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Ding P, Wang R, He Y. Risk factors for pterygium: Latest research progress on major pathogenesis. Exp Eye Res 2024; 243:109900. [PMID: 38636803 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A pterygium is a wedge-shaped fibrovascular growth of the conjunctiva membrane that extends onto the cornea, which is the outer layer of the eye. It is also known as surfer's eye. Growth of a pterygium can also occur on the either side of the eye, attaching firmly to the sclera. Pterygia are one of the world's most common ocular diseases. However, the pathogenesis remains unsolved to date. As the pathogenesis of pterygium is closely related to finding the ideal treatment, a clear understanding of the pathogenesis will lead to better treatment and lower the recurrence rate, which is notably high and more difficult to treat than a primary pterygium. Massive studies have recently been conducted to determine the exact causes and mechanism of pterygia. We evaluated the pathogenetic factors ultraviolet radiation, viral infection, tumor suppressor genes p53, growth factors, oxidative stress, apoptosis and neuropeptides in the progression of the disease. The heightened expression of TRPV1 suggests its potential contribution in the occurrence of pterygium, promoting its inflammation and modulating sensory responses in ocular tissues. Subsequently, the developmental mechanism of pterygium, along with its correlation with dry eye disease is proposed to facilitate the identification of pathogenetic factors for pterygia, contributing to the advancement of understanding in this area and may lead to improved surgical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Ding
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ruiqing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
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He S, Wu Z. Biomarkers in the Occurrence and Development of Pterygium. Ophthalmic Res 2022; 65:481-492. [PMID: 35405677 DOI: 10.1159/000523878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Pterygium is a kind of common conjunctival degeneration. The pathogenesis of pterygium is complex, and various biomarkers provide new targets for treatment and prognosis. Currently, the most common treatment for pterygium is surgical excision, but it is invasive risk and has a high recurrence rate. Since the development of sequencing, gene chip technology, and proteomics technologies has been rapid, research on the internal mechanism of disease has been facilitated. This review focuses on recent advances in the discovery of biomarkers from the fields of genetics, proteomics, and epigenetics and their likely functional mechanisms and clinical applications in pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying He
- Clinical Lab, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wu
- Clinical Lab, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
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Goel H, Mathur R, Syeda S, Shrivastava A, Jha AK. Promoter Hypermethylation of LATS1 Gene in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) among North Indian Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:977-982. [PMID: 33773564 PMCID: PMC8286665 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.3.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LATS1 (Large Tumor Suppressor, isoform 1) is a gene that forms a complex with the cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK1, and regulates cell cycle progression. Genetic modifications lead to a loss in the activity of LATS1 gene. OSCC is the most commonly emerging cancer caused by genetic as well as epigenetic changes. Epigenetics changes vary from one population to another because these are influenced by dietary factors and environmental factors. Tobacco chewing and smoking has been reported as major risk factors in OSCC. No report was found in the previous literature showing promoter hypermethylation of LATS1 gene. METHODS A total of 50 OSCC patients and 20 normal individuals were recruited in this study. Blood samples (50) from OSCC patients and blood samples (20) from healthy individuals as controls were used in the present study. Isolation of genomic DNA was carried out from blood using the standard phenol-chloroform extraction. Further Isolated DNA was modified with sodium bisulfite using the agarose bead method and finally, the methylation studies of LATS1 gene were carried out using Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP-PCR). RESULTS 19 out of 50 patients (38.0%) were found to be methylated for LATS1 gene.; a statistically significant result was obtained (p -value= < 0.05) with an odds ratio of 0.37 in cases compared to controls. The status of methylation of LATS1 genes was also found to be statistically significantly associated with smokers and tobacco chewers (p-value = < 0.05). The methylation of LATS1 gene showed a significant risk of developing OSCC in patients. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the LATS1 gene may provide a better alternative as a diagnostic biomarker. This is the first report on the promoter hypermethylation of LATS1 gene in OSCC patients among the North Indian population.<br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Runjhun Mathur
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saima Syeda
- Department of Zoology, Delhi University, India
| | | | - Abhimanyu Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Goel H, Singhal S, Mathur R, Syeda S, Gupta RK, Kumar A, Shrivastava A, Jha AK. Promoter Hypermethylation of LATS2 Gene in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) Among North Indian Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1283-1287. [PMID: 32458634 PMCID: PMC7541850 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.5.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Large Tumor Suppressor (LATS2) gene are Tumor Suppressor gene, linked with epigenetic modifications. LATS2 promoter hypermethylation is an important epigenetic silencing mechanism leading to cancer. Cancer is the most common, vicious and dangerously increasing diseases of the world today, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Oral cancers (OC) are the blazing universal dilemma and is the sixth most frequent cancer observed in Indian population. Tobacco consumption is the main cause of the increase in OSCC. The association between LATS2 in the pathogenesis of cancers propose that their combination might be studied as a possible molecular marker for particular subgroups of patients. Therefore, the present study tried to investigate whether LATS2 promoter methylation was associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in North Indian subjects. DNA methylation quantitative studies of LATS2 Tumor Suppressor genes were performed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). 38 out of 70 patients (55 %) were found to be methylated for LATS2 gene, a statistically significant result was obtained (p-value < 0.005) for LATS2 genes. The results suggest that epigenetic changes may be related to the down-regulation of LATS2 expression. It can be concluded that LATS2 gene plays a significant role in the diagnosis of cancer and provide a better alternative as a diagnostic biomarker. Our data infer that a low LATS2 expression due to methylation may contribute to the cancer progression and could be useful for the diagnosis of OSCC. Therefore, investigation of promoter methylation in such genes may provide a biomarker which may prove to be useful in early detection of Oral Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saloni Singhal
