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Zhou J, Shi F, Luo X, Lei B, Shi Z, Huang C, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang H, Li XY, He X. The persistence and antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cells are modulated by tonic signaling within the CDR. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111239. [PMID: 37979453 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy, but challenges related to relapse and CAR-T cell exhaustion persist. One contributing factor to this exhaustion is CAR tonic signaling, where CAR-T cells self-activate without antigen stimulation, leading to reduced persistence and impaired antitumor activity. To address this issue, we conducted a preclinical study evaluating tonic signaling using nanobody-derived CAR-T cells. Our investigation revealed that specific characteristics of the complementary determining regions (CDRs), including low solubility, polarity, positive charge, energy, and area of ionic and positive CDR patches of amino acids, were associated with low antigen-independent tonic signaling. Significantly, we observed that stronger tonic signaling directly impacted CAR-T cell proliferation in vitro, consequently leading to CAR-T cell exhaustion and diminished persistence and effectiveness in vivo. Our findings provide compelling preclinical evidence and lay the foundation for the clinical assessment of CAR-T cells with distinct tonic signaling patterns. Understanding the role of CDRs in modulating tonic signaling holds promise for advancing the development of more efficient and durable CAR-T cell therapies, thereby enhancing the treatment of cancer and addressing the challenges of relapse in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincai Zhou
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Feifei Shi
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinran Luo
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bixia Lei
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhongjun Shi
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chenyu Huang
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaopei Li
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huajing Wang
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xian-Yang Li
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xiaowen He
- R&D Department, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd., 1227 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Immunogenomic Biomarkers and Validation in Lynch Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030491. [PMID: 36766832 PMCID: PMC9914748 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited disorder in which affected individuals have a significantly higher-than-average risk of developing colorectal and non-colorectal cancers, often before the age of 50 years. In LS, mutations in DNA repair genes lead to a dysfunctional post-replication repair system. As a result, the unrepaired errors in coding regions of the genome produce novel proteins, called neoantigens. Neoantigens are recognised by the immune system as foreign and trigger an immune response. Due to the invasive nature of cancer screening tests, universal cancer screening guidelines unique for LS (primarily colonoscopy) are poorly adhered to by LS variant heterozygotes (LSVH). Currently, it is unclear whether immunogenomic components produced as a result of neoantigen formation can be used as novel biomarkers in LS. We hypothesise that: (i) LSVH produce measurable and dynamic immunogenomic components in blood, and (ii) these quantifiable immunogenomic components correlate with cancer onset and stage. Here, we discuss the feasibility to: (a) identify personalised novel immunogenomic biomarkers and (b) validate these biomarkers in various clinical scenarios in LSVH.
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3
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Zhou X, Lian H, Li H, Fan M, Xu W, Jin Y. Nanotechnology in cervical cancer immunotherapy: Therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1065793. [PMID: 36588709 PMCID: PMC9802678 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1065793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an emerging method for the treatment of cervical cancer and is more effective than surgery and radiotherapy, especially for recurrent cervical cancer. However, immunotherapy is limited by adverse effects in clinical practice. In recent years, nanotechnology has been widely used for tumor diagnosis, drug delivery, and targeted therapy. In the setting of cervical cancer, nanotechnology can be used to actively or passively target immunotherapeutic agents to tumor sites, thereby enhancing local drug delivery, reducing drug adverse effects, achieving immunomodulation, improving the tumor immune microenvironment, and optimizing treatment efficacy. In this review, we highlight the current status of therapeutic vaccines and adoptive cell therapy in cervical cancer immunotherapy, as well as the application of lipid carriers, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and exosomes in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haiying Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- Gynecology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Meiling Fan, ; Wei Xu, ; Ye Jin,
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Meiling Fan, ; Wei Xu, ; Ye Jin,
| | - Ye Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Meiling Fan, ; Wei Xu, ; Ye Jin,
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4
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Characteristics of tumor microenvironment and novel immunotherapeutic strategies for non-small cell lung cancer. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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5
