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Chen P, Wang J, Yao Y, Qu Y, Ji M, Hou P. Targeting DUSP5 suppresses malignant phenotypes of BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells and improves their response to sorafenib. Endocrine 2024; 85:1268-1277. [PMID: 38564084 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of dual-specificity phosphatase-5 (DUSP5) in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancers remains unclear. The aims of this study are to investigate the role of DUSP5 in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells, explore its value in the diagnosis and evaluate therapeutic potential of targeting DUSP5 combined with sorafenib for BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer patients. METHODS The role of DUSP5 in thyroid cancer cells was determined by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Underlying mechanisms were explored by western blotting analysis. The diagnostic value of combination detection of DUSP5 expression and BRAFV600E mutation was evaluated using ROC curve. RESULTS Knocking down DUSP5 in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells significantly inhibited colony formation, cell migration and invasion, meanwhile, induced cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. Moreover, inhibition of DUSP5 improved the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib both in vitro and in vivo. Besides, combination detection of DUSP5 expression and BRAFV600E mutation showed much more accuracy in preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate an oncogenic role of DUSP5 in BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells, and combined analysis of its expression and BRAFV600E mutation can accurately diagnose thyroid cancer. In addition, inhibition of DUSP5 improves the response of BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells to sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Jianling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Yiping Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Peng Hou
- Department of Endocrinology and Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China.
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Moussaoui M, Baassi M, Baammi S, Soufi H, Salah M, Daoud R, El Allali A, Belghiti ME, Belaaouad S. In silico design of novel CDK2 inhibitors through QSAR, ADMET, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13646-13662. [PMID: 37203327 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2212304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate about the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of a series of Thiazole derivatives reported as anticancer agents (hepatocellular carcinoma), using principally the electronic descriptors calculated by the DFT method and by applying the multiple linear regression method. The developed model showed good statistical parameters (R2 = 0.725, R2adj = 0.653, MSE = 0.060, R2test = 0.827, Q2cv = 0.536). The energy EHOMO orbital, electronic energy (TE), shape coefficient (I), number of rotatable bonds (NROT), and index of refraction (n) were revealed to be the main descriptors influencing the anti-cancer activity. Further, new Thiazole derivatives have been designed and their activities and pharmacokinetic properties have been predicted using the validated QSAR model. The designed molecules were then assessed to molecular docking (MD), and molecular dynamic (MDs) simulation accompanied by the calculation of the binding affinity using MMPBSA script according to 100 ns a simulation trajectory, to study both their affinity and their stability towards CDK2 as a target protein for the cancer disease treatment. This research concluded with the identification of four new CDK2 inhibitors which are A1, A3, A5, and A6 showing good pharmacokinetic properties. The MDs results revealed that the newly designed compound A5 remained stable in the active center of the discovered CDK2 protein, indicating its potential as a novel inhibitor for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. The current findings may eventually contribute to the development of robust CDK2 inhibitors in the future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moussaoui
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mouna Baassi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Soukayna Baammi
- African Genome Centre (AGC), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Hatim Soufi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Salah
- Team of Chemoinformatics Research and Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry, Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Rachid Daoud
- African Genome Centre (AGC), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Centre (AGC), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - M E Belghiti
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Nernest Technology, Sherbrook, Quebec, Canada
| | - Said Belaaouad
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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Yuan J, Guo Y. Targeted Therapy for Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: Advances and Management. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010179. [PMID: 36612173 PMCID: PMC9818071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and highly fatal cancer with the worst prognosis of all thyroid carcinoma (TC) histological subtypes and no standard treatment. In recent years, the explosion of investigations on ATC-targeted agents has provided a new treatment strategy for this malignant condition, and a review of these studies is warranted. We conducted a comprehensive literature search for ATC-targeted drug studies and compiled a summary of their efficacy and adverse effects (AEs) to provide new insights. Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of dabrafenib in combination with trametinib for the treatment of ATC, but vemurafenib and NTRK inhibitors showed limited clinical responses. We found that the previously valued therapeutic effect of lenvatinib may be unsatisfactory; combining tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors (TKIs) with other agents results in a higher rate of clinical benefit. In addition, specific medications, including RET inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors, and Combretastatin A4-phosphate (CA4P), offer tremendous therapeutic potential. The AEs reported for all agents are relatively numerous but largely manageable clinically. More clinical trials are expected to further confirm the effectiveness and safety of these targeted drugs for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Yuan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310001, China
- Correspondence:
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Coca-Pelaz A, Rodrigo JP, Lopez F, Shah JP, Silver CE, Al Ghuzlan A, Menke-van der Houven van Oordt CW, Smallridge RC, Shaha AR, Angelos P, Mendenhall WM, Piazza C, Olsen KD, Corry J, Tufano RP, Sanabria A, Nuyts S, Nathan CA, Vander Poorten V, Dias FL, Suarez C, Saba NF, de Graaf P, Williams MD, Rinaldo A, Ferlito A. Evaluating new treatments for anaplastic thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:1239-1247. [PMID: 36283091 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2139680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal diseases known to humans with a median survival of 5 months. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) recently published guidelines for the treatment of this dreadful thyroid malignancy. AREAS COVERED This review presents the current therapeutic landscape of this challenging disease. We also present the results from trials published over the last five years and summarize currently active clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Recent attempts to improve the prognosis of these tumors are moving toward personalized medicine, basing the treatment decision on the specific genetic profile of the individual tumor. The positive results of dabrafenib and trametinib for ATC harboring the BRAF V600E mutation have provided a useful treatment option. For the other genetic profiles, different drugs are available and can be used to individualize the treatment, likely using drug combinations. Combinations of drugs act on different molecular pathways and achieve inhibition at separate areas. With new targeted therapies, average survival has improved considerably and death from local disease progression or airway compromise is less likely with improvement in quality of life. Unfortunately, the results remain poor in terms of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Coca-Pelaz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Lopez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, ISPA, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jatin P Shah
