Importance of Gedunin in Antagonizing Rheumatoid Arthritis via Activating the Nrf2/ARE Signaling

An Overview of Therapeutic Targeting of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune condition that has a significant inflammatory component and is exacerbated by dysregulated redox-dependent signaling pathways. In RA, the corelationship between oxidative stress and inflammation appears to be regulated by the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. Furthermore, it has been shown that transcriptional pathways involving Nrf2 and NFκB significantly interact under conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation. Because pathologic cells in RA have a higher chance of surviving, Nrf2's influence on concomitant pathologic mechanisms in the disease is explained by its interaction with key redox-sensitive inflammatory pathways. The current review not only updates knowledge about Nrf2's function in RA but also highlights the complex interactions between Nrf2 and other redox-sensitive transcription factors, which are essential to the self-sustaining inflammatory processes that define RA. This paper also reviews the candidates for treating RA through Nrf2 activation. Finally, future directions for pharmacologic Nrf2 activation in RA are suggested.

Retracted: Importance of Gedunin in Antagonizing Rheumatoid Arthritis via Activating the Nrf2/ARE Signaling

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/6277760.].

Perspectives of herbs and their natural compounds, and herb formulas on treating diverse diseases through regulating complicated JAK/STAT signaling

JAK/STAT signaling pathways are closely associated with multiple biological processes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, differentiation, immune response, and epigenetics. Abnormal activation of the STAT pathway can contribute to disease progressions under various conditions. Moreover, tofacitinib and baricitinib as the JAK/STAT inhibitors have been recently approved by the FDA for rheumatology disease treatment. Therefore, influences on the STAT signaling pathway have potential and perspective approaches for diverse diseases. Chinese herbs in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which are widespread throughout China, are the gold resources of China and have been extensively used for treating multiple diseases for thousands of years. However, Chinese herbs and herb formulas are characterized by complicated components, resulting in various targets and pathways in treating diseases, which limits their approval and applications. With the development of chemistry and pharmacology, active ingredients of TCM and herbs and underlying mechanisms have been further identified and confirmed by pharmacists and chemists, which improved, to some extent, awkward limitations, approval, and applications regarding TCM and herbs. In this review, we summarized various herbs, herb formulas, natural compounds, and phytochemicals isolated from herbs that have the potential for regulating multiple biological processes via modulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway based on the published work. Our study will provide support for revealing TCM, their active compounds that treat diseases, and the underlying mechanism, further improving the rapid spread of TCM to the world.