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Ye B, Hu Y, Zhang M, Huang H. Research advance in lipid nanoparticle-mRNA delivery system and its application in CAR-T cell therapy. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2022; 51:185-191. [PMID: 36161298 PMCID: PMC9353640 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown significant efficacy for hematological malignancies, however, it needs to be further optimized. Recently, the lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mRNA delivery system as a nonviral gene transfer vector has gained rapid progress in CAR-T cell therapy. The claudin-6 (CLDN6) mRNA is delivered to antigen presenting cells (APCs) through LNP system, thereby enhancing the function of CLDN6 CAR-T cells for the clearance of solid tumor cells. For treatment of acute cardiac injury, the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) CAR mRNA can be delivered to T cells through LNP system for the in vivo production of FAP CAR-T cells, thereby blocking the process of myocardial fibrosis. The LNP-mRNA delivery system has advantages including having no integration in host genome, inexpensiveness, low toxicity and modifiability; on the other hand, it has certain disadvantages such as limited cell persistence caused by transient protein expression and limitations in preparation techniques. This article reviews the research advance in LNP-mRNA in vivo delivery system and its application in CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixin Ye
- 1. Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- 2. Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- 3. Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- 4. Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- 1. Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- 2. Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- 3. Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- 4. Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- 1. Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- 2. Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- 3. Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- 4. Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - He Huang
- 1. Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- 2. Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- 3. Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- 4. Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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The Potential of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy against Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092234. [PMID: 34571883 PMCID: PMC8465847 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) comprise an important memory T cell subset that mediates local protection upon pathogen re-encounter. TRM populations preferentially localize at entry sites of pathogens, including epithelia of the skin, lungs and intestine, but have also been observed in secondary lymphoid tissue, brain, liver and kidney. More recently, memory T cells characterized as TRM have also been identified in tumors, including but not limited to melanoma, lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, gastric carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma. The presence of these memory T cells has been strongly associated with favorable clinical outcomes, which has generated an interest in targeting TRM cells to improve immunotherapy of cancer patients. Nevertheless, intratumoral TRM have also been found to express checkpoint inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1 and LAG-3. Triggering of such inhibitory receptors could induce dysfunction, often referred to as exhaustion, which may limit the effectiveness of TRM in countering tumor growth. A better understanding of the differentiation and function of TRM in tumor settings is crucial to deploy these memory T cells in future treatment options of cancer patients. The purpose of this review is to provide the current status of an important cancer immunotherapy known as TIL therapy, insight into the role of TRM in the context of antitumor immunity, and the challenges and opportunities to exploit these cells for TIL therapy to ultimately improve cancer treatment.
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7
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Overview of Cellular Immunotherapies within Transfusion Medicine for the Treatment of Malignant Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105120. [PMID: 34066067 PMCID: PMC8151282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, transfusion medicine has developed into a broad, multidisciplinary field that covers different clinical patient services such as apheresis technology and the development of stem cell transplantation. Recently, the discipline has found a niche in development and production of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) for immunotherapy and regenerative medicine purposes. In clinical trials, cell-based immunotherapies have shown encouraging results in the treatment of multiple cancers and autoimmune diseases. However, there are many parameters such as safety, a high level of specificity, and long-lasting efficacy that still need to be optimized to maximize the potential of cell-based immunotherapies. Thus, only a few have gained FDA approval, while the majority of them are studied in the context of investigator-initiated trials (IITs), where modern, academically oriented transfusion centers can play an important role. In this review, we summarize existing and contemporary cellular immunotherapies, which are already a part of modern transfusion medicine or are likely to become so in the future.
