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Liu C, Gui Z, An C, Sun F, Gao X, Ge S. STUB1 is acetylated by KAT5 and alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through LATS2-YAP-β-catenin axis. Commun Biol 2024; 7:396. [PMID: 38561411 PMCID: PMC10985082 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiovascular diseases. This study elucidated the biological function of lysine acetyltransferase 5 (KAT5) in cardiomyocyte pyroptosis during MIRI. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and left anterior descending coronary artery ligation were used to establish MIRI models. Here we show, KAT5 and STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1 (STUB1) were downregulated, while large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) was upregulated in MIRI models. KAT5/STUB1 overexpression or LATS2 silencing repressed cardiomyocyte pyroptosis. Mechanistically, KAT5 promoted STUB1 transcription via acetylation modulation, and subsequently caused ubiquitination and degradation of LATS2, which activated YAP/β-catenin pathway. Notably, the inhibitory effect of STUB1 overexpression on cardiomyocyte pyroptosis was abolished by LATS2 overexpression or KAT5 depletion. Our findings suggest that KAT5 overexpression inhibits NLRP3-mediated cardiomyocyte pyroptosis to relieve MIRI through modulation of STUB1/LATS2/YAP/β-catenin axis, providing a potential therapeutic target for MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxuan Gui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - Cheng An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, P.R. China
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, P.R. China.
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Xia Z, Sun G. Blocking RIPK2 Function Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the AKT and NF-κB Pathways. Immunol Invest 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37128885 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2203715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation and oxidation brought on by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury lead to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis. The receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2) plays significant roles in oxidative stress and excessive inflammation. The purpose of this research is to examine the roles of RIPK2 in MI/R injury. METHODS The in vivo animal model was constructed by acute coronary I/R, and the in vitro cell model was established by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-stimulated cardiomyocyte injury. RIPK2 expression was examined using qRT-PCR and Western blot. CCK-8 was proposed as a method for detecting cell proliferation. ELISA was utilized to measure inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and myocardial injury indicators (CK-MB, Mb, cTnI, and LDH). The levels of MDA and ROS were determined by the kit and fluorescent probe. H&E was conducted to assess MI/R injury after silencing of RIPK2. RESULTS In MI/R rats and OGD/R-treated H9C2 cardiomyocytes, RIPK2 was overexpressed at both the mRNA and protein levels. RIPK2 inhibition promoted cell proliferation while inhibiting apoptosis, as evidenced by decreased TUNEL-positive cells and cleaved caspase-3. RIPK2 inhibition reduced MDA and ROS levels, as well as the contents of inflammatory factors. RIPK2 silencing reduced CK-MB, Mb, cTnI, and LDH levels in rat serum and alleviated MI/R injury. Furthermore, RIPK2 inhibition increased p-AKT while decreasing NF-B p-p65 expression. CONCLUSION Silencing of RIPK2 reduced apoptosis, proinflammatory factors, and oxidative stress in MI/R by activating AKT and suppressing NF-κB signals, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xia
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. china
| | - Guofang Sun
- Department of Electrocardiogram Diagnosis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. china
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Morciano G, Boncompagni C, Ramaccini D, Pedriali G, Bouhamida E, Tremoli E, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Comprehensive Analysis of Mitochondrial Dynamics Alterations in Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043414. [PMID: 36834825 PMCID: PMC9961104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common alterations affecting mitochondria, and associated with cardiac pathological conditions, implicate a long list of defects. They include impairments of the mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, which is a crucial element for energy formation, and that determines the depletion of ATP generation and supply to metabolic switches, enhanced ROS generation, inflammation, as well as the dysregulation of the intracellular calcium homeostasis. All these signatures significantly concur in the impairment of cardiac electrical characteristics, loss of myocyte contractility and cardiomyocyte damage found in cardiac diseases. Mitochondrial dynamics, one of the quality control mechanisms at the basis of mitochondrial fitness, also result in being dysregulated, but the use of this knowledge for translational and therapeutic purposes is still in its infancy. In this review we tried to understand why this is, by summarizing methods, current opinions and molecular details underlying mitochondrial dynamics in cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (P.P.); Tel.: +05-32-455-802 (G.M. & P.P.)
| | | | | | - Gaia Pedriali
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- GVM Care & Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, 48033 Cotignola, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (P.P.); Tel.: +05-32-455-802 (G.M. & P.P.)
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4
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Retracted: LATS2 Deletion Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9763942. [PMID: 36726360 PMCID: PMC9886472 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9763942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/1058872.].
