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Li J, Zhang W, Xu H, Zhou L, Guo H, Zhang S, Lu R, Liang X, Chang M, Liu C. Barley Grass Juice Attenuates Hydrodynamic Transfection-Induced HCC Initiation in Mice. Nutr Cancer 2023; 75:750-760. [PMID: 36495148 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2022.2151633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grass has been recognized as a functional food with a wide spectrum of health-promoting properties. Supplementation with barley grass has the potential to prevent chronic diseases, such as cancer. Here, we investigated whether barley grass could protect against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our data showed that administration of barley grass juice attenuates tumor development in a hydrodynamic gene delivery-induced model of HCC. The expression levels of the immune cell markers Ptprc and Adgre1 were upregulated in the barley grass juice-treated and normal groups, compared to those in the vehicle group in the HCC model. Immune cells (CD45+, F4/80+, and CLEC4F + iNOS + cells) infiltration in the liver increased following barley grass juice administration. Our results indicate that barley grass could be beneficial for HCC alleviation, partly by regulating immune cell infiltration. The ingredients of barley grass affect immune cell infiltration in HCC, and the detailed mechanism requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Baixin Biotechnology Company Limited, Shanghai, PR China.,College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Longhua Zhou
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ruiju Lu
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mengling Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenghong Liu
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, PR China
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Oat Seedlings Extract Inhibits RANKL-Induced c-Fos/NFATc1 Transcription Factors in the Early Stage of Osteoclast Differentiation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5372459. [PMID: 36193131 PMCID: PMC9525779 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5372459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease that increases the risk of fractures due to decreased bone density and weakens the bone microstructure. Preventing and diagnosing osteoporosis using the available drugs can be a costly affair with possible side effects. Therefore, natural product-derived therapeutics are promising alternatives. Our study demonstrated that the oat seedlings' extract (OSE) inhibited the receptor activator of the nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis from the bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). The OSE treatment significantly attenuated the RANKL-mediated induction of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity as well as the number of TRAP-positive (TRAP+) multinucleated cells (MNCs) counted through the TRAP staining in a dose-dependent manner. It was also confirmed that the OSE suppressed the formation of the TRAP + MNCs in the early stage of differentiation and not in the middle and late stages. The results of the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the western blotting showed that the OSE dramatically inhibited the mRNA and protein expressions of the osteoclastogenesis-mediated transcription factors such as the c-Fos and the nuclear factor-activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). In addition, the OSE strongly attenuated the mRNA induction of the c-Fos/NFATc1-dependent molecules such as the TRAP, the osteoclast-associatedimmunoglobulin-like receptor (OSCAR), the dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), and the cathepsin K. These results suggest that the naturally derived OSE may be useful for preventing bone diseases.
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Biomolecule from Trigonella stellata from Saudi Flora to Suppress Osteoporosis via Osteostromal Regulations. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111610. [PMID: 33233530 PMCID: PMC7699612 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trigonella stellata has used in folk medicine as palatable and nutraceutical herb. It also regulates hypocholesterolemia, hypoglycemia, and has showed anti-inflammatory activities as well as antioxidants efficacy. Osteoporosis is a one of bone metabolic disorders and is continuously increasing worldwide. In the present study, caffeic acid was isolated from Trigonella stellata and identified using 1 D- and 2 D-NMR spectroscopic data. Caffeic acid was investigated on osteoblast and osteoclast in vitro using mice bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells. Caffeic acid played reciprocal proliferation between osteoblast and osteoclast cells and accelerated the bone mineralization. It was confirmed by cytotoxicity, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alizarin red S (ARS), and Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay. Caffeic acid regulated the osteogenic marker and upregulated the osteopontin, osteocalcin, and bone morphogenic proteins (BMP). Quantitative real time PCR and Western blot were used to quantify the mRNA and protein markers. It also regulated the matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) and cathepsin-K proteolytic markers in osteoclast cells. In addition, caffeic acid inhibited bone resorption in osteoclast cells. On the other hand, it upregulate osteoblast differentiation through stimulation of extracellular calcium concentrations osteoblast differentiation, respectively. The results also were confirmed through in silico docking of caffeic acid against cathepsin-B and cathepsin-K markers. These findings revealed that caffeic acid has a potential role in bone-metabolic disorder through its multifaceted effects on osteoblast and osteoclast regulations and controls osteoporosis.
