Modulation of Low-Frequency-Induced Synaptic Depression in the Developing CA3–CA1 Hippocampal Synapses by NMDA and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation

Labile glutamate synaptic transmission in the adult CA1 stratum-lacunosum-moleculare region

The excitatory monosynaptic activation of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells is spatially segregated such that the proximal part of the apical dendritic tree in stratum radiatum (SR) receives input from the hippocampal CA3 region while the distal part in the stratum-lacunosum-moleculare (SLM) receives input mainly from the entorhinal cortex. The AMPA receptor-mediated (AMPA) signalling of SLM synapses in slices from neonatal rats was previously found to considerably differ from that of the SR synapses. In the present study, AMPA signalling of SLM synapses in 1-month-old rats has been examined, that is, when the hippocampus is essentially functionally mature. For the SR synapses, this time is characterized by a facilitatory shift in short-term plasticity, in the disappearance of labile postsynaptic AMPA signalling, a property thought to be important for early activity-dependent organization of neural circuits, and the expression of an adult form of long-term potentiation. We found that the SLM synapses alter their short-term plasticity similarly to that of the SR synapses. However, the labile postsynaptic AMPA signalling was not only maintained but substantially enhanced in the SLM synapses. The long-term potentiation observed was not of the adult form but like that of the neonatal SR synapses based on unsilencing of AMPA labile synapses. We propose that these features of the SLM synapses in the mature hippocampus will help to produce a flexible map of the multimodal sensory input reaching the SLM required for its conjunctive operation with the SR input to generate a proper functional output from the CA1 region.

Heterogeneity of glutamatergic synapses: cellular mechanisms and network consequences

Chemical synapses are commonly known as a structurally and functionally highly diverse class of cell-cell contacts specialized to mediate communication between neurons. They represent the smallest "computational" unit of the brain and are typically divided into excitatory and inhibitory as well as modulatory categories. These categories are subdivided into diverse types, each representing a different structure-function repertoire that in turn are thought to endow neuronal networks with distinct computational properties. The diversity of structure and function found among a given category of synapses is referred to as heterogeneity. The main building blocks for this heterogeneity are synaptic vesicles, the active zone, the synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic density, and glial processes associated with the synapse. Each of these five structural modules entails a distinct repertoire of functions, and their combination specifies the range of functional heterogeneity at mammalian excitatory synapses, which are the focus of this review. We describe synapse heterogeneity that is manifested on different levels of complexity ranging from the cellular morphology of the pre- and postsynaptic cells toward the expression of different protein isoforms at individual release sites. We attempt to define the range of structural building blocks that are used to vary the basic functional repertoire of excitatory synaptic contacts and discuss sources and general mechanisms of synapse heterogeneity. Finally, we explore the possible impact of synapse heterogeneity on neuronal network function.

Homosynaptic frequency-dependent depression by release site inactivation at neonatal hippocampal synapses in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare

When activated at low frequencies (0.1-1 Hz), second postnatal week synapses onto the most distal part of the apical dendritic tree (stratum lacunosum-moleculare) of rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells display a frequency-dependent synaptic depression not observed for the more proximal (stratum radiatum) synapses. Depression in this frequency range is thought of as a possible contributor to behavioural habituation. In fact, in contrast to the proximal synapses, the distal synapses provide more direct sensory information from the entorhinal cortex as well as from thalamic nuclei. The use of antagonists showed that the activation of GABA_A , GABA_B , NMDA, mGlu, kainate, adenosine, or endocannabinoid receptors was not directly involved in the depression, indicating it to be intrinsic to the synapses themselves. While the depression affected paired-pulse plasticity in a manner indicating a decrease in vesicle release probability, the depression could not be explained by a stimulus-dependent decrease in calcium influx. Despite affecting the synaptic response evoked by brief high-frequency stimulation (10 impulses, 20 Hz) in a manner indicating vesicle depletion, the depression was unaffected by large variations in release probability. The depression was found not only to affect the synaptic transmission at low frequencies (0.1-1 Hz) but also to contribute to the depression evolving during brief high-frequency stimulation (10 impulses, 20 Hz). We propose that a release-independent process directly inactivating release sites with a fast onset (ms) and long duration (up to 20 s) underlies this synaptic depression.

AMPA receptor activation causes silencing of AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the developing hippocampus

Agonist-induced internalization of transmembrane receptors is a widespread biological phenomenon that also may serve as a mechanism for synaptic plasticity. Here we show that the agonist AMPA causes a depression of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) signaling at glutamate synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in slices from developing, but not from mature, rats. This developmentally restricted agonist-induced synaptic depression is expressed as a total loss of AMPAR signaling, without affecting NMDA receptor (NMDAR) signaling, in a large proportion of the developing synapses, thus creating AMPAR silent synapses. The AMPA-induced AMPAR silencing is induced independently of activation of mGluRs and NMDARs, and it mimics and occludes stimulus-induced depression, suggesting that this latter form of synaptic plasticity is expressed as agonist-induced removal of AMPARs. Induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) rendered the developing synapses resistant to the AMPA-induced depression, indicating that LTP contributes to the maturation-related increased stability of these synapses. Our study shows that agonist binding to AMPARs is a sufficient triggering stimulus for the creation of AMPAR silent synapses at developing glutamate synapses.