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl E Silver
- Departments of Surgery and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Abir Al Ghuzlan
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - C Willemien Menke-van der Houven van Oordt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam Center for Endocrine and Neuro Endocrine Tumors (ACcENT), Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Ashok R Shaha
- Head and Neck Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Angelos
- Department of Surgery and MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William M Mendenhall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cesare Piazza
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kerry D Olsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - June Corry
- Department Radiation Oncology, GenesisCare St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ralph P Tufano
- FPG Thyroid and Parathyroid Center, Division of Head and Neck Endocrine Surgery, The Sarasota Memorial Health Care System, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Alvaro Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Universidad de Antioquia, CEXCA Centro de Excelencia en Enfermedades de Cabeza y cuello, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra Nuyts
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cherie-Ann Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University-Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Department of Oncology, Section Head and Neck Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fernando Luiz Dias
- Head and Neck Surgery Section, Instituto Nacional do Câncer (INCA), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Suarez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, IUOPA, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pim de Graaf
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Alfio Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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Lee I, Kim HK, Soh EY, Lee J. The Association Between Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and the Progress of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. World J Surg 2021; 44:1506-1513. [PMID: 31915977 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-019-05337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) influences the risk of development and the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of CLT on the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of PTC. METHODS Two thousand nine hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients with PTC treated between 2009 and 2017 were divided into two groups: one with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and one without; 1174 (40%) of the patients had coincident CLT. RESULTS In univariate analysis, CLT correlated positively with small tumor size, frequent extrathyroidal extension, multifocal diseases, and p53 but negatively with central lymph node (LN) metastasis and BRAF mutation. In multivariate analysis, CLT was associated with extrathyroidal extension and multifocal disease; however, it was not a prognostic factor for recurrence even though it was associated with two aggressive factors. Compared with patients with PTC alone, there were more retrieved central LNs in the PTC + CLT group, and these patients also underwent more invasive diagnostic tests such as fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen biopsy of LN. CONCLUSIONS The CLT patients with PTC had better behavior features and prognoses than did those with PTC alone despite frequent multifocality and extrathyroidal extension. However, precaution may be necessary to avoid performing invasive diagnostic procedures for lateral LN metastasis and to manage the patients appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhwa Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeung Kyoo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Euy Young Soh
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University Medical Center, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Agosto Salgado S. Evolution of anaplastic thyroid cancer management: perspectives in the era of precision oncology. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:20420188211054692. [PMID: 34733469 PMCID: PMC8558801 DOI: 10.1177/20420188211054692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a rare aggressive malignancy resulting in poor outcomes, including significant morbidity and mortality. Historically, the overall survival of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer has been less than 12 months. Multidisciplinary approaches combining surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been implemented to control this ominous disease. The evolution in science and technology has promoted deeper knowledge in the genetic pathways and mechanisms driving advance thyroid cancer. Furthermore, understanding molecular pathways resulted in the application of antineoplastic agents used in other tumors to thyroid cancer and the development of new highly selective drugs. A major landmark in anaplastic thyroid cancer management history was recently reached with the approval of BRAF and MEK inhibitor combination, specifically dabrafenib and trametinib for BRAF-mutated anaplastic thyroid cancer; this treatment has improved survival and outcomes in this population. Similarly, newer kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy are further shifting advanced thyroid cancer management to consider as first-line therapy inhibiting actionable oncogenic alterations. Therefore, newer treatment paradigms are incorporating molecular testing to provide personalized cancer care in anaplastic thyroid cancer. In this review, the principal aim is to provide an overview of the available international data on tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy in the management of anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Zhang J, Wang X, Chen D, Kang Y, Ma Y, Szostak M. Synthesis of C6-Substituted Isoquinolino[1,2-b]quinazolines via Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H Annulation with Sulfoxonium Ylides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3192-3201. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Yifan Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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New thiazol-hydrazono-coumarin hybrids targeting human cervical cancer cells: Synthesis, CDK2 inhibition, QSAR and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:80-96. [PMID: 30685646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the potential anticancer activity of both coumarin and 2-aminothiazole nuclei, a new set of thiazol-2-yl hydrazono-chromen-2-one analogs were efficiently synthesized aiming to obtain novel hybrids with potential cytotoxic activity. MTT assay investigated the significant potency of all the target compounds against the human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa cells). Cell cycle analysis showed that the representative compound 8a led to cell cycle cessation at G0/G1 phase indicating that CDK2/E1complex could be the plausible biological target for these newly synthesized compounds. Thus, the most active compounds (7c and 8a-c) were tested for their CDK2 inhibitory activity. The biological results revealed their significant CDK2 inhibitory activity with IC50 range of 0.022-1.629 nM. Moreover, RT-PCR gene expression assay showed that compound 8a increased the levels of the nuclear CDK2 regulators P21 and P27 by 2.30 and 5.7 folds, respectively. ELISA tequnique showed also that compound 8a led to remarkable activation of caspases-9 and -3 inducing cell apoptosis. QSAR study showed that the charge distribution and molecular hydrophobicity are the structural features affecting cytotoxic activity in this series. Molecular docking study for the most potent cytotoxic compounds (7c and 8a-c) rationalized their superior CDK2 inhibitory activity through their hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with the key amino acids in the CDK2 binding site. Pharmacokinetic properties prediction of the most potent compounds showed that the newly synthesized compounds are not only with promising antitumor activity but also possess promising pharmacokinetic properties.
