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Walls KM, Joh JY, Hong KU, Hein DW. Heterocyclic Amines Disrupt Lipid Homeostasis in Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s12012-024-09874-1. [PMID: 38851663 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction associated-steatotic liver disease (MASLD)/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or obesity. Environmental pollutant exposure has been recently identified as a risk factor for developing MASH. Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are mutagens generated when cooking meat at high temperatures or until well-done. Recent epidemiological studies reported that dietary HCA exposure may be linked to insulin resistance and type II diabetes, and we recently reported that HCAs induce insulin resistance and glucose production in human hepatocytes. However, no previous studies have examined the effects of HCAs on hepatic lipid homeostasis. In the present study, we assessed the effects of two common HCAs, MeIQx (2-amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo [4, 5-f] quinoxaline) and PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4, 5-b] pyridine), on lipid homeostasis in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Exposure to a single concentration of 25 μM MeIQx or PhIP in human hepatocytes led to dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, typified by significant increases in lipid droplets and triglycerides. PhIP significantly increased expression of lipid droplet-associated genes, PNPLA3 and HSD17B13, and both HCAs significantly increased PLIN2. Exposure to MeIQx or PhIP also significantly increased expression of several key genes involved in lipid synthesis, transport and metabolism, including FASN, DGAT2, CPT1A, SCD, and CD36. Furthermore, both MeIQx and PhIP significantly increased intracellular cholesterol and decreased expression of PON1 which is involved in cholesterol efflux. Taken together, these results suggest that HCAs dysregulate lipid production, metabolism, and storage. The current study demonstrates, for the first time, that HCA exposure may lead to fat accumulation in hepatocytes, which may contribute to hepatic insulin resistance and MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy M Walls
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Environmental Justice, Community Health and Environmental Review Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Joh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Kyung U Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Walls KM, Hong KU, Hein DW. Heterocyclic amines reduce insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation and induce gluconeogenic gene expression in human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1613-1626. [PMID: 37005939 PMCID: PMC10192068 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) are well-known for their mutagenic properties. One of the major routes of human exposure is through consumption of cooked meat, as certain cooking methods favor formation of HCAs. Recent epidemiological studies reported significant associations between dietary HCA exposure and insulin resistance and type II diabetes. However, no previous studies have examined if HCAs, independent of meat consumption, contributes to pathogenesis of insulin resistance or metabolic disease. In the present study, we have assessed the effect of three HCAs commonly found in cooked meat (2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [MeIQ], 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline [MeIQx], and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine [PhIP]) on insulin signaling and glucose production. HepG2 or cryopreserved human hepatocytes were treated with 0-50 μM of MeIQ, MeIQx, or PhIP for 3 days. Treatment of HepG2 cells and hepatocytes with MeIQ and MeIQx resulted in a significant reduction in insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation, suggesting that HCA exposure decreases hepatic insulin signaling. HCA treatment also led to significant increases in expression of gluconeogenic genes, G6PC and PCK1, in both HepG2 and cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Additionally, the level of phosphorylated FOXO1, a transcriptional regulator of gluconeogenesis, was significantly reduced by HCA treatment in hepatocytes. Importantly, HCA treatment of human hepatocytes led to increases in extracellular glucose level in the presence of gluconeogenic substrates, suggesting that HCAs induce hepatic glucose production. The current findings suggest that HCAs induce insulin resistance and promote hepatic glucose production in human hepatocytes. This implicates that exposure to HCAs may lead to the development of type II diabetes or metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy M. Walls
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center,
University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. U.S.A
| | - Kyung U. Hong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center,
University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. U.S.A
| | - David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center,
University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY. U.S.A