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Osteoclast Multinucleation: Review of Current Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165685. [PMID: 32784443 PMCID: PMC7461040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleation is a hallmark of osteoclast maturation. The unique and dynamic multinucleation process not only increases cell size but causes functional alterations through reconstruction of the cytoskeleton, creating the actin ring and ruffled border that enable bone resorption. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast multinucleation has advanced considerably in this century, especially since the identification of DC-STAMP and OC-STAMP as “master fusogens”. Regarding the molecules and pathways surrounding these STAMPs, however, only limited progress has been made due to the absence of their ligands. Various molecules and mechanisms other than the STAMPs are involved in osteoclast multinucleation. In addition, several preclinical studies have explored chemicals that may be able to target osteoclast multinucleation, which could enable us to control pathogenic bone metabolism more precisely. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries regarding the STAMPs and other molecules involved in osteoclast multinucleation.
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Ihn HJ, Kim TH, Kim K, Kim GY, Jeon YJ, Choi YH, Bae JS, Kim JE, Park EK. 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose isolated from Galla Rhois suppresses osteoclast differentiation and function by inhibiting NF-κB signaling. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31068248 PMCID: PMC6605525 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.6.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds isolated from medicinal herbs and plants have immense significance in maintaining bone health. Hydrolysable tannins have been shown to possess a variety of medicinal properties including antiviral, anticancer, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. As a part of a study on the discovery of alternative agent against skeletal diseases, we isolated a hydrolysable tannin, 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl- β-D-glucose (DTOGG), from Galla Rhois and examined the effect on osteoclast formation and function. We found that DTOGG significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the expression of the key regulator in osteoclastogenesis as well as osteoclast-related genes. Analysis of RANKL/RANK signaling revealed that DTOGG impaired activation of IκBα and p65 in the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain- enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Furthermore, DTOGG reduced bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts, compared to the vehicle-treated control. These results suggest that DTOGG could be a useful natural compound to manage osteoclast-mediated skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jung Ihn
- Institute for Hard Tissue and Bio-tooth Regeneration (IHBR), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea
| | - Kiryeong Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, IHBR, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
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Kim SH, Yuk HJ, Ryu HW, Oh SR, Song DY, Lee KS, Park KI, Choi SW, Seo WD. Biofunctional soyasaponin Bb in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) sprouts enhances bone morphogenetic protein-2-dependent osteogenic differentiation via activation of runt-related transcription factor 2 in C2C12 cells. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1490-1500. [PMID: 30883927 PMCID: PMC6593731 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of bone formation is necessary for successful treatment of the bone defects associated with osteoporosis. In this study, we sought to elucidate the osteogenic activity of peanut sprouts and their bioactive components. We found that peanut sprout water extract (PSWE) enhanced bone morphogenetic protein‐2‐mediated osteoblast differentiation in a dose‐dependent manner by stimulating expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) via activation of AKT/MAP kinases. We identified a major component of PSWE, soyasaponin Bb, as the bioactive compound responsible for improvement of anabolic activity. Soyasaponin Bb from PSWE enhanced expression of the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 and alkaline phosphatase. The soyasaponin Bb content depended on sprouting time of peanut, and the anabolic action of PSWE was dependent on soyasaponin Bb content. Thus, PSWE and soyasaponin Bb have the potential to protect against bone disorders, including osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hye Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFS), Jinju, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Heung Joo Yuk
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Duk Young Song
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, Korea.,College of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Kie-In Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sik-Won Choi
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFS), Jinju, Korea
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, Korea
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Lee D, Lee SH, Cho N, Kim YS, Song J, Kim H. Effects of Eleutherococcus Extract Mixture on Endochondral Bone Formation in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051253. [PMID: 30871109 PMCID: PMC6429299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eleutherococcus extract mixture (EEM) is an herbal mixture of dried stem of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus and germinated barley, which has been highly effective, in previous screening and among the traditional medicines to tonify innate qi and acquired qi, respectively. In this study, we investigate the effects of EEM on endochondral bone formation. Female adolescent rats were given EEM, growth hormone or vehicle for 10 days. Tetracycline was intraperitoneally injected to light the fluorescent band 72 h before sacrifice to determine endochondral bone formation. In order to evaluate endocrine or paracrine/autocrine mechanisms, expressions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), or bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) were evaluated after EEM administration in liver or growth plate (GP). EEM oral administration significantly increased endochondral bone formation and proliferative and hypertrophic zonal heights of tibial GP. EEM also upregulated hepatic IGF1 and IGFBP3 mRNA expressions, and IGF1 and BMP2 expressions in GP. Taken together, EEM increases endochondral bone formation through stimulating proliferation and hypertrophy with upregulation of hepatic IGF1 and IGFBP3 expressions. Considering immunohistochemical studies, the effect of EEM may be due to increased local IGF1 and BMP2 expression in GP, which may be considered growth hormone (GH)-dependent endocrine and autocrine/paracrine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdae-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea.
| | - Sung Hyun Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM) NeuMed Inc., 88 Imun-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02440, Korea.
| | - Namhoon Cho
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Young-Sik Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Jungbin Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea.
