Could questions on activities of daily living estimate grip strength of older adults living independently in the community?

The simpler modified fried frailty scale predicts 2-year mortality in older adults with heart failure: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE

The Simpler Modified Fried Frailty Scale (SMFFS) has recently been developed from the original Fried scale to ease its use in clinical practice, by transforming the items requiring measurements into the self-reported inquiries. Its predictive validity needs to be clarified, especially in populations with a high prevalence of frailty, such as patients with heart failure (HF). Primary aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of frailty in older patients with HF by using SMFFS and show its concordance with other frailty assessment tools. Secondary aim is to reveal whether SMFFS is useful to predict mortality in follow-up.

METHOD

This is a prospective, follow-up study including older adults (≥ 65 years) with HF. SMFFS was used to assess frailty phenotype and presence of ≥ 3 items was accepted as frailty. FRAIL scale, the Study of Osteoporosis Fractures (SOF) index, and Edmonton Frailty Scale (EFS) were alternatively used to study the correlation of SMFFS with different scales. Cox-regression analysis was performed to identify whether SMFFS-defined frailty could predict mortality in follow-up, with adjusting for a list of clinical characteristics and geriatric syndromes.

FINDINGS

Among 101 patients with HF, 44 (42.8%) were female. Mean age was 75.8 ± 7.6 and frailty prevalence was 63.4% according to SMFFS. SMFFS showed a strong correlation with the other frailty scales. In a median follow-up of 759 days, cardiomegaly, increased pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and frailty defined by SMFFS were the only predictors of mortality in older adults with HF after adjustments for age, falls in the previous year, undernutrition, probable sarcopenia, functional impairments, and quality of life [HR (95% CI) were 3.88 (1.05-14.3), 1.05 (1.01-1.09), and 10.96 (1.07-112.05) (p = 0.027); for older age, PAP, and frailty, respectively].

CONCLUSIONS

As a self-reported screening tool, SMFFS was independently associated with mortality in a median follow-up of two years. Frailty assessment recommended by the guidelines for risk stratification in patients with HF seems to be more effectively integrated into routine HF practice with the use of the easy and practical SMFFS. Further large scale studies are needed to support the predictive validity of SMFFS in older patients with HF.

The tele-liver frailty index (TeLeFI): development of a novel frailty tool in patients with cirrhosis via telemedicine

Frailty is a critical determinant of outcomes in cirrhosis patients. The increasing use of telemedicine has created an unmet need for virtual frailty assessment. We aimed to develop a telemedicine-enabled frailty tool (tele-liver frailty index). Adults with cirrhosis in the liver transplant setting underwent ambulatory frailty testing with the liver frailty index (LFI) in-person, then virtual administration of (1) validated surveys (eg, SARC-F and Duke Activity Status Index [DASI]), (2) chair stands, and (3) balance. Two models were selected and internally validated for predicting LFI ≥4.4 using: (1) Bayesian information criterion (BIC), (2) C-statistics, and (3) ease of use. Of 145 patients, the median (interquartile range) LFI was 3.7 (3.3-4.2); 15% were frail. Frail (vs not frail) patients reported significantly greater impairment on all virtually assessed instruments. We selected 2 parsimonious models: (1) DASI + chair/bed transfer (SARC-F) (BIC 255, C-statistics 0.78), and (2) DASI + chair/bed transfer (SARC-F) + virtually assessed chair stands (BIC 244, C-statistics 0.79). Both models had high C-statistics (0.76-0.78) for predicting frailty. In conclusion, the tele-liver frailty index is a novel tool to screen frailty in liver transplant patients via telemedicine pragmatically and may be used to identify patients who require in-person frailty assessment, more frequent follow-up, or frailty intervention.

Associations between obesity, self-reported weakness and their combinations with mortality in nursing home residents

OBJECTIVES

There are studies on associations between obesity and mortality in nursing home (NH) residents, but the presence of concomitant muscle weakness has not been examined. We considered that self-reported weakness might be a low muscle strength proxy marker. We aimed to examine associations of obesity alone, self-reported muscle weakness alone, and their combination with mortality in NH residents.

