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He Z, Yin BK, Wang K, Zhao B, Chen Y, Li ZC, Chen J. The alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced neuronal apoptosis in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2024:10.1007/s11011-024-01354-3. [PMID: 38833094 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-024-01354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the crucial pathological mechanism following cerebral ischemic injury. Our previous studies demonstrated that clonidine, one agonist of alpha2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR), could attenuate cerebral ischemic injury in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). However, it's unclear whether clonidine exerts neuroprotective effects by regulating neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we elucidated whether clonidine can exert anti-apoptotic effects in cerebral ischemic injury, and further explored the possible mechanisms. Neurological deficit score was measured to evaluate the neurological function. TTC staining was used for the measurement of brain infarct size. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was applied to examine the cell morphology. TUNEL and DAPI fluorescent staining methods were used to analyze the cell apoptosis in brain tissue. Fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR was performed to assess the gene expression of Caspase-3 and P53. Western blotting assay was applied to detect the protein expression of Caspase-3 and P53. The results showed that clonidine improved neurological function, reduced brain infarct size, alleviated neuronal damage, and reduced the ratio of cell apoptosis in the brain with MCAO/R injury. moreover, clonidine down-regulated the gene and protein expression of Caspase-3 and P53 which were over-expressed after MCAO/R injury. Whereas, yohimbine (one selective α2-AR antagonist) mitigated the anti-apoptosis effects of clonidine, accompanied by reversed gene and protein expression changes. The results indicated that clonidine attenuated cerebral MCAO/R injury via suppressing neuronal apoptosis, which may be mediated, at least in part, by activating α2-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 314001, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China.
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo-Kai Yin
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- Yichang Yiling Hospital, 443000, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, 314001, Jiaxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Cheng Li
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, China Three Gorges University, No.8 Daxue Road, 443002, Yichang, People's Republic of China.
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Qu Y, Liu Y, Zhang H. ALDH2 activation attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced cell apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and autophagy. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:3203-3216. [PMID: 37103763 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is previously reported that aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member (ALDH2) shows neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, whether the protective effects are through mediating the programmed cell death is yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS In vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was established in HT22 cells and mouse cortical neurons. Subsequently, ALDH2 expression were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot. The methylation status was examined by methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR). Then, ALDH2 expression was promoted and suppressed to explore the role of ALDH2 in OGD/R-treated cells. CCK-8 assay was applied to detect cell viability, and flow cytometry was applied to evaluate cell apoptosis. Western blot was applied to detect the apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase 3, Bcl-2 and Bax), necroptosis-related proteins (RIP3 and MLKL), pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3 and GSDMD), ferroptosis-related protein (ACSL4 and GPX4), and autophagy-related proteins (LC3B, and p62). IL-1β and IL-18 production was evaluated by ELISA assay. Reactive oxygen species production and Fe2+ content were evaluated by the corresponding detection kit. RESULTS In OGD/R-treated cells, ALDH2 expression was decreased, which was due to the hypermethylation of ALDH2 in the promoter region. ALDH2 overexpression improved cell viability and ALDH2 knockdown suppressed cell viability in OGD/R-treated cells. We also found that ALDH2 overexpression attenuated OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and autophagy, while ALDH2 knockdown facilitated the OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and autophagy. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results implied that ALDH2 attenuated OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and autophagy to promote cell viability in HT22 cells and mouse cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qu
- Department of Emergency, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Emergency, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Huilong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 20 Yudong Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
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Xu X, Li C, Zou J, Liu L. MiR-34a targets SIRT1 to reduce p53 deacetylation and promote sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia-induced neuronal autophagy and apoptosis in neonatal mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 368:114482. [PMID: 37467842 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This study is to investigate the function of miR-34a and interactions between miR-34a, SIRT1, and p53 in sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis and autophagy in neonatal mice. A mouse model was established by inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane and injected with genetic reagents, followed by tests of learning and memory abilities and histological staining of the hippocampus. CCK-8 and AnnexinV/PI staining respectively measured the survival and apoptosis rates of primary hippocampal neurons cultured with sevoflurane. The expression levels of miR-34a, SIRT1, p53, Ac-p53, and autophagy- or apoptosis-related proteins were measured. Sevoflurane impaired the learning and memory abilities of mice, increased TUNEL-positive cells in their hippocampus, and hindered the survival of hippocampal neurons. Sevoflurane increased miR-34a, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and reduced SIRT1 and p62. MiR-34a overexpression promoted sevoflurane-induced neural damage, whereas SIRT1 inhibition or p53 upregulation counteracted the neuroprotection of miR-34a knockdown. SIRT1 was a target of miR-34a and promoted p53 deacetylation. MiR-34a promotes sevoflurane-stimulated neuronal apoptosis and autophagy in neonatal mice by inhibiting SIRT1 expression and subsequent p53 deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Supervision Room, Changsha Health Vocational College, Changsha, Hunan 410605, PR China
| | - Caifeng Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Changsha Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care, Changsha, Hunan 410007, PR China
| | - Junping Zou
- Supervision Room, Changsha Health Vocational College, Changsha, Hunan 410605, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Changde First People's Hospital, Changde, Hunan 415003, PR China.
