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Hale A, Dhoonmoon A, Straka J, Nicolae CM, Moldovan GL. Multi-step processing of replication stress-derived nascent strand DNA gaps by MRE11 and EXO1 nucleases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6265. [PMID: 37805499 PMCID: PMC10560291 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps in the nascent strand during DNA replication has been associated with cytotoxicity and hypersensitivity to genotoxic stress, particularly upon inactivation of the BRCA tumor suppressor pathway. However, how ssDNA gaps contribute to genotoxicity is not well understood. Here, we describe a multi-step nucleolytic processing of replication stress-induced ssDNA gaps which converts them into cytotoxic double stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). We show that ssDNA gaps are extended bidirectionally by MRE11 in the 3'-5' direction and by EXO1 in the 5'-3' direction, in a process which is suppressed by the BRCA pathway. Subsequently, the parental strand at the ssDNA gap is cleaved by the MRE11 endonuclease generating a double strand break. We also show that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), which are widespread environmental contaminants due to their use in plastics manufacturing, causes nascent strand ssDNA gaps during replication. These gaps are processed through the same mechanism described above to generate DSBs. Our work sheds light on both the relevance of ssDNA gaps as major determinants of genomic instability, as well as the mechanism through which they are processed to generate genomic instability and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Hale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Ashna Dhoonmoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Joshua Straka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Jeon HJ, Cho Y, Kim K, Kim C, Lee SE. Combined toxicity of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene in the early stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos: Abnormal heart development at lower concentrations via differential expression of heart forming-related genes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121450. [PMID: 36940914 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Combined toxicity can occur in the environment according to the combination of single substances, and the combination works additively or in a synergistic or antagonistic mode. In our study, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and 2-(bromomethyl)naphthalene (2-BMN) were used to measure combined toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. As the lethal concentration (LC) values were obtained through single toxicity, the lethal effects at all combinational concentrations were considered synergistic by the Independent Action model. At 96 hpf, the combined toxicity of TCP LC10 + 2-BMN LC10, the lowest combinational concentration, resulted in high mortality, strong inhibition of hatching, and various morphological changes in zebrafish embryos. Combined treatment resulted in the downregulation of cyp1a, leading to reduced detoxification of the treated chemicals in embryos. These combinations may enhance endocrine-disrupting properties via upregulation of vtg1 in embryos, and inflammatory responses and endoplasmic reticulum stress were found to upregulate il-β, atf4, and atf6. These combinations might induce severe abnormal cardiac development in embryos via downregulation of myl7, cacna1c, edn1, and vmhc expression, and upregulation of the nppa gene. Therefore, the combined toxicity of these two chemicals was observed in zebrafish embryos, which proves that similar substances can exhibit stronger combined toxicity than single toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwang-Ju Jeon
- Red River Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Bossier City, LA, USA
| | - Yerin Cho
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongnam Kim
- Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeeun Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Institute of Quality and Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Barguilla I, Maguer-Satta V, Guyot B, Pastor S, Marcos R, Hernández A. In Vitro Approaches to Determine the Potential Carcinogenic Risk of Environmental Pollutants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097851. [PMID: 37175558 PMCID: PMC10178670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One important environmental/health challenge is to determine, in a feasible way, the potential carcinogenic risk associated with environmental agents/exposures. Since a significant proportion of tumors have an environmental origin, detecting the potential carcinogenic risk of environmental agents is mandatory, as regulated by national and international agencies. The challenge mainly implies finding a way of how to overcome the inefficiencies of long-term trials with rodents when thousands of agents/exposures need to be tested. To such an end, the use of in vitro cell transformation assays (CTAs) was proposed, but the existing prevalidated CTAs do not cover the complexity associated with carcinogenesis processes and present serious limitations. To overcome such limitations, we propose to use a battery of assays covering most of the hallmarks of the carcinogenesis process. For the first time, we grouped such assays as early, intermediate, or advanced biomarkers which allow for the identification of the cells in the initiation, promotion or aggressive stages of tumorigenesis. Our proposal, as a novelty, points out that using a battery containing assays from all three groups can identify if a certain agent/exposure can pose a carcinogenic risk; furthermore, it can gather mechanistic insights into the mode of the action of a specific carcinogen. This structured battery could be very useful for any type of in vitro study, containing human cell lines aiming to detect the potential carcinogenic risks of environmental agents/exposures. In fact, here, we include examples in which these approaches were successfully applied. Finally, we provide a series of advantages that, we believe, contribute to the suitability of our proposed approach for the evaluation of exposure-induced carcinogenic effects and for the development of an alternative strategy for conducting an exposure risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Barguilla
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Boris Guyot
- CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Susana Pastor
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alba Hernández