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8
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Zhao Q, Jiang Y, Xiang S, Kaboli PJ, Shen J, Zhao Y, Wu X, Du F, Li M, Cho CH, Li J, Wen Q, Liu T, Yi T, Xiao Z. Engineered TCR-T Cell Immunotherapy in Anticancer Precision Medicine: Pros and Cons. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658753. [PMID: 33859650 PMCID: PMC8042275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the role of engineered T-cell receptors (TCRs) in immunotherapy. Novel approaches have been developed to boost anticancer immune system, including targeting new antigens, manufacturing new engineered or modified TCRs, and creating a safety switch for endo-suicide genes. In order to re-activate T cells against tumors, immune-mobilizing monoclonal TCRs against cancer (ImmTAC) have been developed as a novel class of manufactured molecules which are bispecific and recognize both cancer and T cells. The TCRs target special antigens such as NY-ESO-1, AHNAKS2580F or ERBB2H473Y to boost the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapy. The safety of genetically modified T cells is very important. Therefore, this review discusses pros and cons of different approaches, such as ImmTAC, Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK), and inducible caspase-9 in cancer immunotherapy. Clinical trials related to TCR-T cell therapy and monoclonal antibodies designed for overcoming immunosuppression, and recent advances made in understanding how TCRs are additionally examined. New approaches that can better detect antigens and drive an effective T cell response are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Shixin Xiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Parham Jabbarzadeh Kaboli
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hospital (T.C.M.) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Oncology Rehabilitation, Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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9
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Abousaway O, Rakhshandehroo T, Van den Abbeele AD, Kircher MF, Rashidian M. Noninvasive Imaging of Cancer Immunotherapy. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:90-112. [PMID: 33391977 PMCID: PMC7738948 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.50860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of several malignancies. Notwithstanding the encouraging results, many patients do not respond to treatments. Evaluation of the efficacy of treatments is challenging and robust methods to predict the response to treatment are not yet available. The outcome of immunotherapy results from changes that treatment evokes in the tumor immune landscape. Therefore, a better understanding of the dynamics of immune cells that infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment may fundamentally help in addressing this challenge and provide tools to assess or even predict the response. Noninvasive imaging approaches, such as PET and SPECT that provide whole-body images are currently seen as the most promising tools that can shed light on the events happening in tumors in response to treatment. Such tools can provide critical information that can be used to make informed clinical decisions. Here, we review recent developments in the field of noninvasive cancer imaging with a focus on immunotherapeutics and nuclear imaging technologies and will discuss how the field can move forward to address the challenges that remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abousaway
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Taha Rakhshandehroo
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Annick D Van den Abbeele
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mohammad Rashidian
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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10
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Exhaustion during Treatment for Hematological Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8765028. [PMID: 33150182 PMCID: PMC7603553 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8765028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, especially based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, has achieved prominent success in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, approximately 30-50% of patients will have disease relapse following remission after receiving CD19-targeting CAR-T cells, with failure of maintaining a long-term effect. Mechanisms underlying CAR-T therapy inefficiency consist of loss or modulation of target antigen and CAR-T cell poor persistence which mostly results from T cell exhaustion. The unique features and restoration strategies of exhausted T cells (Tex) have been well described in solid tumors. However, the overview associated with CAR-T cell exhaustion is relatively rare in hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize the characteristics, cellular, and molecular mechanisms of Tex cells as well as approaches to reverse CAR-T cell exhaustion in hematological malignancies, providing novel strategies for immunotherapies.
