Long-term followup after electrocautery transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Australian surgical revision rate for benign prostatic obstruction

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the rate of revision surgery following commonly performed procedures for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is hyperplasia of both glandular and stromal components of prostate especially in periurethral transitional gland, using real-world data from Medicare Australia.

METHODS

Prospection is a Healthcare Data Analytics firm that has negotiated access with the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) to provide longitudinal data on the use of specific procedural item codes. We identified patients over the age of 40 years who had undergone primary transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) or photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) between 2005 and 2010 using MBS item numbers 37203, 37207 and 36854, respectively. Using longitudinal MBS data, primary outcomes included need for revision surgery at 5-years follow-up (2015). The release of these data was approved by Medicare Australia upon application. Data analysis was conducted using chi-squared tests and statistical significance was defined at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

The distribution of primary surgical procedures performed between 2005 and 2010 was: TURP 5579 (90%), TUIP 345 (6%) and PVP 258 (4%). TURP was also the most prevalent procedure for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with BPH requiring revision surgery (75%). At 5-year follow-up the rate of revision surgery for TURP (573/5579), TUIP (47/345) and PVP (30/258) was 10.3%, 13.6% and 11.6%, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.12). There was no significant change (P = 0.59) observed over the years in number of men requiring revision surgery.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that TURP and PVP have a similar durability after 5 years of follow-up.

Rezūm for retention-retrospective review of water vaporization therapy in the management of urinary retention in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia

OBJECTIVE

Rezūm vapor ablation is a minimally invasive treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that uses injections of sterile water vapor directly into the prostate for tissue ablation. Although Rezūm is currently indicated for use in men with prostate sizes ≥30 and ≤80 ml, it is unclear how effective Rezūm is for men in urinary retention. We sought to determine whether Rezūm is effective in the treatment of catheter-dependent urinary retention secondary to BPH.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was conducted on consecutive patients who presented for urinary retention and subsequently treated with Rezūm. We evaluated procedural details and examined variables pre- and post-Rezūm (at 6 months) including International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), IPSS quality of life (IPSS-QOL), maximum flow (Q_max ), post void residual volume (PVR), prostate specific antigen, rate of retention, and use of alpha blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitor (5ARI).

RESULTS

Of the 49 patients included in this study, median age of was 73 years, median prostate volume was 73cc (Interquartile range [IQR]: 50, 103) and a median lobe was present in 80% of patients. All patients were in urinary retention before treatment with a median PVR of 900 ml (IQR: 566, 1146). Following Rezum, IPSS (17 pre-Rezūm, 4 post-Rezūm) and IPSS-QOL (4 pre-Rezūm, 1 post-Rezūm) both improved at 6 months (p < 0.01). Q_max increased from 3 to 6 ml/s (p = 0.03) and PVR decreased from 900 to 78 ml (p < 0.01). Only 17/38 patients taking alpha-blockers and 7/15 patients on 5ARIs continued therapy at 6 months following Rezūm (p < 0.01). Of the 49 patients treated, 10 (20.4%) remained in catheter dependent urinary retention following the procedure, and 6 remained in retention at 6 months (12.2%) even after further surgical therapies for BPH (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Rezūm is a safe and effective therapy for treating catheter dependent urinary retention in patients with BPH, including those with median lobes. As a minimally invasive therapy, it is a promising option in patient, particularly those who are not suitable for prolonged anesthesia.

Assessment of posterior urethra in benign prostatic hyperplasia and after its surgery

Introduction:

Surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) primarily consists of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Due to BPH and after surgical intervention, anatomic variations in the posterior urethra are expected. Due to the paucity of information regarding posterior urethral anatomic variations in these conditions and its aftermath, this study was undertaken to evaluate the anatomic variations in the posterior urethra after TURP.