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Saxena S, Singh PK, Singh L, Kashyap S, Singh S. Smokeless tobacco use and public health nutrition: a global systematic review. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:46-55. [PMID: 35618706 PMCID: PMC11077452 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco consumption among low- and middle-income countries where food insecurity remains a challenge poses several concerns. This review examines the available global evidence linking smokeless tobacco (SLT) use with public health nutrition and its implications. DESIGN Systematic review of articles extracted from PubMed and Scopus from January 2000 to December 2020. SETTING Included studies that demonstrated the relationship between SLT and nutrition-related factors, that is, BMI, malnutrition, anaemia, poor birth outcomes and metabolic disorders. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines have been followed to conduct the systematic evidence review. PARTICIPANTS A total of thirty-four studies were finally used in the systematic review, which included cross-sectional (thirty-one) and cohort (three). RESULTS SLT use has a huge impact on body weight, alteration in taste, poor oral health, and consumption of fruits and vegetables leading to malnutrition. Maternal use of SLT not only leads to anaemia but also hampers birth outcomes. Increased risk of metabolic syndrome and gallstone disease among SLT users are also well documented in the studies. CONCLUSION The review highlights the linkages between SLT usage and poor nutritional outcomes. Tobacco control efforts should be convergent with public health nutrition to achieve overall health benefits. Attention is also required to explore suitable mechanisms for SLT cessation combined with enhancing food and nutrition security at the community level in sync with investments in public health nutrition intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Saxena
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh201301, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh201301, India
| | - Lucky Singh
- ICMR National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Shekhar Kashyap
- Department of Cardiology, Army Research & Referral Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh201301, India
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Caron KT, Zhu W, Bernert JT, Wang L, Blount BC, Dortch K, Hunter RE, Harmon T, Akins JR, Tsai J, Homa DM, Pirkle JL, Sosnoff CS. Geometric Mean Serum Cotinine Concentrations Confirm a Continued Decline in Secondhand Smoke Exposure among U.S. Nonsmokers-NHANES 2003 to 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19105862. [PMID: 35627398 PMCID: PMC9140715 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine long-term trends in serum cotinine (COT) concentrations, as a measure of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, in U.S. nonsmokers using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 2003 to 2018. We analyzed NHANES serum COT results from 8 continuous NHANES 2 year cycles from 2003 to 2018 using a liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry assay that has been maintained continuously at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) since 1992. Serum COT concentrations (based on the geometric means) among nonsmokers in the U.S. decreased by an average of 11.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) [8.8%, 13.1%]; p < 0.0001) every 2 year cycle. From 2003 to 2018, serum COT concentrations in U.S. nonsmokers declined by 55.0%, from 0.065 ng/mL in 2003−2004 to 0.029 ng/mL in 2017−2018 (p < 0.0001). Significant decreases in serum COT concentrations were observed in all demographic groups. While disparities between these groups seems to be shrinking over time, several previously observed disparities in SHS exposure remain in 2017−2018. Serum COT concentrations of the non-Hispanic Black population remained higher than those of non-Hispanic Whites and Mexican Americans (p < 0.0001). Additionally, serum COT concentrations were significantly higher for children aged 3−5 years than other age groups (p ≤ 0.0002), and men continued to have significantly higher serum COT concentrations than women (p = 0.0384). While there is no safe level of exposure to SHS, the decrease in serum COT concentrations in the U.S. population as well as across demographic groupings represents a positive public health outcome and supports the importance of comprehensive smoke-free laws and policies for workplaces, public places, homes, and vehicles to protect nonsmokers from SHS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. Caron
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(770)-488-7648
| | - Wanzhe Zhu
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - John T. Bernert
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Kristin Dortch
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Ronald E. Hunter
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Tia Harmon
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - J. Ricky Akins
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - James Tsai
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (J.T.); (D.M.H.)
| | - David M. Homa
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (J.T.); (D.M.H.)
| | - James L. Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Connie S. Sosnoff
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; (W.Z.); (J.T.B.); (L.W.); (B.C.B.); (K.D.); (R.E.H.); (T.H.); (J.R.A.); (J.L.P.); (C.S.S.)
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