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Runjhun Mathur
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saima Syeda
- Department of Zoology, Delhi University, India
| | - Rishi Kumar Gupta
- Sh. Jagannath Charitable Cancer Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anshuman Kumar
- Dharamshila Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Abhimanyu Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Medicines and Research Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Hu X, Tandra N, Zhang Z, Gong A, Chen J, Li Y, Chen Q, Xu W, Qian H. Identification and differentiation therapy strategy of pterygium in vitro. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:2619-2627. [PMID: 30210698 PMCID: PMC6129542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pterygium is an invasive hyperplasia, resulting from the hyper-proliferation of epithelial cells in cornea. The aim of our present study is to identify stem cells derived from pterygiums and detect differentiation strategy of the pterygium stem cells in vitro. Fundamental properties of the cultured pterygium stem cells were mainly studied using immunofluorescence staining. While clone formation and MTT assay were utilized to evaluate the cell viability. Pterygium stem cells could be cultivated easily, expanded efficiently, but expressed multilineage stem cell markers, which could be differentiated into neuron, osteocytes and adipocytes in vitro. Pterygium-derived spheres expressed stem cell markers and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers after treating with the inducing assays. Proliferation and viability of pterygium stem cells could be inhibited after inducing differentiation indicating that differentiation strategy will be a promising strategy in future therapies of pterygium. Cells derived from pterygiums express multilineage stem cell markers and could be induced differentiation. Differentiation therapy strategy could inhibit pterygium stem cell in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Hu
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nitin Tandra
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Chen
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Qian
- Zhenjiang Key Laboratory of High Technology Research on Exosomes Foundation and Transformation Application, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Zhao Z, Zhang H, Kong F, Jiang H, Huang K, Zheng H. LATS1 inhibits metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:2053-2063. [PMID: 31938312 PMCID: PMC6958224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
LATS1 is a serine/threonine kinase of the Hippo signaling pathway that phosphorylates and inactivates transcriptional co-activators YAP1 and WWTR1. To investigate roles of LATS1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), we transfected LATS1-expressing plasmid into B88 cells and examined the phenotypes and their relevant molecules. LATS1 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray, Oncomine, and TCGA databases. LATS1 overexpression was found to suppress growth, migration and invasion, and induce apoptosis, G2 arrest, and mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) (P < 0.05). Both increased expression of P21, Bax, and E-cadherin and decreased expression of Cyclin B1, D1, Bcl-2, and MMPs. Twist and N-cadherin were detected in B88 transfectants, in comparison to mock and control by Western blot. Nuclear LATS1 expression was weaker in primary cancers than in normal squamous tissue and dysplasia (P < 0.05) but versa for cytoplasmic counterpart (P < 0.05). Cytoplasmic LATS1 expression was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Survival analysis showed that differentiation degree was an independent factor of long overall and relapse-free survival of HNSCC patients (P < 0.05). According to bioinformatics analysis, we found upregulated LATS1 mRNA expression in HNSCCs (P < 0.05). Cox proportional hazards model indicated that perineural invasion and distant metastasis were independent prognostic factors for overall survival of HNSCC (P < 0.05). These findings suggest nucleocytoplasmic translocation of LATS1 protein and upregulated expression of LATS1 mRNA during tumorigenesis of HNSCC. LATS1 mRNA overexpression may reverse aggressive phenotypes of HNSCC cells, as a gene therapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wu
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Zhijuan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Fanshuang Kong
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Huamao Jiang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou, China
| | - Keqiang Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical UniversityJinzhou, China
| | - Huachuan Zheng
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
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Contribution of LATS1 and LATS2 promoter methylation in OSCC development. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 11:49-55. [PMID: 27761802 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant DNA methylation of the tumor suppressor genes involved in DNA Damage Response (DDR) signaling and cell cycle regulation may lead to the tumorigenesis. Our purpose here is to analyze the promoter methylation and mRNA expression levels of LATS1 and LATS2 (LATS1/2) genes in OSCC. Promoter methylation status of LATS1/2 genes was evaluated in 70 OSCC paraffin-embedded tissues and 70 normal oral samples, using Methylation Specific PCR (MSP). LATS1/2 mRNA expression profiles were also investigated in 14 OSCC patients and 14 normal samples, using real-time PCR. In both candidate genes, promoter methylation assessment revealed significant relationship between cases and controls (OR = 2.24, 95 % CI = 1.40-3.54, P = 0.001; LATS1 and OR = 15.5, 95%CI = 3.64-64.76, P < 0.001; LATS2). As well as, the evaluation of mRNA expression levels showed decreased expression in OSCC tissues in compare to control tissues. (Mean ± SD 1.74 ± 0.14 in OSCC versus 2.10 ± 0.24 in controls, P < 0.001; LATS1 and Mean ± SD 1.36 ± 0.077 in OSCC versus 1.96 ± 0.096 in controls, P < 0.001; LATS2). To the best our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the down-regulation of LATS1/2 through promoter methylation in OSCC. It is suggested to explore the down-stream transcription factors of both genes for finding the molecular mechanism of this deregulation in OSCC.
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