Materials and Methods:

This prospective observational study was conducted over 2 years at the Department of Surgery and Radiodiagnosis, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi. All consenting patients undergoing TURP for BPH were included in the study. We assessed the posterior urethral changes in BPH before and 3 months after the procedure. Diagnostic modalities used were urethrocystoscopy, micturating cystourethrogram, and retrograde urethrogram. Furthermore, the prostate volume and postvoid residual volume of urine were compared before and after its surgery using ultrasonography. Urodynamic studies were used to calculate total voided volume (TVV), peak flow rate (PFR), voiding time (VT), and hesitancy.

Results:

Mean age of the patients was 68.12 ± 7.83 years. Lengthening in posterior urethra was seen in BPH patients with a mean of 4.24 ± 1.012 cm. Postprocedure, there was a mean reduction of 2.6 ± 1.225 cm in length of the posterior urethra (P < 0.0001). Prostatic urethral angle was increased in patients suffering from BPH, and it decreased after undergoing surgical management (P < 0.679). All patients enrolled in our study had prostatic lobes enlargement, and after surgery, this enlargement was reduced in most of the patients with 21 having no prostatic enlargement, and in four patients, bilateral lateral lobe was not completely reduced (P = 1.000). Stricture in prostatic urethra was observed in 2 out of 25 (8%) patients operated for BPH. Evaluation of various parameters of urodynamic studies revealed the net improvement in the TVV of 157.746 ± 120.999 ml, as before the procedure, this value was 176.715 ± 72.272 ml, and after surgery, it was 334.46 ± 78.588 ml (P < 0.001). VT taken by patients before surgery was 57.377 ± 16.858 s, and postprocedure, this value was 33.31 ± 8.807 s. This net reduction of 24.069 ± 14.88 s was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). PFR before the procedure was 6.177 ± 3.5067, and postprocedure, this value was 26.43 ± 7.112 ml/s with a net improvement of 20.253 ± 9.226 ml/s (P < 0.0001). Hesitancy in BPH patients before the procedure was 23.908 ± 15.521 s. Postprocedure, hesitancy decreased to a value of 6.79 ± 4.435 s with a net reduction of mean 17.115 ± 15.817 s (P < 0.002).

Conclusion:

By our findings, we conclude that BPH is associated with anatomic variations in posterior urethra such as lengthening of the length of the posterior urethra and increased posterior urethral elevation, which is measured by an increase in posterior urethral angle (PUA). Whereas post-TURP, there is a shortening of posterior urethra, decrease in PUA, decrease in prostatic volume, postvoid residual urine volume, and improvement in uroflowmetric parameters.

Pathological analysis on transurethral enucleation resection of the prostate-related prostate surgical capsule

Introduction

Transurethral enucleation resection of the prostate (TUERP) is one of the most important minimally invasive methods for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). There have been many reports on the therapeutic effects of TUERP. However, reports on prostate surgical capsule recognition and pathological analysis are rare.

Aim

To compare the pathological features of the prostate surgical capsule between TUERP and suprapubic open prostatectomy (SOP).

Material and methods

Eighty samples were collected; samples 1–3 were prostate gland tissue, tissue adjacent to the prostate surgical capsule, and prostate surgical capsule tissue, respectively. HE staining was used to analyze the pathological components; the enucleation rate was compared between both groups.

Results

The pathological features of the prostate surgical capsule for both groups were roughly the same: sample 1 was mostly gland, with lesser amounts of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue components; sample 2 was mostly fibrous tissue and a smooth muscle component and a small amount of glandular components, and, closer to the surgical capsule, more fibrous tissue, less glandular component; sample 3 was mainly fibrous tissue, and almost no glandular component; there were the same differences among samples 1–3 in both groups (p < 0.05). The enucleation rate for TUERP and SOP was roughly the same, about 58.2%, and there was no significant difference (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The prostate surgical capsule in TUERP was similar to SOP, which consisted mainly of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue. Moreover, SOP combined with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) can treat BPH for a large volume of prostate (> 100 ml), but its effectiveness and safety need further large-scale clinical trials for confirmation.

