other treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gennaro
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.D.B.); (E.D.d.B.)
| | - Paolo Maino
- Pain Management Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, 6962 Lugano, Switzerland;
| | - Alain Kaelin-Lang
- Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Regional Hospital of Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Medical faculty, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.D.B.); (E.D.d.B.)
| | - Eling D. de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.D.B.); (E.D.d.B.)
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Physiotherapy, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Corticomuscular control of walking in older people and people with Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2980. [PMID: 32076045 PMCID: PMC7031238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in human gait resulting from ageing or neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial. Here we assess the effects of age and Parkinson’s disease (PD) on corticospinal activity recorded during treadmill and overground walking. Electroencephalography (EEG) from 10 electrodes and electromyography (EMG) from bilateral tibialis anterior muscles were acquired from 22 healthy young, 24 healthy older and 20 adults with PD. Event-related power, corticomuscular coherence (CMC) and inter-trial coherence were assessed for EEG from bilateral sensorimotor cortices and EMG during the double-support phase of the gait cycle. CMC and EMG power at low beta frequencies (13–21 Hz) was significantly decreased in older and PD participants compared to young people, but there was no difference between older and PD groups. Older and PD participants spent shorter time in the swing phase than young individuals. These findings indicate age-related changes in the temporal coordination of gait. The decrease in low-beta CMC suggests reduced cortical input to spinal motor neurons in older people during the double-support phase. We also observed multiple changes in electrophysiological measures at low-gamma frequencies during treadmill compared to overground walking, indicating task-dependent differences in corticospinal locomotor control. These findings may be affected by artefacts and should be interpreted with caution.
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Delval A, Bayot M, Defebvre L, Dujardin K. Cortical Oscillations during Gait: Wouldn't Walking be so Automatic? Brain Sci 2020; 10:E90. [PMID: 32050471 PMCID: PMC7071606 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait is often considered as an automatic movement but cortical control seems necessary to adapt gait pattern with environmental constraints. In order to study cortical activity during real locomotion, electroencephalography (EEG) appears to be particularly appropriate. It is now possible to record changes in cortical neural synchronization/desynchronization during gait. Studying gait initiation is also of particular interest because it implies motor and cognitive cortical control to adequately perform a step. Time-frequency analysis enables to study induced changes in EEG activity in different frequency bands. Such analysis reflects cortical activity implied in stabilized gait control but also in more challenging tasks (obstacle crossing, changes in speed, dual tasks…). These spectral patterns are directly influenced by the walking context but, when analyzing gait with a more demanding attentional task, cortical areas other than the sensorimotor cortex (prefrontal, posterior parietal cortex, etc.) seem specifically implied. While the muscular activity of legs and cortical activity are coupled, the precise role of the motor cortex to control the level of muscular contraction according to the gait task remains debated. The decoding of this brain activity is a necessary step to build valid brain-computer interfaces able to generate gait artificially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Delval
- UMR-S1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.B.); (L.D.); (K.D.)
- Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Madli Bayot
- UMR-S1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.B.); (L.D.); (K.D.)
- Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- UMR-S1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.B.); (L.D.); (K.D.)
- Movement Disorders Department, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- UMR-S1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.B.); (L.D.); (K.D.)
- Movement Disorders Department, CHU Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Forner-Cordero A, Pinho JP, Umemura G, Lourenço JC, Mezêncio B, Itiki C, Krebs HI. Effects of supraspinal feedback on human gait: rhythmic auditory distortion. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:159. [PMID: 31870399 PMCID: PMC6929305 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different types of sound cues have been used to adapt the human gait rhythm. We investigated whether young healthy volunteers followed subliminal metronome rhythm changes during gait. METHODS Twenty-two healthy adults walked at constant speed on a treadmill following a metronome sound cue (period 566 msec). The metronome rhythm was then either increased or decreased, without informing the subjects, at 1 msec increments or decrements to reach, respectively, a low (596 msec) or a high frequency (536 msec) plateaus. After 30 steps at one of these isochronous conditions, the rhythm returned to the original period with decrements or increments of 1 msec. Motion data were recorded with an optical measurement system to determine footfall. The relative phase between sound cue (stimulus) and foot contact (response) were compared. RESULTS Gait was entrained to the rhythmic auditory stimulus and subjects subconsciously adapted the step time and length to maintain treadmill speed, while following the rhythm changes. In most cases there was a lead error: the foot contact occurred before the sound cue. The mean error or the absolute mean relative phase increased during the isochronous high (536 msec) or low frequencies (596 msec). CONCLUSION These results showed that the gait period is strongly "entrained" with the first metronome rhythm while subjects still followed metronome changes with larger error. This suggests two processes: one slow-adapting, supraspinal oscillator with persistence that predicts the foot contact to occur ahead of the stimulus, and a second fast process linked to sensory inputs that adapts to the mismatch between peripheral sensory input (foot contact) and supraspinal sensory input (auditory rhythm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Forner-Cordero
- Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems of the Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados of the Universidade de São Paulo (IEA-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Pinho
- Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems of the Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Umemura
- Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems of the Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Lourenço
- Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechatronics and Mechanical Systems of the Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Estudos Avançados of the Universidade de São Paulo (IEA-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Biomechanics Laboratory of the Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Telecommunications and Control Engineering of the Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA02139 USA
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- Biomechanics Laboratory of the Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Itiki
- Department of Telecommunications and Control Engineering of the Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Coupling between human brain activity and body movements: Insights from non-invasive electromagnetic recordings. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Tan SJ, Kerr G, Sullivan JP, Peake JM. A Brief Review of the Application of Neuroergonomics in Skilled Cognition During Expert Sports Performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:278. [PMID: 31474845 PMCID: PMC6706674 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The elite sports environment provides a unique setting for studying human performance, where both cognitive and physical demands are high. Successful performance in sport is contingent upon key cognitive skills such as attention, perception, working memory and decision-making. The demands of competitive sport also increase loading on the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) offer the potential to investigate the cognitive demands of sport, neuroplasticity of athletes, and biofeedback training. However, practical and technical limitations of these methods have generally limited their use to laboratory-based studies of athletes during simulated sporting tasks. This review article, provides a brief overview of research that has applied neuroimaging technology to study various aspects of cognitive function during sports performance in athletes, alternative methods for measuring CNS loading [e.g., direct current (DC) potential], possible solutions and avenues of focus for future neuroergonomics research in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Joo Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham Kerr
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John P. Sullivan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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40
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Group-level cortical and muscular connectivity during perturbations to walking and standing balance. Neuroimage 2019; 198:93-103. [PMID: 31112786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining balance is a complex process requiring multisensory processing and coordinated muscle activation. Previous studies have indicated that the cortex is directly involved in balance control, but less information is known about cortical flow of signals for balance. We studied source-localized electrocortical effective connectivity dynamics of healthy young subjects (29 subjects: 14 male and 15 female) walking and standing with both visual and physical perturbations to their balance. The goal of this study was to quantify differences in group-level corticomuscular connectivity responses to sensorimotor perturbations during walking and standing. We hypothesized that perturbed visual input during balance would transiently decrease connectivity between occipital and parietal areas due to disruptive visual input during sensory processing. We also hypothesized that physical pull perturbations would increase cortical connections to central sensorimotor areas because of higher sensorimotor integration demands. Our findings show decreased occipito-parietal connectivity during visual rotations and widespread increases in connectivity during pull perturbations focused on central areas, as expected. We also found evidence for communication from cortex to muscles during perturbed balance. These results show that sensorimotor perturbations to balance alter cortical networks and can be quantified using effective connectivity estimation.
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Gillett JG, Lichtwark GA, Boyd RN, Carty CP, Barber LA. The effect of combined functional anaerobic and strength training on treadmill gait kinematics and kinetics in ambulatory young adults with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 2019; 70:323-329. [PMID: 30947107 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leg muscle weakness is a major impairment for individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and is related to reduced functional capacity. Evidence is limited regarding the translation of strength improvements following conventional resistance training to improved gait outcomes. RESEARCH QUESTION Does a combined functional anaerobic and lower limb strength training intervention improve gait kinematics and kinetics in individuals with CP aged 15-30 years? 17 young adults (21 ± 4 years, 9 males, GMFCS I = 11, II = 6) were randomized to 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week, of high intensity functional anaerobic and progressive resistance training of the lower limbs (n = 8), or a waitlist control group (n = 9). Pre- and post-training outcomes included maximum ankle dorsiflexion angle at foot contact and during stance, gait profile score, ankle and hip power generation during late stance, and the ratio of ankle to hip power generation. RESULTS There were no between-group differences after the intervention for any kinematic or kinetic gait outcome variable. Within-group analysis revealed an increase in peak ankle power during late stance (0.31 ± 0.28 W·kg-1, p = 0.043) and ankle to hip power ratio (0.43 ± 0.37, p = 0.034) following training in the intervention group. SIGNIFICANCE We have previously reported increased overground walking capacity, agility and sprint power, in the training group compared to the control group at 12-weeks. These changes in overground measures of functional capacity occurred in the absence of changes in treadmill gait kinematics and kinetics reported here. ANZCTR 12614001217695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred G Gillett
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, UQ Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Roslyn N Boyd
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, UQ Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Christopher P Carty
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Children's Motion Analysis Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lee A Barber
- Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, UQ Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia.
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