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Khatami F, Tavangar SM. Genetic and Epigenetic of Medullary Thyroid Cancer. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2018; 22:142-50. [PMID: 29126344 PMCID: PMC5889499 DOI: 10.22034/ibj.22.3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an infrequent, calcitonin producing neuroendocrine tumor and initiates from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations are collaterally responsible for medullary thyroid carcinogenesis. In this review article, we shed light on all the genetic and epigenetic hallmarks of MTC. From the genetic perspective, RET, HRAS, and KRAS are the most important genes that are characterized in MTC. From the epigenetic perspective, Ras-association domain family member 1A, telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter methylations, overexpression of histone methyltransferases, EZH2 and SMYD3, and wide ranging increase and decrease in non-coding RNAs can be responsible for medullary thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khatami
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Gunda V, Sarosiek KA, Brauner E, Kim YS, Amin S, Zhou Z, Letai A, Parangi S. Inhibition of MAPKinase pathway sensitizes thyroid cancer cells to ABT-737 induced apoptosis. Cancer Lett 2017; 395:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Chai YJ, Yi JW, Jee HG, Kim YA, Kim JH, Xing M, Lee KE. Significance of the BRAF mRNA Expression Level in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159235. [PMID: 27410688 PMCID: PMC4943731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRAFV600E is the most common mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), and it is associated with high-risk prognostic factors. However, the significance of the BRAF mRNA level in PTC remains unknown. We evaluated the significance of BRAF mRNA expression level by analyzing PTC data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Methods Data from 499 patients were downloaded from the TCGA database. After excluding other PTC variants, we selected 353 cases of classic PTC, including 193 cases with BRAFV600E and 160 cases with the wild-type BRAF. mRNA abundances were measured using RNA-Seq with the Expectation Maximization algorithm. Results The mean BRAF mRNA level was significantly higher in BRAFV600E patients than in patients with wild-type BRAF (197.6 vs. 179.3, p = 0.031). In wild-type BRAF patients, the mean BRAF mRNA level was higher in cases with a tumor > 2 cm than those with a tumor ≤ 2.0 cm (189.4 vs. 163.8, p = 0.046), and was also higher in cases with lymph node metastasis than in those without lymph node metastasis (188.5 vs. 157.9, p = 0.040). Within BRAFV600E patients, higher BRAF mRNA expression was associated with extrathyroidal extension (186.4 vs. 216.4, p = 0.001) and higher T stage (188.1 vs. 210.2, p = 0.016). Conclusions A higher BRAF mRNA expression level was associated with tumor aggressiveness in classic PTC regardless of BRAF mutational status. Evaluation of BRAF mRNA level may be helpful in prognostic risk stratification of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Chai
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156–70, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110–744, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Yi
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110–744, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110–744, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gun Jee
- Center for Chronic Disease, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156–70, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110–744, Korea
| | - Mingzhao Xing
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830E Monument St, Ste 333, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, United States of America
| | - Kyu Eun Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110–744, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital and College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110–744, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Dupain C, Ali HM, Mouhoub TA, Urbinati G, Massaad-Massade L. Induction of TTF-1 or PAX-8 expression on proliferation and tumorigenicity in thyroid carcinomas. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1248-58. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Fiskus
- Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center; and Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center; and Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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TSH signaling overcomes B-RafV600E-induced senescence in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis through regulation of DUSP6. Neoplasia 2015; 16:1107-20. [PMID: 25499223 PMCID: PMC4309262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B-RafV600E oncogene mutation occurs most commonly in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and is associated with tumor initiation. However, a genetic modification by B-RafV600E in thyrocytes results in oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). In the present study, we explored the factors involved in the senescence overcome program in PTC. First of all, we observed down-regulation of p-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and up-regulation of dual specific phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) in the PTC with B-RafV600E mutation. DUSP6 overexpression in vitro induced extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 dephosphorylation and inhibited B-RafV600E–induced senescence in thyrocytes. Although DUSP6 protein was degraded by B-RafV600E–induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stabilized DUSP6 protein by increasing Mn superoxide dismutase expression and inhibited B-RafV600E–induced senescence. Although serum TSH was not increased, its receptor was markedly upregulated in PTC with B-RafV600E. Furthermore, TSH together with DUSP6 reactivated Ras signaling, resulted in activation of Ras/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and stabilized c-Myc protein by inhibiting its degradation. These observations led us to conclude that increased TSH signaling overcomes OIS and is essential for B-RafV600E–induced papillary thyroid carcinogenesis.
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15
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Henke LE, Pfeifer JD, Ma C, Perkins SM, DeWees T, El-Mofty S, Moley JF, Nussenbaum B, Haughey BH, Baranski TJ, Schwarz JK, Grigsby PW. BRAF mutation is not predictive of long-term outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Med 2015; 4:791-9. [PMID: 25712893 PMCID: PMC4472201 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAF mutation occurs commonly in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Previous investigations of its utility to predict recurrence-free survival (RFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) have reported conflicting results and its role remains unclear. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the incidence of the BRAF mutation and analyze its relationship to clinicopathologic risk factors and long-term outcomes in the largest, single-institution American cohort to date. BRAF mutational status was determined in 508 PTC patients using RFLP analysis. The relationships between BRAF mutation status, patient and tumor characteristics, RFS, and DSS were analyzed. The BRAF mutation was present in 67% of patients. On multivariate analysis, presence of the mutation predicted only for capsular invasion (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.6), cervical lymph node involvement (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.7), and classic papillary histology (HR, 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–2.9). There was no significant relationship between the BRAF mutation and RFS or DSS, an observation that was consistent across univariate, multivariate, and Kaplan–Meier analyses. This is the most extensive study to date in the United States to demonstrate that BRAF mutation is of no predictive value for recurrence or survival in PTC. We found correlations of BRAF status and several clinicopathologic characteristics of high-risk disease, but limited evidence that the mutation correlates with more extensive or aggressive disease. This analysis suggests that BRAF is minimally prognostic in PTC. However, prevalence of the BRAF mutation is 70% in the general population, providing the opportunity for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Henke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John D Pfeifer
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Changquing Ma
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie M Perkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Todd DeWees
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Samir El-Mofty
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey F Moley
- Section of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Nussenbaum
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Bruce H Haughey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Thomas J Baranski
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Julie K Schwarz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Perry W Grigsby
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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16