A prospective randomised controlled study comparing bipolar plasma vaporisation of the prostate to monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate

Objectives

To compare the safety and efficacy of bipolar transurethral plasma vaporisation (B-TUVP) as an alternative to the ‘gold standard’ monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate (M-TURP) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a prospective randomised controlled study.

Patients and methods

In all, 82 patients indicated for prostatectomy were assigned to two groups, group I (40 patients) underwent B-TUVP and group II (42 patients) underwent M-TURP. The safety of both techniques was evaluated by reporting perioperative changes in serum Na⁺, serum K⁺, haematocrit (packed cell volume), and any perioperative complications. For the efficacy assessment, patients were evaluated subjectively by comparing the improvement in International Prostate Symptom Score and objectively by measuring the maximum urinary flow rate (Q_max) and post-void residual urine volume (PVR) before and after the procedures.

Results

In group II, there was a significant perioperative drop in serum Na⁺ (from 137.5 to 129.4 mmol/L) and haematocrit (from 42.9% to 38.2%) (both P < 0.001). Moreover, one patient in group II had TUR syndrome. The remote postoperative complication rate was (15%) in group I and comprised of stress urinary incontinence (5%), bladder outlet obstruction (5%), and residual adenoma (5%). In group II, the remote postoperative complication rate was (4.8%), as two patients developed urethral stricture. There were statistically significant improvements in micturition variables postoperatively in both arms, but the magnitude of improvement was statistically more significant in group II.

Conclusion

B-TUPV seems to be safer than M-TURP; however, the lack of a tissue specimen and the relatively high retreatment rate are major disadvantages of the B-TUVP technique. Moreover, M-TURP appears to be more effective than B-TUPV and its safety can be improved by careful case selection and adequate haemostasis.

Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Transurethral Plasmakinetic Resection of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

PURPOSE

To explore the long-term clinical efficacy and safety of transurethral plasmakinetic resection of the prostate (PKRP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 550 patients with BPH who had undergone PKRP from October 2006 to September 2009 were enrolled in this study. All patients were evaluated at baseline and follow-up (3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 months postoperatively) by peak flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual (PVR), quality of life (QoL), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS). Operative details and postoperative complications regarded as safety outcomes were documented.

RESULTS

A total of 467 patients completed the 5-year follow-up. The mean duration of surgery was 36.43 minutes, mean catheterization time was 48.81 hours, mean hospital stay was 4.21 days. At 60 months postoperatively, the mean Qmax increased from 6.94 mL/s at baseline to 19.28 mL/s, the mean PVR decreased from 126.33 mL to 10.45 mL, the mean IPSS score decreased from 15.79 to 7.51, the mean QoL score decreased from 4.36 to 1.91, and the mean OABSS score decreased from 6.39 to 3.65 (P < 0.001), respectively. In perioperative complications, the blood transfusion rate was 2.7%, urinary tract infection rate was 3.6%; no transurethral resection syndrome (TUR syndrome) occurred. In late complications, urethral stricture rate was 5.4%, recurrent bladder outlet obstruction rate was 2.1%, and the reoperation rate was 4.5%.

CONCLUSIONS

PKRP is based on conventional monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and uses a bipolar plasmakinetic system. Our results indicate that the long-term clinical efficacy and safety of PKRP for BPH are remarkable. In particular, the incidence of urethral stricture, recurrent bladder outlet obstruction, and reoperation is low. We suggest that PKRP is a reliable minimally invasive technique that may be the preferred procedure for the treatment of patients with BPH.

Relationship between development of urethral stricture after transurethral resection of prostate and glycemic control

Objectives:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of glycemic control prior to TUR-P and postoperative urethral stricture development.

Materials and Methods:

Of the 168 patients with a diagnosis of urethral stricture, who underwent internal urethrotomy in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed for this study.