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Pluta R. The Dual Role of Autophagy in Postischemic Brain Neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's Disease Proteinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13793. [PMID: 37762096 PMCID: PMC10530906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-defense and self-degrading intracellular system involved in the recycling and elimination of the payload of cytoplasmic redundant components, aggregated or misfolded proteins and intracellular pathogens to maintain cell homeostasis and physiological function. Autophagy is activated in response to metabolic stress or starvation to maintain homeostasis in cells by updating organelles and dysfunctional proteins. In neurodegenerative diseases, such as cerebral ischemia, autophagy is disturbed, e.g., as a result of the pathological accumulation of proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease and their structural changes. Postischemic brain neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease, is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein. After cerebral ischemia, autophagy was found to be activated in neuronal, glial and vascular cells. Some studies have shown the protective properties of autophagy in postischemic brain, while other studies have shown completely opposite properties. Thus, autophagy is now presented as a double-edged sword with possible therapeutic potential in brain ischemia. The exact role and regulatory pathways of autophagy that are involved in cerebral ischemia have not been conclusively elucidated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive look at the advances in the study of autophagy behavior in neuronal, glial and vascular cells for ischemic brain injury. In addition, the importance of autophagy in neurodegeneration after cerebral ischemia has been highlighted. The review also presents the possibility of modulating the autophagy machinery through various compounds on the development of neurodegeneration after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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Xu S, Li X, Wang Y. Regulation of the p53‑mediated ferroptosis signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia stroke (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:113. [PMID: 36793330 PMCID: PMC9922943 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most threatening diseases worldwide, particularly in countries with larger populations; it is associated with high morbidity, mortality and disability rates. As a result, extensive research efforts are being made to address these issues. Stroke can include either hemorrhagic stroke (blood vessel ruptures) or ischemic stroke (blockage of an artery). Whilst the incidence of stroke is higher in the elderly population (≥65), it is also increasing in the younger population. Ischemic stroke accounts for ~85% of all stroke cases. The pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury can include inflammation, excitotoxic injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, ion imbalance and increased vascular permeability. All of the aforementioned processes have been extensively studied, providing insights into the disease. Other clinical consequences observed include brain edema, nerve injury, inflammation, motor deficits and cognitive impairment, which not only cause disabilities obstructing daily life but also increase the mortality rates. Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that is characterized by iron accumulation and increased lipid peroxidation in cells. In particular, ferroptosis has been previously implicated in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the central nervous system. It has also been identified as a mechanism involved in cerebral ischemic injury. The tumor suppressor p53 has been reported to modulate the ferroptotic signaling pathway, which both positively and negatively affects the prognosis of cerebral ischemia injury. The present review summarizes the recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis under the regulation of p53 underlying cerebral ischemia injury. Understanding of the p53/ferroptosis signaling pathway may provide insights into developing methods for improving the diagnosis, treatment and even prevention of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Xu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Yanqiang Wang, Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, 2,428 Yuhe Road, Kuiwen, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
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Lei L, Lu Q, Ma G, Li T, Deng J, Li W. P53 protein and the diseases in central nervous system. Front Genet 2023; 13:1051395. [PMID: 36712862 PMCID: PMC9880595 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1051395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
P53 protein is the product of P53 gene, which is a well acknowledged tumor suppressor gene. The function of P53 and the relevant mechanisms of anti-neoplasm have raised the interest of researchers since many years ago. It is demonstrated that P53 is a basic cell cycle regulator and a strong inhibitor for versatile cancers in humans. However, most research focuses on other organs and systems instead of the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, in recent years, more and more studies have been suggesting that P53 plays a significant role in multiple CNS tumors and other diseases and disorders such as cerebral stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we mainly reviewed the P53's relationship with CNS tumors, cerebral stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, together with the relevant mechanisms, aiming to summarize the research achievements and providing new insight to the future study on diseases in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qixiong Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guifang Ma