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Hsu KT, Yu XM, Audhya AW, Jaume JC, Lloyd RV, Miyamoto S, Prolla TA, Chen H. Novel approaches in anaplastic thyroid cancer therapy. Oncologist 2014; 19:1148-55. [PMID: 25260367 PMCID: PMC4221369 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), accounting for less than 2% of all thyroid cancer, is responsible for the majority of death from all thyroid malignancies and has a median survival of 6 months. The resistance of ATC to conventional thyroid cancer therapies, including radioiodine and thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, contributes to the very poor prognosis of this malignancy. This review will cover several cellular signaling pathways and mechanisms, including RET/PTC, RAS, BRAF, Notch, p53, and histone deacetylase, which are identified to play roles in the transformation and dedifferentiation process, and therapies that target these pathways. Lastly, novel approaches and agents involving the Notch1 pathway, nuclear factor κB, Trk-fused gene, cancer stem-like cells, mitochondrial mutation, and tumor immune microenvironment are discussed. With a better understanding of the biological process and treatment modality, the hope is to improve ATC outcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tai Hsu
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiao-Min Yu
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anjon W Audhya
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Juan C Jaume
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ricardo V Lloyd
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- Endocrine Surgery Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Oncology, Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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17
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Mazzi V, Vita R, Benvenga S, Antonelli A. Personalization of targeted therapy in advanced thyroid cancer. Curr Genomics 2014; 15:190-202. [PMID: 24955027 PMCID: PMC4064559 DOI: 10.2174/1389202915999140404101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although generally the prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is good, approximately 5% of people are likely to develop metastases which fail to respond to radioactive iodine, and other traditional therapies, exhibiting a more aggressive behavior. Nowadays, therapy is chosen and implemented on a watch-and-wait basis for most DTC patients. Which regimen is likely to work best is decided on the basis of an individual's clinical information, but only data referring to outcomes of groups of patients are employed. To predict the best course of therapy, an individual patient's biologic data is rarely employed in a systematic way. Anyway, the use of not expensive individual genomic analysis could lead us to a new era of patient-specific and personalized care. Recently, key targets that are now being evaluated in the clinical setting have been evidenced in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Some of the known genetic alterations playing a crucial role in the development of thyroid cancer include B-Raf gene mutations, rearranged during transfection/ papillary thyroid carcinoma gene rearrangements, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 angiogenesis pathways. The development of targeted novel compounds able to induce clinical responses and stabilization of disease has overcome the lack of effective therapies for DTC, which are resistant to radioiodine and thyroid stimulating hormone-suppressive therapy. Interestingly, the best responses have been demonstrated in patients treated with anti-angiogenic inhibitors such as vandetanib and XL184 in medullary thyroid cancer, and sorafenib in papillary and follicular DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Mazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Vita
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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18
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An update on molecular biology of thyroid cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 90:233-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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19
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Oncogenic events and therapeutic targets in thyroid cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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20
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Schneider DF, Chen H. New developments in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2013; 63:374-94. [PMID: 23797834 PMCID: PMC3800231 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer exists in several forms. Differentiated thyroid cancers include those with papillary and follicular histologies. These tumors exist along a spectrum of differentiation, and their incidence continues to climb. A number of advances in the diagnosis and treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers now exist. These include molecular diagnostics and more advanced strategies for risk stratification. Medullary cancer arises from the parafollicular cells and not the follicular cells. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment differs from those of differentiated thyroid tumors. Genetic testing and newer adjuvant therapies have changed the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. This review will focus on the epidemiology, diagnosis, workup, and treatment of both differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers, focusing specifically on newer developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Schneider
- Assistant Professor of Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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21
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Abstract
Advanced differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), defined by clinical characteristics including gross extrathyroidal invasion, distant metastases, radioiodine (RAI) resistance, and avidity for 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (positron emission tomography-positive), is found in approximately 10-20% of patients with DTC. Standard therapy (surgery, RAI, TSH suppression with levothyroxine) is ineffective for many of these patients, as is standard chemotherapy. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to DTC and the transformation to advanced DTC has rapidly evolved over the past 15-20 years. Newer targeted therapy, specifically inhibitors of intracellular kinase signaling pathways, and cooperative multicenter clinical trials have dramatically changed the therapeutic landscape for patients with advanced DTC. In this review focusing on morbidities, molecules, and medicinals, we present a patient with advanced DTC, explore the genetics and molecular biology of advanced DTC, and review evolving therapies for these patients including multikinase inhibitors, selective kinase inhibitors, and combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Haugen
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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22
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Savvides P, Nagaiah G, Lavertu P, Fu P, Wright JJ, Chapman R, Wasman J, Dowlati A, Remick SC. Phase II trial of sorafenib in patients with advanced anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid 2013; 23:600-4. [PMID: 23113752 PMCID: PMC3643255 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but highly aggressive malignancy with a median survival of 3-5 months. The BRAF oncogene is mutated to its active form in up to 24% of ATC cases. Sorafenib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that acts on the RAF-1 serine/threonine kinase. In preclinical mouse models, sorafenib inhibits the growth of ATC xenografts and improves survival. No study of sorafenib in ATC has been conducted. We conducted a multi-institutional phase II trial of sorafenib in patients with ATC who had failed up to two previous therapies. METHODS The primary endpoint of the trial was the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST)-defined imaging response rate. Twenty patients with ATC were treated with sorafenib 400 mg twice daily. RESULTS Two of the 20 patients had a partial response (10%) and an additional 5 of 20 (25%) had stable disease. The duration of response in the two responders was 10 and 27 months, respectively. For the patients with stable disease, the median duration was 4 months (range 3-11 months). The overall median progression-free survival was 1.9 months with a median and a 1-year survival of 3.9 months and 20%, respectively. Toxicity was manageable and as previously described for sorafenib, including hypertension and skin rash. CONCLUSION Sorafenib has activity in ATC, but at a low frequency and similar to our previous experience with fosbretabulin. One patient with a response had previously progressed on fosbretabulin. Toxicities were both predictable and manageable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Savvides
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Govardhanan Nagaiah
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Pierre Lavertu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John J. Wright
- Cancer Therapy and Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert Chapman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jay Wasman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Scot C. Remick
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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23