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Global Trends in Research of Mitochondrial Biogenesis over past 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:7291284. [PMID: 36644577 PMCID: PMC9833928 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7291284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial biogenesis-related studies have increased rapidly within the last 20 years, whereas there has been no bibliometric analysis on this topic to reveal relevant progress and development trends. Objectives In this study, a bibliometric approach was adopted to summarize and analyze the published literature in this field of mitochondrial biogenesis over the past 20 years to reveal the major countries/regions, institutions and authors, core literature and journal, research hotspots and frontiers in this field. Methods The Web of Science Core Collection database was used for literature retrieval and dataset export. The CiteSpace and VOSviewer visual mapping software were used to explore research collaboration between countries/regions, institutions and authors, distribution of subject categories, core journals, research hotspots, and frontiers in this field. Results In the last 20 years, the annual number of publications has shown an increasing trend yearly. The USA, China, and South Korea have achieved fruitful research results in this field, among which Duke University and Chinese Academy of Sciences are the main research institutions. Rick G Schnellmann, Claude A Piantadosi, and Hagir B Suliman are the top three authors in terms of number of publications, while RC Scarpulla, ZD Wu, and P Puigserver are the top three authors in terms of cocitation frequency. PLOS One, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, and Journal of Biological Chemistry are the top three journals in terms of number of articles published. Three papers published by Richard C Scarpulla have advanced this field and are important literature for understanding the field. Mechanistic studies on mitochondrial biosynthesis have been a long-standing hot topic; the main keywords include skeletal muscle, oxidative stress, gene expression, activation, and nitric oxide, and autophagy and apoptosis have been important research directions in recent years. Conclusion These results summarize the major research findings in the field of mitochondrial biogenesis over the past 20 years in various aspects, highlighting the major research hotspots and possible future research directions and helping researchers to quickly grasp the overview of the developments in this field.
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Pedriali G, Ramaccini D, Bouhamida E, Wieckowski MR, Giorgi C, Tremoli E, Pinton P. Perspectives on mitochondrial relevance in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1082095. [PMID: 36561366 PMCID: PMC9763599 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1082095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death worldwide and in particular, ischemic heart disease holds the most considerable position. Even if it has been deeply studied, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is still a side-effect of the clinical treatment for several heart diseases: ischemia process itself leads to temporary damage to heart tissue and obviously the recovery of blood flow is promptly required even if it worsens the ischemic injury. There is no doubt that mitochondria play a key role in pathogenesis of IRI: dysfunctions of these important organelles alter cell homeostasis and survival. It has been demonstrated that during IRI the system of mitochondrial quality control undergoes alterations with the disruption of the complex balance between the processes of mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis and mitophagy. The fundamental role of mitochondria is carried out thanks to the finely regulated connection to other organelles such as plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, therefore impairments of these inter-organelle communications exacerbate IRI. This review pointed to enhance the importance of the mitochondrial network in the pathogenesis of IRI with the aim to focus on potential mitochondria-targeting therapies as new approach to control heart tissue damage after ischemia and reperfusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pedriali
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | | | - Esmaa Bouhamida
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tremoli
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Italy,*Correspondence: Paolo Pinton, ; Elena Tremoli,
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Cotignola, Italy,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Department of Medical Science, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy,*Correspondence: Paolo Pinton, ; Elena Tremoli,
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Zheng A, Chen Q, Zhang L. The Hippo-YAP pathway in various cardiovascular diseases: Focusing on the inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:971416. [PMID: 36059522 PMCID: PMC9433876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.971416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals as a key regulator of tissue growth both in physiological and pathological states. Numerous studies depict the vital role of the Hippo pathway in cardiovascular development, heart regeneration, organ size and vascular remodeling through the regulation of YAP (yes-associated protein) translocation. Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on the Hippo-YAP pathway in inflammation and immunology. Although the Hippo-YAP pathway has been revealed to play controversial roles in different contexts and cell types in the cardiovascular system, the mechanisms regulating tissue inflammation and the immune response remain to be clarified. In this review, we summarize findings from the past decade on the function and mechanism of the Hippo-YAP pathway in CVDs (cardiovascular diseases) such as myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy and atherosclerosis. In particular, we emphasize the role of the Hippo-YAP pathway in regulating inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokine activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Zhang
- *Correspondence: Li Zhang, ; Qishan Chen,
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Mitochondrial Damage in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Application of Natural Plant Products. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8726564. [PMID: 35615579 PMCID: PMC9126658 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8726564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is currently one of the leading causes of death among cardiovascular diseases worldwide. In addition, blood reflow and reperfusion paradoxically also lead to further death of cardiomyocytes and increase the infarct size. Multiple evidences indicated that mitochondrial function and structural disorders were the basic driving force of IHD. We summed up the latest evidence of the basic associations and underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial damage in the event of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This review then reviewed natural plant products (NPPs) which have been demonstrated to mitochondria-targeted therapeutic effects during I/R injury and the potential pathways involved. We realized that NPPs mainly maintained the integrality of mitochondria membrane and ameliorated dysfunction, such as improving abnormal mitochondrial calcium handling and inhibiting oxidative stress, so as to protect cardiomyocytes during I/R injury. This information will improve our knowledge of mitochondrial biology and I/R-induced injury's pathogenesis and exhibit that NPPs hold promise for translation into potential therapies that target mitochondria.