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11
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Maharjan S, Cecen B, Zhang YS. 3D Immunocompetent Organ-on-a-Chip Models. SMALL METHODS 2020; 4:2000235. [PMID: 33072861 PMCID: PMC7567338 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, engineering of various human tissues in microphysiologically relevant platforms, known as organs-on-chips (OOCs), has been explored to establish in vitro tissue models that recapitulate the microenvironments found in native organs and tissues. However, most of these models have overlooked the important roles of immune cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions and in modulating the tissue microenvironments during pathophysiology. Significantly, gradual progress is being made in the development of more sophisticated microphysiologically relevant human-based OOC models that allow the studies of the key biophysiological aspects of specific tissues or organs, interactions between cells (parenchymal, vascular, and immune cells) and their extracellular matrix molecules, effects of native tissue architectures (geometry, dynamic flow or mechanical forces) on tissue functions, as well as unravelling the mechanism underlying tissue-specific diseases and drug testing. In this Progress Report, we discuss the different components of the immune system, as well as immune OOC platforms and immunocompetent OOC approaches that have simulated one or more components of the immune system. We also outline the challenges to recreate a fully functional tissue system in vitro with a focus on the incorporation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Berivan Cecen
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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12
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Chen M, Betzer O, Fan Y, Gao Y, Shen M, Sadan T, Popovtzer R, Shi X. Multifunctional Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles for Labeling and Tracking T Cells Via Dual-Modal Computed Tomography and Fluorescence Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1587-1595. [PMID: 32154709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanosystems for monitoring and tracking T cells provide an important basis for evaluating the functionality and efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapy. To this end, we designed herein an efficient nanoprobe for T cell monitoring and tracking using poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) conjugated with Fluo-4 for dual-mode computed tomography (CT) and fluorescence imaging. In this study, PAMAM dendrimers of generation 5 (G5) were modified with hydroxyl-terminated polyethylene glycol (PEG) and then used to entrap 2.0 nm Au NPs followed by acetylation of the excess amine groups on the dendrimer surface. Subsequently, the calcium ion probe was covalently attached to the dendrimer nanohybrids through the PEG hydroxyl end groups to gain the functional {(Au0)25-G5.NHAc-(PEG)14-(Fluo-4)2} nanoprobe. This nanoprobe had excellent water solubility, high X-ray attenuation coefficient, and good cytocompatibility in the given concentration range, as well as a high T cell labeling efficiency. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry results demonstrated that the nanoprobe was able to fluorescently sense activated T cells. Moreover, the nanoprobe was able to realize both CT and fluorescence imaging of subcutaneously injected T cells in vivo. Thus, the developed novel dendrimer-based nanosystem may hold great promise for advancing and improving the clinical application of T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Oshra Betzer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Tamar Sadan
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Rachela Popovtzer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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13
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Sircar A, Chowdhury SM, Hart A, Bell WC, Singh S, Sehgal L, Epperla N. Impact and Intricacies of Bone Marrow Microenvironment in B-cell Lymphomas: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E904. [PMID: 32019190 PMCID: PMC7043222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma, a group of widely prevalent hematological malignancies of lymphocyte origin, has become the focus of significant clinical research due to their high propensity for refractory/relapsed (R/R) disease, leading to poor prognostic outcomes. The complex molecular circuitry in lymphomas, especially in the aggressive phenotypes, has made it difficult to find a therapeutic option that can salvage R/R disease. Furthermore, the association of lymphomas with the Bone Marrow (BM) microenvironment has been found to portend worse outcomes in terms of heightened chances of relapse and acquired resistance to chemotherapy. This review assesses the current therapy options in three distinct types of lymphomas: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. It also explores the role of the BM tumor microenvironment as a secure 'niche' for lymphoma cells to grow, proliferate and survive. It further evaluates potential mechanisms through which the tumor cells can establish molecular connections with the BM cells to provide pro-tumor benefits, and discusses putative therapeutic strategies for disrupting the BM-lymphoma cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lalit Sehgal
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.S.); (S.M.C.); (A.H.); (W.C.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Narendranath Epperla
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (A.S.); (S.M.C.); (A.H.); (W.C.B.); (S.S.)
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14
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ANCA-Associated Vasculitides and Hematologic Malignancies: Lessons from the Past and Future Perspectives. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1732175. [PMID: 31198793 PMCID: PMC6526571 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1732175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to collect and summarize all evidences relating to an association between ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAVs) and hematologic malignancies, in the form of either a paraneoplastic vasculitis or leukemias and lymphomas developing on a preexisting vasculitis. Additionally, the role of cyclophosphamide in vasculitis treatment has been assessed and compared to rituximab. Paraneoplastic AAV seems to be an uncommon presentation of hemopathies. Hematologic malignancy risk in AAV is more likely to be increased by cyclophosphamide, although not yet definitely proven. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis has been reviewed with particular emphasis on the role of proteinase 3 (PR3) in fuelling granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) inflammation. PR3 is a bactericidal protein expressed by neutrophilic granules and on their plasma membrane. Derangements in its expression and function have been linked to leukemias and GPA alike. PR3-derived PR1 peptide is being studied as an immunotherapy target in leukemia and multiple myeloma. This study is aimed at bringing together various evidences from the field of immunological and hematological research, at exposing contradictions, and at revealing novel insights on the association between ANCA-associated vasculitis and hematologic malignancies.