98 patients who underwent monopolar TUR-P in our hospital previously and were developed urethral stricture were divided into two groups as diabetic and nondiabetic. Based on their HbA1c concentrations, diabetics were allocated to two groups with good (HbA1c ≤6.5%) or poor (HbA1c > 6,5%) glycemic control. Time to internal urethrotomy and the other operative parameters were compared among groups.

Results:

Time to internal urethrotomy after TUR-P was significantly shorter in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control than Group 1 and Group 2 (P = 0,02, P = 0,012) but no significant difference was found between Group 1 and Group 2 (P = 0,368). There was no significant difference in the mean diagnosed and resected prostate wight among groups There was no significant difference in the mean resection time and the mean time to urethral catheter removal among groups.

Conclusions:

Especially in poor glycemic control patients, urethral stricture development was seen in the early period after TUR-P. For this reason, in the elective TUR-P scheduled poor glycemic controlled patients the operation should be done after glycemic control.

Conventional monopolar transurethral resection of prostate in patients with large prostate (≥80 grams)

Introduction

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still regarded as the gold standard for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostate obstruction in prostates between 30 and 80 mL. Endoscopic treatment of large prostate is not adequately discussed in literature. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TURP in large prostate glands (≥80 ml) in patients with BPH.

Material and methods

From May 2004 to September 2012, 62 patients with high volume of BPH (≥80 ml) treated with TURP by single surgeon, were evaluated retrospectively. Perioperative and postoperative full blood count and serum electrolytes, complications, operative time, weight of resected prostate tissue, time for catheter removal, and hospitalization time were recorded. Conventional TURP was performed using a standard technique.

Results

The mean PSA levels and prostate volumes were 8 ±5.38 ng/ml and 90.93 ±13.95 gm, respectively. The mean operating time was 55.96 ±8.04 minutes. The mean amount of tissue resected was 52.21 ±7.59 gm. Compare with baseline, there were significant improvements in International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), and postvoiding residual urine after surgery. There was no major bleeding complication. There was no TUR syndrome or intraoperative death. Requiring re–catheterization was detected for 3 (4.8%) patients. Transient urge incontinence was observed for 3 (4.8%) patients. Bulbar urethral stricture was developed for 2 (3.2%) patients.

Conclusions

Morbidity of the TURP is decreased with the technological improvements. Conventional monopolar TURP can be effectively performed in large prostate (≥80 mL) with the experience.

Effect of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate on Storage Symptoms in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia of Less than 30 ml

Purpose

Many patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have not only voiding symptoms but also storage symptoms. Despite the many types of treatment that have been developed for BPH, storage symptoms persist. We conducted an assessment of the efficacy of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and the change in the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) storage sub-score after the procedure according to prostate size in patients with BPH.

Materials and Methods

Men aged 50 years or older who had BPH were enrolled in this study. 186 patients were divided into two groups according to prostate size measuring using transrectal ultrasonography: In group 1, prostate size was less than 30 ml (51 patients), and in group 2, prostate size was greater than 30 ml (135 patients). All of the patients underwent TURP. We examined whether the degree of change in the IPSS, voiding symptoms, storage symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) differed before and after TURP and according to prostate size.

Results

After three months of TURP, the subjects in both groups showed significant improvement in the IPSS, voiding symptoms, storage symptoms, QoL, and maximum flow rate (p<0.05). The scores for the IPSS, voiding symptoms, storage symptoms, and QoL of group 1 and 2 after three months of TURP were 16.36, 14.25 (p=0.233), 8.21, 8.24 (p=0.980), 8.11, 5.16 (p=0.014), 2.89, and 2.10 (p=0.030), respectively.

Conclusions

TURP is an effective treatment for patients with BPH, regardless of prostate size. However, while the improvement in the storage symptoms of patients with a prostate size of less than 30 ml was not significant, it was in patients with a prostate size greater than 30 ml.