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Su X, Zhou M, Li Y, Zhang J, An N, Yang F, Zhang G, Yuan C, Chen H, Wu H, Xing Y. Protective effects of natural products against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion: Mitochondria-targeted therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112893. [PMID: 35366532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with ischemic heart disease receiving reperfusion therapy still need to face left ventricular remodeling and heart failure after myocardial infarction. Reperfusion itself paradoxically leads to further cardiomyocyte death and systolic dysfunction. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can eliminate the benefits of reperfusion therapy in patients and causes secondary myocardial injury. Mitochondrial dysfunction and structural disorder are the basic driving force of I/R injury. We summarized the basic relationship and potential mechanisms of mitochondrial injury in the development of I/R injury. Subsequently, this review summarized the natural products (NPs) that have been proven to targeting mitochondrial therapeutic effects during I/R injury in recent years and related cellular signal transduction pathways. We found that these NPs mainly protected the structural integrity of mitochondria and improve dysfunction, such as reducing mitochondrial division and fusion abnormalities, improving mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and inhibiting reactive oxygen species overproduction, thereby playing a role in protecting cardiomyocytes during I/R injury. This data would deepen the understanding of I/R-induced mitochondrial pathological process and suggested that NPs are expected to be transformed into potential therapies targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingjian Li
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na An
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guoxia Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Dezhou Second People's Hospital, Dezhou 253000, China
| | - Hengwen Chen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Hongjin Wu
- Beijing Haidian Hospital, Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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He J, Liu Q, Wang J, Xu F, Fan Y, He R, Yan R, Zhu L. Identification of the metabolic remodeling profile in the early-stage of myocardial ischemia and the contributory role of mitochondrion. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11106-11121. [PMID: 35470774 PMCID: PMC9161979 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2068882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is the primary pathological feature of chronic heart failure. Prompt inhibition of remodeling in acute coronary syndrome has been a standard procedure, but the morbidity and mortality are still high. Exploring the characteristics of ischemia in much earlier stages and identifying its biomarkers are essential for introducing novel mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Metabolic and structural remodeling of mitochondrion is identified to play key roles in ischemic heart disease. The mitochondrial metabolic features in early ischemia have not previously been described. In the present study, we established a mouse heart in early ischemia and explored the mitochondrial metabolic profile using metabolomics analysis. We also discussed the role of mitochondrion in the global cardiac metabolism. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that mitochondrial structural injury was invoked at 8 minutes post-coronary occlusion. In total, 75 metabolites in myocardium and 26 in mitochondria were screened out. About 23% of the differentiated metabolites in mitochondria overlapped with the differentiated metabolites in myocardium; Total 81% of the perturbed metabolic pathway in mitochondria overlapped with the perturbed pathway in myocardium, and these pathways accounted for 50% of the perturbed pathway in myocardium. Purine metabolism was striking and mechanically important. In conclusion, in the early ischemia, myocardium exacerbated metabolic remodeling. Mitochondrion was a contributor to the myocardial metabolic disorder. Purine metabolism may be a potential biomarker for early ischemia diagnosis. Our study introduced a perspective for prompt identification of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjing Xu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Fan
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhua He
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
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García-Niño WR, Zazueta C, Buelna-Chontal M, Silva-Palacios A. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiac-Conditioning Strategies against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1123. [PMID: 34832998 PMCID: PMC8620839 DOI: 10.3390/life11111123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the central target of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning cardioprotective strategies, which consist of either the application of brief intermittent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) cycles or the administration of pharmacological agents. Such strategies reduce cardiac I/R injury by activating protective signaling pathways that prevent the exacerbated production of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, inhibit opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and reduce apoptosis, maintaining normal mitochondrial function. Cardioprotection also involves the activation of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) processes, which replace defective mitochondria or eliminate mitochondrial debris, preserving the structure and function of the network of these organelles, and consequently ensuring homeostasis and survival of cardiomyocytes. Such processes include mitochondrial biogenesis, fission, fusion, mitophagy and mitochondrial-controlled cell death. This review updates recent advances in MQC mechanisms that are activated in the protection conferred by different cardiac conditioning interventions. Furthermore, the role of extracellular vesicles in mitochondrial protection and turnover of these organelles will be discussed. It is concluded that modulation of MQC mechanisms and recognition of mitochondrial targets could provide a potential and selective therapeutic approach for I/R-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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