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Protective effects of a polysaccharide BLE0 isolated from barley leaf on bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:314-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kim SH, Kim KJ, Kang HJ, Son YJ, Choi SW, Lee MJ. The Dual Role of Oat Bran Water Extract in Bone Homeostasis Through the Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis and Osteoblast Differentiation. Molecules 2018; 23:E3119. [PMID: 30487443 PMCID: PMC6320902 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with bone metabolic disorders including osteoporosis is increasing worldwide. These disorders often facilitate bone fractures, which seriously impact the patient's quality of life and could lead to further health complications. Bone homeostasis is tightly regulated to balance bone resorption and formation. However, many anti-osteoporotic agents are broadly categorized as either bone forming or anti-resorptive, and their therapeutic use is often limited due to unwanted side effects. Therefore, safe and effective therapeutic agents are needed for osteoporosis. This study aims to clarify the bone protecting effects of oat bran water extract (OBWE) and its mode of action. OBWE inhibited RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand)-induced osteoclast differentiation by blocking c-Fos/NFATc1 through the alteration of I-κB. Furthermore, we found that OBWE enhanced BMP-2-stimulated osteoblast differentiation by the induction of Runx2 via Smad signaling molecules. In addition, the anti-osteoporotic activity of OBWE was also evaluated using an in vivo model. OBWE significantly restored ovariectomy-induced bone loss. These in vitro and in vivo results showed that OBWE has the potential to prevent and treat bone metabolic disorders including osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hye Kim
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Hyeon Jung Kang
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea.
| | - Sik-Won Choi
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFS), Jinju, Gyeongnam 52817, Korea.
| | - Mi-Ja Lee
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Korea.
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Choi CW, Choi SW, Kim HJ, Lee KS, Kim SH, Kim SL, Do SH, Seo WD. Germinated soy germ with increased soyasaponin Ab improves BMP-2-induced bone formation and protects against in vivo bone loss in osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12970. [PMID: 30154422 PMCID: PMC6113227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is frequently induced following menopause, and bone fractures result in serious problems including skeletal deformity, pain, and increased mortality. Therefore, safe and effective therapeutic agents are needed for osteoporosis. This study aimed to clarify the bone protecting effects of germinated soy germ extracts (GSGE) and their mode of action. GSGE increased expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCL) by stimulating the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osterix (Osx) through activation of Smad signaling molecules. Furthermore, germination of soy germ increased levels of nutritional components, especially soyasaponin Ab. The anabolic activity of soyasaponin Ab in GSGE was also evaluated. GSGE and soyasaponin Ab significantly protected against ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss and improved bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) level in mouse serum. These in vitro and in vivo study results demonstrated that GSGE and soyasaponin Ab have potential as therapeutic candidate agents for bone protection in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Woong Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik-Won Choi
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
- College of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hye Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, 55000, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Lim Kim
- Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 16429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Duck Seo
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Functional Ingredients of Barley Grass for Chronic Diseases in Human Beings. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3232080. [PMID: 29849880 PMCID: PMC5904770 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3232080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Barley grass powder is the best functional food that provides nutrition and eliminates toxins from cells in human beings; however, its functional ingredients have played an important role as health benefit. In order to better cognize the preventive and therapeutic role of barley grass for chronic diseases, we carried out the systematic strategies for functional ingredients of barley grass, based on the comprehensive databases, especially the PubMed, Baidu, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI, between 2008 and 2017. Barley grass is rich in functional ingredients, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), flavonoids, saponarin, lutonarin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), K, Ca, Se, tryptophan, chlorophyll, vitamins (A, B1, C, and E), dietary fiber, polysaccharide, alkaloid, metallothioneins, and polyphenols. Barley grass promotes sleep; has antidiabetic effect; regulates blood pressure; enhances immunity; protects liver; has anti-acne/detoxifying and antidepressant effects; improves gastrointestinal function; has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antigout effects; reduces hyperuricemia; prevents hypoxia, cardiovascular diseases, fatigue, and constipation; alleviates atopic dermatitis; is a calcium supplement; improves cognition; and so on. These results support that barley grass may be one of the best functional foods for preventive chronic diseases and the best raw material of modern diet structure in promoting the development of large health industry and further reveal that GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan mechanism of barley grass have preventive and therapeutic role for chronic diseases. This paper can be used as a scientific evidence for developing functional foods and novel drugs for barley grass for preventive chronic diseases.
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