METHODS

This is a retrospective longitudinal follow-up study. We noted age, sex, nutritional status, functionality, number of chronic diseases, and regular medication. Obesity was assessed by the body fat-percentage method estimated by bioimpedance analysis. Weakness was identified by self-reported muscle weakness. Survival was evaluated with a univariate log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS

We included 214 participants. In a median follow-up time of 46 months, mortality occurred in 37.4%. In multivariate analysis adjusted by age, sex, undernutrition, number of chronic diseases, and regular medication, functional scores; 'non-weak non-obese' participants or 'weak alone' participants or 'weak+obese' participants had higher mortality risk when compared with the 'obesity alone' participants [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-5.5, p = 0.01; HR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.2-5.9, p = 0.02; HR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2-7.7, p = 0.02].

CONCLUSION

This is the first report showing that obesity was associated with lower mortality risk if the weakness was not present in NH residents. However, obesity with concomitant weakness was associated with mortality risk similar to non-weak non-obese or weak alone participants. Our study suggests a simple consideration of weakness that can easily be integrated into everyday practice.

A questionnaire for physical findings of malnutrition when physical exams are not possible

BACKGROUND

When nutrition assessments must be performed virtually, such as during the coronavirus pandemic, it is difficult to fully assess patients for malnutrition without the ability to perform a nutrition-focused physical exam. Practitioners may ask patients about their physical appearance, but there is currently no validated set of questions whose answers correlate with nutrition-focused physical findings for the diagnosis of malnutrition in such situations. The aim of this study was to evaluate correlations between patients' responses to verbalized questions and physical signs of malnutrition.

METHODS

Questions related to the physical findings of malnutrition were developed and evaluated for content validity. Thirty patients receiving nutrition assessments at an acute care veterans' hospital were asked the questions prior to a nutrition-focused physical exam. Patients' responses were compared with a diagnosis of malnutrition and physical findings of muscle, fat, fluid accumulation, and handgrip strength.

RESULTS

Four questions significantly correlated with malnutrition: "Does the area around your eyes appear sunken in?" (P = 0.03), "Are you able to see your ribs?" (P = 0.05), "Do you feel you are unusually skinny for you?" (P = 0.001), and "Do you find yourself eating less due to swelling in your belly?" (P = 0.008).

CONCLUSION

There are relationships between patients' responses to certain verbalized questions and their physical status. Such questions can be used to identify physical signs of malnutrition when nutrition-focused physical exams cannot be performed. Further research is needed to validate these questions in other populations.

Outcomes after Cervical Duraplasty for Monomelic Amyotrophy (Hirayama Disease): Results of a Case-Control Study of 60 Patients

Background  The optimal management and the role of surgery in monomelic amyotrophy, also known as Hirayama disease (HD), remain controversial. In the largest series of patients with HD managed by cervical duraplasty (CD), this study compares the outcomes between conservative and surgical management. Methods  A retrospective case-control study was performed on 60 patients with HD. The cases consisted of 30 patients who underwent CD, and 30 age- and sex-matched controls who managed with long-term collar wear. Clinical improvement was recorded using two patient-reported outcome measures-the Odom's scale and a self-rated hand grip strength score. Median and ulnar compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes and various magnetic resonance imaging parameters were recorded. Results  None of the controls experienced clinical improvement at follow-up; 90% remained status quo at 24.33 ± 9.38 months. Seventy-six percent of the operated patients demonstrated clinical improvement at 29.61 ± 12.78 months, and a majority of them reported moderately better grip strength. The preoperative anteroposterior diameter (APD) of the surgical group improved from 0.74 ± 0.13 to 0.86 ± 0.21 ( p  = 0.01), and the cord demonstrated a significant decrease in forward migration on flexion (0.20 ± 0.11 and 0.03 ± 0.07 preoperatively and at follow-up, respectively, p  < 0.0001). Patients with clinical improvement demonstrated significantly better mean APD and median and ulnar CMAP values than those who did not improve ( p  < 0.0001). The mean cervical alignment did not change significantly at follow-up ( p  = 0.13). Conclusions  This study shows that CD can significantly alter the clinical course of patients with progressive symptoms of HD. This approach successfully arrests the forward migration of the cervical cord on flexion and promotes morphological recovery of the cord. A majority of the patients undergoing CD demonstrate clinical and electrophysiological improvement at mid-term follow-up.

