Analysis of Nucleotide Alterations in the E6 Genomic Region of Human Papillomavirus Types 6 and 11 in Condyloma Acuminatum Samples from Brazil

Systemic immune profiling analysis identifying M2-TAM related genes predicted colon cancer prognosis and chemotherapy responses

Colon cancer (COAD) poses great challenges to clinical treatment due to its heterogeneity and complex immune microenvironment. M2-like macrophages significantly influence COAD's onset, progression, and treatment. Yet, existing M2-like macrophage markers are limited in prognostic efficacy, prompting the exploration of new M2 signatures. Extensive data analysis aimed to unveil prognosis-associated M2-derived signatures. Bulk transcriptome, single-cell RNA sequencing, and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases for patients with COAD were amassed. Cell-Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts identified immune cell infiltration, and the Kaplan-Meier test identified crucial immune populations associated with prognosis. Genetic signatures linked to M2 tumor-associated macrophage were crafted utilizing weighted gene coexpression network analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and Cox regression. The M2 tumor-associated macrophage gene signature was validated in GSE17536. The expression profile of the M2 gene signature was investigated in single-cell RNA sequencing dataset GSE166555. Systemic immune profile identified that M2-like macrophage has the most significant prognostic significance in The Cancer Genome Atlas-COAD. The core genes related to M2 macrophage infiltration were extracted by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator-stepwise COX regression-derived M2-derived signatures (snail family zinc finger 1, gastrin-releasing peptide, gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor delta subunit, cluster of differentiation 1B, poly(A)-binding protein cytoplasmic 2, manic fringe, and death-associated protein kinase 1) as a risk model, which was confirmed as independent prognosis factors, validated by external dataset. This M2-based prognostic model reflected M2 macrophage infiltration. Mendelian randomization established cytotoxic T lymphocyte associate protein-4 and cluster of differentiation 274 immune checkpoints' causality with COAD. In conclusion, our study developed novel markers for discriminating M2-like macrophages and predicting the prognosis of patients with COAD, offering fresh perspectives for clinical interventions.

A Case-Control Study of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Thymosin in the Treatment of Condyloma Acuminatum in Anal Canal

A case-control study is performed in this paper to explore various possible effects and clinical value of the photodynamic therapy combined with thymosin for the treatment process of the condyloma acuminatum (CA) in the anal canal. For this purpose, a hundred (100) patients specifically with CA in the anal canal who were regularly treated in the hospital from February 2019 to April 2021 were recruited. The first group, that is, the control group, was treated with thymosin, whereas photodynamic therapy combined with thymosin was used as a treatment for the study group. The curative effect, clinical index, LTN, SP, TGF-β 1, TNF-α, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and the adverse reactions of incidence were compared between these groups. Moreover, 27 cases were observed to be obviously effective, 22 were observed to be effective, and a single case was observed to be ineffective. Thus, 98% is the total effective rate where a single case relapses. Likewise, in the control group, 15 cases were observed to be obviously effective, 28 effective, and 13 ineffective. Thus, 86% is the total rate of effectiveness where thirteen (13) cases relapse. We have observed that the study group has a higher rate of effectiveness than the control group and the rate of recurrence of the former group was slightly lower than that of the latter group, that is, the control group ( $P$  < 0.05). In addition, the time of symptom improvement, the amount of bleeding, the disappearance time of bloody stool, and the time of the first recurrence of the study group were observed to be lower than those of the control group ( $P$  < 0.05). In levels of LTN and SP, we have observed no or zero significant differences between these groups before treatment. However, LTN’s levels of both groups increased after the treatment, and SP’s level decreased. LTN’s level of the study group was observed to be higher than that of the other group, and SP’s level in the former group was lower than that in the latter group. Zero significant differences were observed in the TGF-β 1 and TNF-α’s levels between these groups before treatment, but the level of TGF-β 1 and TNF-α has increased and decreased, respectively, in both groups specifically after treatment. The level of TGF-β 1 in the former group was observed to be slightly higher than that in the latter group, that is, the control group, while TNF-α’s level in the study group was lower than that in the control group. We have not observed any significant difference in CD4+, CD3+, and CD8+ levels between these groups before treatment. However, after treatment, CD3+ and CD4+ levels increased, and the levels of CD8+ decreased in both groups, while CD3+ and CD4+ levels in the former group were evident to be higher than those in the latter group and the level of the CD8+ in the study group was observed to be lower than that in the control group. Finally, we compared the adverse reactions of incidence between these groups. There were 4 cases of tingling sensation and 1 case of redness and swelling in the group study along with a total incidence of 10%. There were 5 cases of tingling sensation and 2 cases of redness and swelling in the control group along with a total incidence of 14%. The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was observed to be slightly lower than that in the control group, but a significant difference was not observed between these groups (χ2 = 0.378; $P$  > 0.05).

Male papillomavirus infection and genotyping in the Qingyuan area

Background

This study aims to screen the male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status and genotyping in Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, China to provide a reference basis for formulating prevention strategies for HPV infection.

Methods

The present study collected urethral epithelium or scraped penile epidermis from high-risk male patients in Qingyuan People's Hospital during the last five years, extracted DNA fragments using the boiling method, and detected 23 types of HPV genotypes by PCR-reverse blot hybridization.

Results

The positive detection rate was 54.31% of 1044 males with high risk of HPV (567/1044). Among these males, the positive detection rate of HPV was the highest in patients initially diagnosed with warts, and the rate was 66.47%. Five main HPV types are identified as follows: HPV6 18.87% (197/1044), HPV11 10.25% (107/1044), HPV52 8.81% (92/1044), HPV16 6.90% (72/1044), and HPV51 5.08% (53/1044). Among these HPV-infected patients, single infection mainly by low-risk HPV6 and HPV11 accounted for 56.61% (321/567); high- and low-risk combined HPV co-infections accounted for 29.10% (165/567). The HPV infected patients was mainly between 21 and 40 years old, and the HPV infection rate was higher with increased age.

Conclusions

The HPV infection rate in the Qingyuan area is higher than in other areas and the main infection is single infection. Furthermore, HPV52, HPV16, and HPV51 are the main high-risk infection types, while HPV6 and HPV11 are the main low-risk infection types.