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15
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Tendeiro Rego R, Morris EC, Lowdell MW. T-cell receptor gene-modified cells: past promises, present methodologies and future challenges. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:341-357. [PMID: 30655164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy constitutes an exciting and rapidly evolving field, and the demonstration that genetically modified T-cell receptors (TCRs) can be used to produce T-lymphocyte populations of desired specificity offers new opportunities for antigen-specific T-cell therapy. Overall, TCR-modified T cells have the ability to target a wide variety of self and non-self targets through the normal biology of a T cell. Although major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted and dependent on co-receptors, genetically engineered TCRs still present a number of characteristics that ensure they are an important alternative strategy to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), and high-affinity TCRs can now be successfully engineered with the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse events. This review will focus on the main characteristics of TCR gene-modified cells, their potential clinical application and promise to the field of adoptive cell transfer (ACT), basic manufacturing procedures and characterization protocols and overall challenges that need to be overcome so that redirection of TCR specificity may be successfully translated into clinical practice, beyond early-phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tendeiro Rego
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK; Centre for Cell, Gene & Tissue Therapeutics, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma C Morris
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK
| | - Mark W Lowdell
- UCL Cancer Institute, Department of Haematology, London, UK
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16
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Zhang J, Wang L. The Emerging World of TCR-T Cell Trials Against Cancer: A Systematic Review. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819831068. [PMID: 30798772 PMCID: PMC6391541 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819831068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy are 2 types of adoptive T-cell therapy that genetically modify natural T cells to treat cancers. Although chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy has yielded remarkable efficacy for hematological malignancies of the B-cell lineages, most solid tumors fail to respond significantly to chimeric antigen receptor T cells. T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy, on the other hand, has shown unprecedented promise in treating solid tumors and has attracted growing interest. In order to create an unbiased, comprehensive, and scientific report for this fast-moving field, we carefully analyzed all 84 clinical trials using T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy and downloaded from ClinicalTrials.gov updated by June 11, 2018. Informative features and trends were observed in these clinical trials. The number of trials initiated each year is increasing as expected, but an interesting pattern is observed. NY-ESO-1, as the most targeted antigen type, is the target of 31 clinical trials; melanoma is the most targeted cancer type and is the target of 33 clinical trials. Novel antigens and underrepresented cancers remain to be targeted in future studies and clinical trials. Unlike chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, only about 16% of the 84 clinical trials target against hematological malignancies, consistent with T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy's high potential for solid tumors. Six pharma/biotech companies with novel T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell ideas and products were examined in this review. Multiple approaches have been utilized in these companies to increase the T-cell receptor's affinity and efficiency and to minimize cross-reactivity. The major challenges in the development of the T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell therapy due to tumor microenvironment were also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang Zhang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Ayuso JM, Truttschel R, Gong MM, Humayun M, Virumbrales-Munoz M, Vitek R, Felder M, Gillies SD, Sondel P, Wisinski KB, Patankar M, Beebe DJ, Skala MC. Evaluating natural killer cell cytotoxicity against solid tumors using a microfluidic model. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:1553477. [PMID: 30723584 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1553477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies against solid tumors face additional challenges compared with hematological cancers. In solid tumors, immune cells and antibodies need to extravasate from vasculature, find the tumor, and migrate through a dense mass of cells. These multiple steps pose significant obstacles for solid tumor immunotherapy and their study has remained difficult using classic in vitro models based on Petri dishes. In this work, a microfluidic model has been developed to study natural killer cell response. The model includes a 3D breast cancer spheroid in a 3D extracellular matrix, and two flanking lumens lined with endothelial cells, replicating key structures and components during the immune response. Natural Killer cells and antibodies targeting the tumor cells were either embedded in the matrix or perfused through the lateral blood vessels. Antibodies that were perfused through the lateral lumens extravasated out of the blood vessels and rapidly diffused through the matrix. However, tumor cell-cell junctions hindered antibody penetration within the spheroid. On the other hand, natural killer cells were able to detect the presence of the tumor spheroid several hundreds of microns away and penetrate the spheroid faster than the antibodies. Once inside the spheroid, natural killer cells were able to destroy tumor cells at the spheroid periphery and, importantly, also at the innermost layers. Finally, the combination of antibody-cytokine conjugates and natural killer cells led to an enhanced cytotoxicity located mostly at the spheroid periphery. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the model for informing immunotherapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ayuso