The development of a test battery to assess the hand-eye functions relevant in predicting easy and accurate tablet subdivision in older people: A pilot study

AIMS

Tablets may be subdivided for dose adaptations or to ease swallowing. The handling is common in older patients but can be difficult and inaccurate. Currently, it is not known which hand-eye functions determine the ability of older people to break tablets by hand and to do so with acceptable ease and accuracy. The aim of this study was to develop a test battery to assess the hand-eye functions relevant in predicting easy and accurate tablet subdivision in older people.

METHODS

A mixed methods study was conducted including literature reviews and a pilot experiment. The reviews were conducted in Pubmed, Google Scholar, Dutch journals and professional standards. The first review tried to identify the hand-eye functions relevant to tablet subdivision and the second the associated measuring instruments, testing protocols and normative data. A test battery was empanelled. A pilot experiment was conducted in 30 adult volunteers to optimize and evaluate the test battery.

RESULTS

Five domains were considered relevant: hand size, hand strength, flexibility/manual dexterity, vision and coordination. Hand size could best be measured by finger circumference, hand strength by pinch- and grip strength, flexibility by active range of joint motion, manual dexterity (and flexibility, coordination, cognition, vision) by pegboard function, vision by near visual acuity. Older people preferred the use of tablet splitters over hand breaking.

CONCLUSION

Easy and accurate tablet subdivision is essential to the good use of medicines. We developed a test battery for older people, but probably of value to all age groups.

Grip Strength and Health-Related Quality of Life in U.S. Adult Males

Background

A need exists for a population-based evaluation of muscular strength in terms of its association with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in males. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between grip strength and HRQOL in a representative sample of U.S. men.

Methods

This study used data from adult males 20+ years of age participating in the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Grip strength (kg) was measured in both hands using a handgrip dynamometer. HRQOL was assessed by a single question asking participants to rate their general health. Additionally, measures of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA), body mass index, waist circumference, TV time, sedentary time, and smoking were assessed. Multiple linear regression modeling for complex samples was used to examine the effect of HRQOL on grip strength while controlling for confounding variables.

Results

Overall, males with good HRQOL (Mean = 47.5 kg, SE = 0.31) had significantly greater grip strength than males with poor HRQOL (Mean = 44.5 kg, SE = 0.51, p < 0.001). In fully adjusted models, males with good HRQOL had greater grip strength (slope = 2.5 kg, SE = 0.57, p = 0.001) than their poor HRQOL counterparts. Additionally, HRQOL was a significant predictor of grip strength in male adults who did not meet PA guidelines but not in those who did meet PA guidelines.

Conclusion

Results from this study indicate that muscular strength and HRQOL are related in U.S. men. Furthermore, the muscular strength and HRQOL relationship appears to remain in adult males who do not meet PA guidelines.

Frailty and clinical benefits with lung transplantation

BACKGROUND

The Fried frailty phenotype is associated with morbidity and mortality in lung transplant (LTx) candidates, but its clinical application and association with post-transplant outcomes are not well defined. We assessed 2 alternate frailty indices in LTx candidates and evaluated associations of frailty with early post-transplant outcomes and 1-year mortality.

METHODS

Frailty was prospectively evaluated in 50 LTx candidates using the Fried and 2 alternate phenotypic indices, one using variables readily available to clinicians and one using variables from an existing data set. Agreement between indices and associations with related measures were assessed to establish validity. The data set index was then applied retrospectively to 221 LTx patients. Post-transplant outcomes were compared between frail and non-frail patients using t-tests and multivariable regression analysis.

RESULTS

Frailty prevalence among the 3 indices was 26% to 30%, and the κ agreement was 0.38 to 0.41. All indices had moderate correlations with London Chest Activity of Daily Living (r = 0.48-0.62) and Short-Physical Performance Battery (r = -0.43 to -0.52). In the retrospective cohort, frail LTx candidates had a worse St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire total score (73 ± 12vs 62 ± 12, p < 0.001). Frail candidates had a larger improvement with transplant in the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (-52 ± 19vs -43 ± 18, p = 0.002) and 6-minute walk distance (191 ± 119vs 129 ± 94m, p = 0.001). Frailty was not associated with hospital length of stay or 1-year mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

There was good construct validity and acceptable agreement among the frailty indices. Despite significant disability pre-transplant, frail LTx candidates derived significant benefit with transplantation.