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) and Head and Neck (HN) Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiahong Deng
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) and Head and Neck (HN) Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Jiahong Deng, ; Weijia Li,
| | - Weijia Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Jiahong Deng, ; Weijia Li,
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He C, Wang T, Han Y, Zuo C, Wang G. E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 confers neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulation of transcription factor C/EBPβ in microglia. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1789-1800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Su PW, Zhai Z, Wang T, Zhang YN, Wang Y, Ma K, Han BB, Wu ZC, Yu HY, Zhao HJ, Wang SJ. Research progress on astrocyte autophagy in ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:951536. [PMID: 36110390 PMCID: PMC9468275 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.951536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a highly disabling and potentially fatal disease. After ischemic stroke, autophagy plays a key regulatory role as an intracellular catabolic pathway for misfolded proteins and damaged organelles. Mounting evidence indicates that astrocytes are strongly linked to the occurrence and development of cerebral ischemia. In recent years, great progress has been made in the investigation of astrocyte autophagy during ischemic stroke. This article summarizes the roles and potential mechanisms of astrocyte autophagy in ischemic stroke, briefly expounds on the crosstalk of astrocyte autophagy with pathological mechanisms and its potential protective effect on neurons, and reviews astrocytic autophagy-targeted therapeutic methods for cerebral ischemia. The broader aim of the report is to provide new perspectives and strategies for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and a reference for future research on cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Wei Su
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhai
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ke Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bing-Bing Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Chun Wu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hua-Yun Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Hai-Jun Zhao
| | - Shi-Jun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong Co-innovation Center of Classic Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shi-Jun Wang
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Cell Death Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3525-3542. [PMID: 35976487 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide. Inevitably, the interruption of cerebral blood supply after ischemia may promote a cascade of pathophysiological processes. Moreover, the subsequent restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation may further aggravate brain tissue injury. Although recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only approved therapy for restoring blood perfusion, the reperfusion injury and the narrow therapeutic time window restrict its application for most stroke patients. Increasing evidence indicates that multiple cell death mechanisms are relevant to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and so on. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend various cell death mechanisms and their interactions. In this review, we summarize the various signaling pathways underlying cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and elaborate on the crosstalk between the different mechanisms.
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Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Ischemic Stroke: Recent Insights into Autophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3450207. [PMID: 35720192 PMCID: PMC9200548 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3450207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Autophagy is a conserved cellular catabolic pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis by removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which is critical for the maintenance of energy and function homeostasis of cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that autophagy plays important roles in pathophysiological mechanisms under ischemic stroke. Previous investigations show that autophagy serves as a “double-edged sword” in ischemic stroke as it can either promote the survival of neuronal cells or induce cell death in special conditions. Following ischemic stroke, autophagy is activated or inhibited in several cell types in brain, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, as well as microvascular endothelial cells, which involves in inflammatory activation, modulation of microglial phenotypes, and blood-brain barrier permeability. However, the exact mechanisms of underlying the role of autophagy in ischemic stroke are not fully understood. This review focuses on the recent advances regarding potential molecular mechanisms of autophagy in different cell types. The focus is also on discussing the “double-edged sword” effect of autophagy in ischemic stroke and its possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, potential therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke targeting autophagy are also reviewed.
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