Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits High Glucose-Induced sFlt-1 Production via Decreasing ADAM17 Expression in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Implications of pregnancy on cardiometabolic disease risk: preeclampsia and gestational diabetes

Cardiometabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension, prior to and within pregnancy are increasing in prevalence worldwide. Pregnancy-associated cardiometabolic disease poses a great risk to the short- and long-term well-being of the mother and offspring. Hypertensive pregnancy, notably preeclampsia, as well as gestational diabetes are the major diseases of pregnancy growing in prevalence as a result of growing cardiometabolic disease prevalence. The mechanisms whereby obesity, diabetes, and other comorbidities lead to preeclampsia and gestational diabetes are incompletely understood and continually evolving in the literature. In addition, novel therapeutic avenues are currently being explored in these patients to offset cardiometabolic-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes in preeclamptic and gestational diabetes pregnancies. In this review, we discuss the emerging pathophysiological mechanisms of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes in the context of cardiometabolic risk as well as the most recent preclinical and clinical updates in the pathogenesis and treatment of these conditions.

Role of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase (3-MST) in Physiology and Disease

3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) plays the important role of producing hydrogen sulfide. Conserved from bacteria to Mammalia, this enzyme is localized in mitochondria as well as the cytoplasm. 3-MST mediates the reaction of 3-mercaptopyruvate with dihydrolipoic acid and thioredoxin to produce hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is also produced through cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase, along with 3-MST, and is known to alleviate a variety of illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological conditions. The importance of cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase in hydrogen sulfide biogenesis is well-described, but documentation of the 3-MST pathway is limited. This account compiles the current state of knowledge about the role of 3-MST in physiology and pathology. Attempts at targeting the 3-MST pathway for therapeutic benefit are discussed, highlighting the potential of 3-MST as a therapeutic target.

Reduced Levels of H2S in Diabetes-Associated Osteoarthritis Are Linked to Hyperglycaemia, Nrf-2/HO-1 Signalling Downregulation and Chondrocyte Dysfunction

Different findings indicate that type 2 diabetes is an independent risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). However, the mechanisms underlying the connection between both diseases remain unclear. Changes in the balance of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications, although its role is still controversial. In this study, we examined the modulation of H2S levels in serum and chondrocytes from OA diabetic (DB) and non-diabetic (non-DB) patients and in cells under glucose stress, in order to elucidate whether impairment in H2S-mediated signalling could participate in the onset of DB-related OA. Here, we identified a reduction in H2S synthesis in the cartilage from OA-DB patients and in cells under glucose stress, which is associated with hyperglycaemia-mediated dysregulation of chondrocyte metabolism. In addition, our results indicate that H2S is an inductor of the Nrf-2/HO-1 signalling pathway in cartilage, but is also a downstream target of Nrf-2 transcriptional activity. Thereby, impairment of the H2S/Nrf-2 axis under glucose stress or DB triggers chondrocyte catabolic responses, favouring the disruption of cartilage homeostasis that characterizes OA pathology. Finally, our findings highlight the benefits of the use of exogeneous sources of H2S in the treatment of DB-OA patients, and warrant future clinical studies.

Hydrogen sulfide modulates high glucose-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Activation of the NACHT leucine rich repeat and pyd domains-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays an important role in the initiation of inflammation in adipose tissue in diabetic patients. However, the mechanisms underlying this are not fully understood. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in various cell types. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of H₂S on high glucose (HG)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in adipocytes. Adipocytes were differentiated from 3T3-L1 cells and treated with low glucose (LG), HG, H₂S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) or N-acetyl-tyrosyl-valyl- alanyl-aspartyl chloromethyl ketone, an inhibitor of the cysteine protease caspase-1. The expression levels of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing A CARD (ASC) and caspase-1, and the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 were measured. The results of the present study indicated that HG increased the expression levels of NLRP3, ASC and cleaved caspase-1, and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 in adipocytes. Caspase-1 inhibition abolished HG-induced production of IL-1β and IL-18 in adipocytes. Furthermore, NaHS inhibited the expression of NLRP3, ASC and cleaved caspase-1, and the production of IL-1β and IL-18 in adipocytes treated with HG. In conclusion, HG may increase and exogenous H₂S may inhibit HG-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in adipocytes.