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Vitale M. Intratumor BRAFV600E heterogeneity and kinase inhibitors in the treatment of thyroid cancer: a call for participation. Thyroid 2013; 23:517-9. [PMID: 23398043 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Kim SW, Kim HK, Lee JI, Jang HW, Choe JH, Kim JH, Kim JS, Hur KY, Kim JH, Chung JH. ERK phosphorylation is not increased in papillary thyroid carcinomas with BRAF(V600E) mutation compared to that of corresponding normal thyroid tissues. Endocr Res 2013; 38:89-97. [PMID: 23544999 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2012.723292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between a BRAF(V600E) mutation and upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) tissues has not been demonstrated well outside of in vitro studies. The aims of this study were to evaluate the activation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in human PTCs with BRAF(V600E) mutations compared to that of corresponding normal thyroid tissue and to determine the expressions of Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and MAPK phosphatase 3 (MKP-3), possible regulators of ERK1/2 activation. METHODS We analyzed the presence of BRAF(V600E) mutation and the expressions of BRAF, total ERK, p-ERK, RKIP, and MKP-3 in 33 PTCs and corresponding normal thyroid gland tissues using western blot analysis. RESULTS BRAF(V600E) mutation was found in 28 (84.8%) of 33 PTCs, 96.4% (27/28) of which showed decreased p-ERK activity, while 75% (21/28) showed increased MKP-3 expression. There were significant differences in p-ERK and MKP-3 expressions between BRAF(V600E) (+) PTCs and normal thyroid glands (p < 0.001). There were no differences in expressions of BRAF, total ERK, and RKIP between PTCs and normal thyroid tissue, irrespective of the presence of BRAF(V600E) mutation. CONCLUSIONS In human BRAF(V600E) (+) PTCs, ERK phosphorylation is decreased compared to normal thyroid glands and the observed decrease in ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation in BRAF(V600E) (+) PTCs may be associated with increased MKP-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Wook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Leonardi GC, Candido S, Carbone M, Raiti F, Colaianni V, Garozzo S, Cinà D, McCubrey JA, Libra M. BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma and emerging targeted therapies (review). Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:687-94. [PMID: 22858857 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common histotype among the thyroid cancer types. Although PTC is a curable malignancy, many patients relapse after treatment. Thus, there is a need to identify novel factors involved in the pathogenesis of PTC that may be used as targets for new therapies. The MAPK pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PTC. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the role of the BRAF V600E mutation in the development and progression of thyroid cancer. The cinical implication of this molecular abnormality is also discussed. It is evident that the detection of the BRAF V600E mutation is crucial in order to identify novel avenues for thyroid cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costanza Leonardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Functional Genomics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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26
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Hayes DN, Lucas AS, Tanvetyanon T, Krzyzanowska MK, Chung CH, Murphy BA, Gilbert J, Mehra R, Moore DT, Sheikh A, Hoskins J, Hayward MC, Zhao N, O’Connor W, Weck KE, Cohen RB, Cohen EE. Phase II efficacy and pharmacogenomic study of Selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886) in iodine-131 refractory papillary thyroid carcinoma with or without follicular elements. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2056-65. [PMID: 22241789 PMCID: PMC5157199 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A multicenter, open-label, phase II trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of selumetinib in iodine-refractory papillary thyroid cancer (IRPTC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with advanced IRPTC with or without follicular elements and documented disease progression within the preceding 12 months were eligible to receive selumetinib at a dose of 100 mg twice daily. The primary endpoint was objective response rate using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Secondary endpoints were safety, overall survival, and progression-free survival (PFS). Tumor genotype including mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and HRAS was assessed. RESULTS Best responses in 32 evaluable patients out of 39 enrolled were 1 partial response (3%), 21 stable disease (54%), and 11 progressive disease (28%). Disease stability maintenance occurred for 16 weeks in 49%, 24 weeks in 36%. Median PFS was 32 weeks. BRAF V600E mutants (12 of 26 evaluated, 46%) had a longer median PFS compared with patients with BRAF wild-type (WT) tumors (33 versus 11 weeks, respectively, HR = 0.6, not significant, P = 0.3). The most common adverse events and grades 3 to 4 toxicities included rash, fatigue, diarrhea, and peripheral edema. Two pulmonary deaths occurred in the study and were judged unlikely to be related to the study drug. CONCLUSIONS Selumetinib was well tolerated but the study was negative with regard to the primary outcome. Secondary analyses suggest that future studies of selumetinib and other mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK; MEK) inhibitors in IRPTC should consider BRAF V600E mutation status in the trial design based on differential trends in outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Neil Hayes
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amy S. Lucas
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ranee Mehra
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dominic T. Moore
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Arif Sheikh
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Janelle Hoskins
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michele C. Hayward
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ni Zhao
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wendi O’Connor
- University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Karen E. Weck
- University of North Carolina, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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27
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James J, Ruggeri B, Armstrong RC, Rowbottom MW, Jones-Bolin S, Gunawardane RN, Dobrzanski P, Gardner MF, Zhao H, Cramer MD, Hunter K, Nepomuceno RR, Cheng M, Gitnick D, Yazdanian M, Insko DE, Ator MA, Apuy JL, Faraoni R, Dorsey BD, Williams M, Bhagwat SS, Holladay MW. CEP-32496: a novel orally active BRAF(V600E) inhibitor with selective cellular and in vivo antitumor activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:930-41. [PMID: 22319199 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the BRAF gene have been identified in approximately 7% of cancers, including 60% to 70% of melanomas, 29% to 83% of papillary thyroid carcinomas, 4% to 16% colorectal cancers, and a lesser extent in serous ovarian and non-small cell lung cancers. The V600E mutation is found in the vast majority of cases and is an activating mutation, conferring transforming and immortalization potential to cells. CEP-32496 is a potent BRAF inhibitor in an in vitro binding assay for mutated BRAF(V600E) (K(d) BRAF(V600E) = 14 nmol/L) and in a mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated (ER) kinase (MEK) phosphorylation (pMEK) inhibition assay in human melanoma (A375) and colorectal cancer (Colo-205) cell lines (IC(50) = 78 and 60 nmol/L). In vitro, CEP-32496 has multikinase binding activity at other cancer targets of interest; however, it exhibits selective cellular cytotoxicity for BRAF(V600E) versus wild-type cells. CEP-32496 is orally bioavailable in multiple preclinical species (>95% in rats, dogs, and monkeys) and has single oral dose pharmacodynamic inhibition (10-55 mg/kg) of both pMEK and pERK in BRAF(V600E) colon carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Sustained tumor stasis and regressions are observed with oral administration (30-100 mg/kg twice daily) against BRAF(V600E) melanoma and colon carcinoma xenografts, with no adverse effects. Little or no epithelial hyperplasia was observed in rodents and primates with prolonged oral administration and sustained exposure. CEP-32496 benchmarks favorably with respect to other kinase inhibitors, including RAF-265 (phase I), sorafenib, (approved), and vemurafenib (PLX4032/RG7204, approved). CEP-32496 represents a novel and pharmacologically active BRAF inhibitor with a favorable side effect profile currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce James
- Ambit Biosciences Corporation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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D'Agostino M, Voce P, Celano M, Sponziello M, Moretti S, Maggisano V, Verrienti A, Durante C, Filetti S, Puxeddu E, Russo D. Sunitinib exerts only limited effects on the proliferation and differentiation of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Thyroid 2012; 22:138-44. [PMID: 22191389 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel molecularly targeted drugs are undergoing preclinical and clinical testing to assess their efficacy against refractory thyroid carcinomas. The multikinase inhibitor Sunitinib has been shown to inhibit the kinase activity of the RET oncogene and reduce proliferation in differentiated thyroid cancer cells harboring the RET/PTC rearrangement. In this study, we evaluated its effects in human cell lines derived from differentiated (TPC-1) and anaplastic (8505C, CAL-62, and C643) thyroid cancers. METHODS The cells exposed to various concentrations of Sunitinib were examined for: (1) cell viability and presence of apoptosis, analyzed by cell counts, MTT assay, trypan blue exclusion assay, western blotting, and immunofluorescence; (2) expression of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt proteins, analyzed by western blotting; and (3) transcription of genes encoding thyrocyte differentiation markers (thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor, sodium/iodide symporter, thyroglobulin, and thyroperoxidase) and proangiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor A, platelet-derived growth factors A and B), measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Exposure to nanomolar concentrations of Sunitinib significantly reduced cell viability in only TPC-1 cells, and this effect was paralleled by reduction of cyclin D1 levels. Western blotting revealed reduced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt after 3 and 6 hours of drug exposure. In contrast, the growth of 8505C, CAL-62, and C-643 cells was significantly reduced only by micromolar concentrations of Sunitinib, mainly due to induced necrotic rather than apoptotic death. In these cells, Sunitinib exerted a few significant effects on the transcription of angiogenic factors or thyrocyte differentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS Sunitinib has little or no effect on the growth or differentiation of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells, thus suggesting that it is unlikely to be effective in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D'Agostino