Substitution of Fried's performance-based physical frailty criteria with self-report questions

OBJECTIVE

To identify self-report questions that can substitute Fried's performance-based frailty measures for use in large-scale studies and daily practice.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among community dwelling older people (65+). Based on a literature search and interviews with older people and experts, 11 questions concerning walk time and 10 on handgrip strength were selected. All participants completed these sets of self-report questions as well as the original Fried criteria (including performance-based tests). Regression analyses were performed to find the questions that best substituted the performance-based tests.

RESULTS

In total, 135 individuals (mean age 73.8±7.0, 58.5% female) in different stages of frailty (non-frail 38.5%, pre-frail 40.7%, frail 20.7%) were included. Regression analyses revealed four questions for walk time and two for handgrip strength. Cut-off values of three for walk time (range 0-5) and one for handgrip strength (range 0-3) seem most optimal. This resulted in a sensitivity of 69.2%, 86.1% specificity and 79.4% agreement for walk time and a sensitivity of 73.2%, 71.3% specificity and 71.9% agreement for handgrip strength. The comparison of frailty stages using frailty criteria including the performance-based measures and scores based solely on self-report questions, resulted in an observed agreement of 71.1% (kappa value=0.55).

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the agreement between the questions and the performance-based tests, these two sets of questions might be used in settings where the performance-based tests of walk time and handgrip strength are unfeasible, such as in daily practice and large-scale research.

Longitudinal development of manual motor ability in autism spectrum disorder from childhood to mid-adulthood relates to adaptive daily living skills

Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit motor difficulties, but it is unknown whether manual motor skills improve, plateau, or decline in ASD in the transition from childhood into adulthood. Atypical development of manual motor skills could impact the ability to learn and perform daily activities across the life span. This study examined longitudinal grip strength and finger tapping development in individuals with ASD (n = 90) compared to individuals with typical development (n = 56), ages 5 to 40 years old. We further examined manual motor performance as a possible correlate of current and future daily living skills. The group with ASD demonstrated atypical motor development, characterized by similar performance during childhood but increasingly poorer performance from adolescence into adulthood. Grip strength was correlated with current adaptive daily living skills, and Time 1 grip strength predicted daily living skills eight years into the future. These results suggest that individuals with ASD may experience increasingly more pronounced motor difficulties from adolescence into adulthood and that manual motor performance in ASD is related to adaptive daily living skills.

Fried phenotype of frailty: cross-sectional comparison of three frailty stages on various health domains

Background

The population ageing in most Western countries leads to a larger number of frail older people. These frail people are at an increased risk of negative health outcomes, such as functional decline, falls, institutionalisation and mortality. Many approaches are available for identifying frailty among older people. Researchers most often use Fried and colleagues’ description of the frailty phenotype. The authors describe five physical criteria. Other researchers prefer a combination of measurements in the social, psychological and/or physical domains. The aim of this study is to describe the levels of social, psychological and physical functioning according to Fried’s frailty stages using a large cohort of Dutch community-dwelling older people.

Methods

There were 8,684 community-dwelling older people (65+) who participated in this cross-sectional study. Based on the five Fried frailty criteria (weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, slowness, weakness), the participants were divided into three stages: non-frail (score 0), pre-frail (score 1–2) and frail (score 3–5). These stages were related to scores in the social (social network type, informal care use, loneliness), psychological (psychological distress, mastery, self-management) and physical (chronic diseases, GARS IADL-disability, OECD disability) domains.

Results

63.2 % of the participants was non-frail, 28.1 % pre-frail and 8.7 % frail. When comparing the three stages of frailty, frail people appeared to be older, were more likely to be female, were more often unmarried or living alone, and had a lower level of education compared to their pre-frail and non-frail counterparts. The difference between the scores in the social, psychological and physical domains were statistically significant between the three frailty stages. The most preferable scores came from the non-frail group, and least preferable scores were from the frail group. For example use of informal care: non-frail 3.9 %, pre-frail 23.8 %, frail 60.6 %, and GARS IADL-disability mean scores: non-frail 9.2, pre-frail 13.0, frail 19.7.

Conclusion

When older people were categorised according to the three frailty stages, as described by Fried and colleagues, there were statistically significant differences in the level of social, psychological and physical functioning between the non-frail, pre-frail and frail persons. Non-frail participants had consistently more preferable scores compared to the frail participants. This indicated that the Fried frailty criteria could help healthcare professionals identify and treat frail older people in an efficient way, and provide indications for problems in other domains.