- Group of Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Bellanger MM, Zhou K, Lelièvre SA. Embedding the Community and Individuals in Disease Prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:826776. [PMID: 35445040 PMCID: PMC9013848 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.826776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary prevention of non-communicable diseases is one of the most challenging and exciting aspects of medicine and primary care this century. For cancer, it is an urgent matter in light of the increasing burden of the disease among younger people and the higher frequency of more aggressive forms of the disease for all ages. Most chronic disorders result from the influence of the environment on the expression of genes within an individual. The environment at-large encompasses lifestyle (including nutrition), and chemical/physical and social exposures. In cancer, the interaction between the (epi)genetic makeup of an individual and a multiplicity of environmental risk and protecting factors is considered key to disease onset. Thus, like for precision therapy developed for patients, personalized or precision prevention is envisioned for individuals at risk. Prevention means identifying people at higher risk and intervening to reduce the risk. It requires biological markers of risk and non-aggressive preventive actions for the individual, but it also involves acting on the environment and the community. Social scientists are considering micro (individual/family), meso (community), and macro (country population) levels of care to illustrate that problems and solutions exist on different scales. Ideally, the design of interventions in prevention should integrate all these levels. In this perspective article, using the example of breast cancer, we are discussing challenges and possible solutions for a multidisciplinary community of scientists, primary health care practitioners and citizens to develop a holistic approach of primary prevention, keeping in mind equitable access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine M Bellanger
- Scientific Direction for Translational Research, Integrated Center for Oncology (ICO), Angers, France
| | - Ke Zhou
- Scientific Direction for Translational Research, Integrated Center for Oncology (ICO), Angers, France
| | - Sophie A Lelièvre
- Scientific Direction for Translational Research, Integrated Center for Oncology (ICO), Angers, France
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The Importance of Addressing Early-Life Environmental Exposures in Cancer Epidemiology. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2022; 9:49-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-022-00289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Weir HK, Thompson TD, Stewart SL, White MC. Cancer Incidence Projections in the United States Between 2015 and 2050. Prev Chronic Dis 2021; 18:E59. [PMID: 34114543 PMCID: PMC8220959 DOI: 10.5888/pcd18.210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of adults entering the age groups at greatest risk for being diagnosed with cancer is increasing. Projecting cancer incidence can help the cancer control community plan and evaluate prevention strategies aimed at reducing the growing number of cancer cases. METHODS We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program and the US Census Bureau to estimate average, annual, age-standardized cancer incidence rates and case counts (for all sites combined and top 22 invasive cancers) in the US for 2015 and to project cancer rates and counts to 2050. We used age, period, and cohort models to inform projections. RESULTS Between 2015 and 2050, we predict the overall age-standardized incidence rate (proxy for population risk for being diagnosed with cancer) to stabilize in women (1%) and decrease in men (-9%). Cancers with the largest change in risk include a 34% reduction for lung and bronchus and a 32% increase for corpus uterine (32%). Because of the growth and aging of the US population, we predict that the annual number of cancer cases will increase 49%, from 1,534,500 in 2015 to 2,286,300 in 2050, with the largest percentage increase among adults aged ≥75 years. Cancers with the largest projected absolute increase include female breast, colon and rectum, and prostate. DISCUSSION By 2050, we predict the total number of incident cases to increase by almost 50% as a result of the growth and aging of the US population. A greater emphasis on cancer risk reduction is needed to counter these trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Weir
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,4770 Buford Highway, Mailstop S107-4, Atlanta, GA 30341. E-mail:
| | - Trevor D Thompson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sherri L Stewart
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary C White
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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β-Hexachlorocyclohexane Drives Carcinogenesis in the Human Normal Bronchial Epithelium Cell Line BEAS-2B. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115834. [PMID: 34072471 PMCID: PMC8199278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides constitute the majority of the total environmental pollutants, and a wide range of compounds have been found to be carcinogenic to humans. Among all, growing interest has been focused on β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), virtually the most hazardous and, at the same time, the most poorly investigated member of the hexachlorocyclohexane family. Considering the multifaceted biochemical activities of β-HCH, already established in our previous studies, the aim of this work is to assess whether β-HCH could also trigger cellular malignant transformation toward cancer development. For this purpose, experiments were performed on the human normal bronchial epithelium cell line BEAS-2B exposed to 10 µM β-HCH. The obtained results strongly support the carcinogenic potential of β-HCH, which is achieved through both non-genotoxic (activation of oncogenic signaling pathways and proliferative activity) and indirect genotoxic (ROS production and DNA damage) mechanisms that significantly affect cellular macroscopic characteristics and functions such as cell morphology, cell cycle profile, and apoptosis. Taking all these elements into account, the presented study provides important elements to further characterize β-HCH, which appears to be a full-fledged carcinogenic agent.
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