- Department of Pharmacobiological Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Wixted JHF, Rothstein JL, Eisenlohr LC. Identification of functionally distinct TRAF proinflammatory and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (PI3K/MEK) transforming activities emanating from RET/PTC fusion oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3691-703. [PMID: 22158616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.322677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinomas that harbor RET/PTC oncogenes are well differentiated, relatively benign neoplasms compared with those expressing oncogenic RAS or BRAF mutations despite signaling through shared transforming pathways. A distinction, however, is that RET/PTCs induce immunostimulatory programs, suggesting that, in the case of this tumor type, the additional pro-inflammatory pathway reduces aggressiveness. Here, we demonstrate that pro-inflammatory programs are selectively activated by TRAF2 and TRAF6 association with RET/PTC oncoproteins. Eliminating this mechanism reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production without decreasing transformation efficiency. Conversely, ablating MEK/ERK or PI3K/AKT signaling eliminates transformation but not pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Functional uncoupling of the two pathways demonstrates that intrinsic pro-inflammatory pathways are not required for cellular transformation and suggests a need for further investigation into the role inflammation plays in thyroid tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine H F Wixted
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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30
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Walsh S, Prichard R, Hill ADK. Emerging therapies for thyroid carcinoma. Surgeon 2011; 10:53-8. [PMID: 22233555 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed endocrine malignancy. Its incidence is currently rising worldwide. The discovery of genetic mutations associated with the development of thyroid cancer, such as BRAF and RET, has lead to the development of new drugs which target the pathways which they influence. Despite recent advances, the prognosis of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is still unfavourable. In this review we look at emerging novel therapies for the treatment of well-differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma, and advances and future directions in the management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Walsh
- Department of Surgery, RCSI Smurfitt Building, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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31
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Abstract
BRAF, a cytoplasmic serine-threonine protein kinase, plays a critical role in cell signaling as an activator within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The most common BRAF mutation is the V600E transversion, which causes constitutive kinase activity. This mutation has been found in a multitude of human cancers, including both papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and papillary-derived anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), in which it initiates follicular cell transformation. With such a high frequency of BRAF mutations in PTC (44%) and PTC-derived ATC (24%), research in BRAF(V600E) detection for diagnostic purposes has shown high sensitivity and specificity for tumor cell presence. BRAF(V600E) in PTC has also provided valuable prognostic information, as its presence has been correlated with more aggressive and iodine-resistant phenotypes. Such findings have initiated research in targeting oncogenic BRAF in cancer therapeutics. Although multiple phase II clinical trials in patients with iodine-refractory metastatic PTC have shown significant efficacy for sorafenib, a first-generation BRAF inhibitor, the mechanism by which it mediates its effect remains unclear because of multiple additional kinase targets of sorafenib. Additionally, preclinical and clinical studies investigating combination therapy with agents such as selective (PLX 4032) and potent (BAY 73-4506 and ARQ 736) small-molecule BRAF inhibitors and MAP/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase inhibitors (AZD6244) hold great promise in the treatment of BRAF(V600E) cancers and may eventually play a powerful role in changing the clinical course of PTC and ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Caronia
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Divisions of Surgical Oncology and Medical Oncology, James Cancer Center & Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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32
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Chappell WH, Steelman LS, Long JM, Kempf RC, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, Bäsecke J, Stivala F, Donia M, Fagone P, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Nicoletti F, Libra M, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Montalto G, Cervello M, Laidler P, Milella M, Tafuri A, Bonati A, Evangelisti C, Cocco L, Martelli AM, McCubrey JA. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR inhibitors: rationale and importance to inhibiting these pathways in human health. Oncotarget 2011; 2:135-64. [PMID: 21411864 PMCID: PMC3260807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Integral components of these pathways, Ras, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are also activated/inactivated by mutations. These pathways have profound effects on proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to chemotherapeutic drug resistance, proliferation of cancer initiating cells (CICs) and premature aging. This review will evaluate more recently described potential uses of MEK, PI3K, Akt and mTOR inhibitors in the proliferation of malignant cells, suppression of CICs, cellular senescence and prevention of aging. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways play key roles in the regulation of normal and malignant cell growth. Inhibitors targeting these pathways have many potential uses from suppression of cancer, proliferative diseases as well as aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Chappell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
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33
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Bales SR, Chopra IJ. Targeted treatment of differentiated and medullary thyroid cancer. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:102636. [PMID: 21826256 PMCID: PMC3150151 DOI: 10.4061/2011/102636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing, with a concomitant increase in the number of patients with advanced and metastatic disease. Discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer have led to the recent development of new therapeutic agents that are beginning to appear on the market. Many of these new agents are targeted kinase inhibitors primarily affecting oncogenic kinases (BRAF V600E, RET/PTC) or signaling kinases (VEGFR, PDGFR). Some of these agents report significant partial response rates, while others attain stabilization of disease as their best response. Their impact on survival is unclear. While these agents target similar pathways, a wide variety of differences exist regarding efficacy and side effect profile. Current expert opinion advises that these agents be used only in a specific subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Bales
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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34
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Holladay MW, Campbell BT, Rowbottom MW, Chao Q, Sprankle KG, Lai AG, Abraham S, Setti E, Faraoni R, Tran L, Armstrong RC, Gunawardane RN, Gardner MF, Cramer MD, Gitnick D, Ator MA, Dorsey BD, Ruggeri BR, Williams M, Bhagwat SS, James J. 4-Quinazolinyloxy-diaryl ureas as novel BRAFV600E inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5342-6. [PMID: 21807507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aryl phenyl ureas with a 4-quinazolinoxy substituent at the meta-position of the phenyl ring are potent inhibitors of mutant and wild type BRAF kinase. Compound 7 (1-(5-tert-butylisoxazol-3-yl)-3-(3-(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)urea hydrochloride) exhibits good pharmacokinetic properties in rat and mouse and is efficacious in a mouse tumor xenograft model following oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Holladay
- Ambit Biosciences Corporation, 4215 Sorrento Valley Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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35