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Regan Truttschel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Max M Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mouhita Humayun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maria Virumbrales-Munoz
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Provenance Biopharmaceuticals Corp., Carlisle, MA USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ross Vitek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mildred Felder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Paul Sondel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kari B Wisinski
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Manish Patankar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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18
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Bairey O, Siegal T. The possible role of maintenance treatment for primary central nervous system lymphoma. Blood Rev 2018; 32:378-386. [PMID: 29551465 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare and aggressive brain tumor. The prognosis is poor, with high rates of relapse and disease progression after treatment. In addition, PCNSL affects a largely older population, so that a significant proportion of patients are ineligible for intensive therapies and high-dose chemotherapy. The elderly patients are also susceptible to the accelerated and detrimental cognitive side effects of whole-brain irradiation which is an alternative consolidation to high-dose chemotherapy. Maintenance therapy has been shown to be a promising strategy to prolong remission time in other hematopoietic malignancies. Herein, we discuss the place of maintenance treatment in PCNSL in view of perspective obtained from hematological malignancies and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Bairey
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tali Siegal
- Neuro-Oncology Center, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center - Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel.
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Ferreira AF, Calin GA, Picanço-Castro V, Kashima S, Covas DT, de Castro FA. Hematopoietic stem cells from induced pluripotent stem cells - considering the role of microRNA as a cell differentiation regulator. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/4/jcs203018. [PMID: 29467236 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapy for hematological diseases can lead to a good outcome from the clinical point of view, the limited number of ideal donors, the comorbidity of patients and the increasing number of elderly patients may limit the application of this therapy. HSCs can be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which requires the understanding of the bone marrow and liver niches components and function in vivo iPSCs have been extensively applied in several studies involving disease models, drug screening and cellular replacement therapies. However, the somatic reprogramming by transcription factors is a low-efficiency process. Moreover, the reprogramming process is also regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), which modulate the expression of the transcription factors OCT-4 (also known as POU5F1), SOX-2, KLF-4 and MYC, leading somatic cells to a pluripotent state. In this Review, we present an overview of the challenges of cell reprogramming protocols with regard to HSC generation from iPSCs, and highlight the potential role of miRNAs in cell reprogramming and in the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline F Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Virgínia Picanço-Castro
- Center of Cell Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Center of Cell Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Dimas T Covas
- Center of Cell Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14051-140, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiola A de Castro
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Engineering chimeric antigen receptor-T cells for cancer treatment. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:32. [PMID: 29448937 PMCID: PMC5815249 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity of tumor clones and an immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer ecosystems contribute to inherent difficulties for tumor treatment. Recently, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been successfully applied in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, underscoring its great potential in antitumor therapy. However, functional challenges of CAR-T cell therapy, especially in solid tumors, remain. Here, we describe cancer-immunity phenotypes from a clonal-stromal-immune perspective and elucidate mechanisms of T-cell exhaustion that contribute to tumor immune evasion. Then we assess the functional challenges of CAR-T cell therapy, including cell trafficking and infiltration, targeted-recognition and killing of tumor cells, T-cell proliferation and persistence, immunosuppressive microenvironment and self-control regulation. Finally, we delineate tumor precision informatics and advancements in engineered CAR-T cells to counteract inherent challenges of the CAR-T cell therapy, either alone or in combination with traditional therapeutics, and highlight the therapeutic potential of this approach in future tumor precision treatment.
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21
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Abbina S, Siren EMJ, Moon H, Kizhakkedathu JN. Surface Engineering for Cell-Based Therapies: Techniques for Manipulating Mammalian Cell Surfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:3658-3677. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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