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Abraham T, Schöder H. Thyroid Cancer—Indications and Opportunities for Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:121-38. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Gianoukakis AG, Giannelli SM, Salameh WA, McPhaul LW. Well differentiated follicular thyroid neoplasia: impact of molecular and technological advances on detection, monitoring and treatment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 332:9-20. [PMID: 21094678 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for follicular thyroid cell oncogenesis has been advanced significantly in recent years. Specific genetic alterations and the molecular pathways they affect have been associated with particular histologic subtypes of well-differentiated thyroid cancer and are now being evaluated for their utility as clinical tools with diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic relevance. This paper focuses on the most common and clinically relevant genetic alterations shown to be consistently associated with well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. We review the impact of recent molecular and technological advances on thyroid cancer standard of care and the practice of clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Gianoukakis
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Building RB-1, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006) is an inhibitor of multiple-receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor growth and angiogenesis, which can be advantageously administered orally. Initially used as monotherapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma, sorafenib was proven to increase progression-free survival while enhancing disease control. Clinical trials on sorafenib are at present ongoing for the treatment of various malignancies, including thyroid cancer (TC). SUMMARY Specifically, in two phase II studies recently conducted on papillary TC, although the respective results were not entirely compatible as regard partial response rate and progression-free survival, sorafenib demonstrated a relatively favorable benefit/risk profile. In another more recent phase II study, whose primary endpoint was the reinduction of radioactive iodine uptake at 26 weeks, although no reinduction of radioactive iodine uptake was observed, 59% had a beneficial response and 34% had stable disease. Sorafenib hence appears to be a valid alternative to conventional treatment of metastatic papillary TC refractory to radioiodine therapy. CONCLUSIONS Further prospective investigations are required to define the characteristics of tumor response to the drug and the factors inducing resistance to treatment. A major issue demanding immediate attention involves optimization of sorafenib treatment: this concerns multidrug combination with different tyrosine kinase inhibitors or immunomodulating agents with the aim of reducing doses and thereby improving drug tolerability and antineoplastic capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H Duntas
- Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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38
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Dutt R, Madan AK. Models for prediction of (V)600(E)BRAF and melanoma cells growth inhibitory activities of pyridoimidazolones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010; 343:664-79. [PMID: 21110341 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of activated BRAF mutation has emerged as a most promising and putative therapeutic approach for the anticancer drug development. In the present study, an in-silico approach using decision tree and moving average analysis has been applied to a data set comprising of 43 analogues of pyridoimidazolones for development of models for prediction of both (V)600(E)BRAF and melanoma cells (BRAF WM266.4) growth inhibitory activities. A decision tree was mainly employed for determining the importance of molecular descriptors (n=46). The value of majority of these descriptors for each analogue in the dataset was computed using E-Dragon software (version 1.0). The decision tree learned the information from the input data with an accuracy of 98% and correctly predicted the cross-validated (10-fold) data with accuracy up to 79%. A total of three non-correlating descriptors, identified best by the decision tree analysis, were subsequently utilized for development of suitable models using moving average analysis. These proposed models resulted in the prediction of (V)600(E)BRAF inhibitory activity (IC50) and melanoma cells growth (SRB GI50) inhibitory activity with an overall accuracy of ≥90%. The statistical significance of models/descriptors was assessed through intercorrelation analysis, sensitivity, specificity and Matthew's correlation coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dutt
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, India
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39
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Coste I, Le Corf K, Kfoury A, Hmitou I, Druillennec S, Hainaut P, Eychene A, Lebecque S, Renno T. Dual function of MyD88 in RAS signaling and inflammation, leading to mouse and human cell transformation. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3663-7. [PMID: 20941850 DOI: 10.1172/jci42771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to inflammation as a promoter of carcinogenesis. MyD88 is an adaptor molecule in TLR and IL-1R signaling that was recently implicated in tumorigenesis through proinflammatory mechanisms. Here we have shown that MyD88 is also required in a cell-autonomous fashion for RAS-mediated carcinogenesis in mice in vivo and for MAPK activation and transformation in vitro. Mechanistically, MyD88 bound to the key MAPK, Erk, and prevented its inactivation by its phosphatase, MKP3, thereby amplifying the activation of the canonical RAS pathway. The relevance of this mechanism to human neoplasia was suggested by the finding that MyD88 was overexpressed and interacted with activated Erk in primary human cancer tissues. Collectively, these results show that in addition to its role in inflammation, MyD88 plays what we believe to be a crucial direct role in RAS signaling, cell-cycle control, and cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Coste
- CNRS UMR5201, University of Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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40
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Levy R, Grafi-Cohen M, Kraiem Z, Kloog Y. Galectin-3 promotes chronic activation of K-Ras and differentiation block in malignant thyroid carcinomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2208-19. [PMID: 20682656 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are deadly tumors that are highly invasive, particularly into the bones. Although oncogenic Ras can transform thyroid cells into a severely malignant phenotype, thyroid carcinomas do not usually harbor ras gene mutations. Therefore, it is not known whether chronically active Ras contributes to thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation, although galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is strongly expressed in thyroid carcinomas but not in benign tumors or normal glands, is known to act as a K-Ras chaperone that stabilizes and drives K-Ras.GTP nanoclustering and signal robustness. Here, we examined the possibility that thyroid carcinomas expressing high levels of Gal-3 exhibit chronically active K-Ras. Using cell lines representing three types of malignant thyroid tumors--papillary, follicular, and anaplastic--we investigated the possible correlation between Gal-3 expression and active Ras content, and then examined the therapeutic potential of the Ras inhibitor S-trans, trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS; Salirasib) for thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid carcinoma cells strongly expressing Gal-3 showed high levels of K-Ras.GTP expression, and K-Ras.GTP transmitted strong signals to extracellular signal-regulated kinase. FTS disrupted interactions between Gal-3 and K.Ras, strongly reduced K-Ras.GTP and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression, and enhanced the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 as well as of the thyroid transcription factor 1, which is involved in thyroid cell differentiation. FTS also inhibited anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in nude mice. We conclude that wild-type K-Ras.GTP in association with Gal-3 contributes to thyroid carcinoma malignancy and that Ras inhibition might be a useful treatment strategy against these deadly tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Levy
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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41
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New targeted molecular therapies for dedifferentiated thyroid cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:921682. [PMID: 20628483 PMCID: PMC2902220 DOI: 10.1155/2010/921682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiated thyroid cancer (DeTC) derived from follicular epithelium is often incurable because it does not respond to radioiodine, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. In cases, RET/PTC rearrangements are found in 30%–40%, RAS mutations in about 10%, and BRAF mutations in around 40%–50%, with no overlap between these mutations results in papillary thyroid cancer, while a higher prevalence of BRAF mutations (up to 70%) has been observed in DeTC. The identification of these activating mutations in DeTC makes this malignancy an excellent model to examine the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Clinical trials with several TKIs targeting RET, and to a lesser extent BRAF, and other TKRs have shown positive results, with about one-third of DeTC showing a reduction in tumor size up to 50%, with the longest treatment duration of approximately three-four years. Angiogenesis inhibitors have also shown promising activity in DeTC. Progress is being made toward effective targeted DeTC therapy. The possibility of testing the sensitivity of primary DeTC cells from each subject to different TKIs could increase the effectiveness of the treatment.
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42
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Eberhardt NL, Grebe SKG, McIver B, Reddi HV. The role of the PAX8/PPARgamma fusion oncogene in the pathogenesis of follicular thyroid cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 321:50-6. [PMID: 19883731 PMCID: PMC2849860 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When identified at early stages, most well-differentiated thyroid cancers are readily treated and yield excellent outcomes. Follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) however, when diagnosed at a late stage, may be very resistant to treatment, and exhibits 10-year survival rates less than 40%. Despite substantial progress in recent years, we still have limited understanding of the molecular and biological interrelationships between the various subtypes of benign and malignant follicular thyroid neoplasms. In contrast to the wealth of information available regarding papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the triggering mechanisms of FTC development and the major underlying genetic alterations leading to follicular thyroid carcinogenesis remain obscure. Recent studies have focused on a chromosomal translocation, t(2;3) (q13;p25), fusing PAX8, a transcription factor that is essential for normal thyroid gland development, with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a member of the steroid/thyroid nuclear receptor family. This chromatin rearrangement results in the expression of a PAX8/PPARgamma fusion protein, designated PPFP, whose incidence is relatively common in FTC and may represent an initiating event in the genesis of FTC. Here we review progress on the studies of PPFP that assess its involvement in FTC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Eberhardt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic & Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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43
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Thyroid cancer: current molecular perspectives. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:351679. [PMID: 20369062 PMCID: PMC2847382 DOI: 10.1155/2010/351679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid cancer is a rare oncological entity, representing no more than 1% of all human malignant neoplasms. Recently, it has been demonstrated a sharp increase in incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, equally occurring in both sexes. So far, multiple genetic alterations have been identified in differentiated thyroid carcinoma, leading to investigate the clinical utility of genetic studies. In particular, molecular genetic approaches searching for gene mutations in the material collected by fine needle ago-biopsy may have a particular utility in small nodules and in those specimens with an indeterminate cytology. The expansion of knowledge about genetic mutations occurring in different thyroid tumors has characterized recent years, allowing the identification of a correlation between specific mutations and phenotypic characteristics of thyroid cancers, essential for their prognosis. This review will briefly report on the histological features and the new entity represented by thyroid microcarcinoma and will focus on both environmental and genetic aspects associated with the occurrence of thyroid cancer.
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44
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Tang KT, Lee CH. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: pathogenic role and clinical implications. J Chin Med Assoc 2010; 73:113-28. [PMID: 20230995 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(10)70025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for 85-90% of all thyroid cancers. Genetic alternations involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway are frequently demonstrated in PTC, such as RET/PTC, RAS, and B-type Raf kinase (BRAF) mutations. Over 90% of BRAF mutations are T1799A, resulting in a BRAF(V600E) mutation. BRAF(V600E) is present in approximately 50% of PTC and also found in aggressive histologic variants and PTC-derived anaplastic thyroid cancer, but is rare in follicular variants, and not found in follicular thyroid cancer. The tumorigenic role of BRAF(V600E) in the development of PTC was documented in thyroid-targeted BRAF(V600E) transgenic mice, and rat thyroid cells overexpressed with BRAF(V600E) suggested that BRAF(V600E) is an initiator of tumorigenesis and is required for tumor progression in PTC. Most clinical studies have demonstrated an association of BRAF(V600E) mutation with aggressive clinicopathologic characteristics and high tumor recurrence, although the results are controversial. The association is also observed in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinomas and low-risk PTC. As a highly specific and unique mutation in PTC, testing for BRAF(V600E) in fine-needle aspiration specimens has been shown to refine the diagnostic accuracy of PTC in indeterminate cytology. Preoperative BRAF(V600E) analysis in low-risk patients may provide important value for prognostication, and these patients might benefit from receiving more intensive management and frequent follow-up. BRAF-targeted therapies have been developed to treat various human cancers including advanced thyroid cancers. Preclinical results are encouraging, but the anticancer effects of clinical trials are disappointing. Studies of multi-kinase inhibitors and/or combination with other regimens are underway in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancers. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of PTC, and the clinical implications of BRAF(V600E) mutation in the diagnosis, prognosis and potential targeted therapeutic strategies for thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam-Tsun Tang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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45
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Rapid Multiplex Real-time PCR by Molecular Beacons for Different BRAF Allele Detection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 19:1-8. [DOI: 10.1097/pdm.0b013e3181a23bd5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Parameswaran R, Brooks S, Sadler GP. Molecular pathogenesis of follicular cell derived thyroid cancers. Int J Surg 2010; 8:186-93. [PMID: 20097316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 01/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancy. Radiation exposure, family history of thyroid cancer and some inherited conditions are the most important predisposing factors for the development of thyroid cancer. Three mitogenic signalling pathways have been described in the thyroid cell, which are influenced by various stimulatory and inhibitory hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters. Various proto-oncogenes and oncogenes like ras, braf, trk, met and RET also play a role in the signal transduction systems. Two theories have been described in thyroid cancer pathogenesis, the foetal cell carcinogenesis theory and the more common, multistep carcinogenesis theory. The multistep carcinogenesis theory is now the accepted model in many human cancers, including thyroid cancer. The early events of tumour formation are the consequence of activation of either various growth factors or the proto-oncogenes like ras, met or ret. This results in the formation of differentiated thyroid cancers like the papillary, follicular or Hurthle cell cancers. The later stages of tumour formation involve further activation of proto-oncogenes and loss or inactivation of tumour suppressor genes like p53. Based on this theory, follicular carcinomas are generated from follicular adenomas and papillary carcinomas from precursor cells generated from thyrocytes. Anaplastic carcinoma may develop from papillary or follicular carcinoma by dedifferentiation. In this review article, we highlight the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Parameswaran
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DY, United Kingdom
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47
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults, and despite some recent progress in understanding the biology of the disease, AML remains the leading cause of leukemia-related deaths in adults and children. AML is a complex and heterogeneous disease, often involving multiple genetic defects that promote leukemic transformation and drug resistance. The cooperativity model suggests that an initial genetic event leads to maturational arrest in a myeloid progenitor cell, and subsequent genetic events induce proliferation and block apoptosis. Together, these genetic abnormalities lead to clonal expansion and frank leukemia. The purpose of this chapter is to review the biology of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in AML, exploring how RTKs are being used as novel prognostic factors and potential therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Forecasting
- Gene Duplication
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/physiology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Stirewalt
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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48
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Miccoli P, Miccoli M, Antonelli A, Minuto MN. Clinicopathologic and molecular disease prognostication for papillary thyroid cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1261-75. [PMID: 19761430 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite its increasing incidence over the last 30 years, the mortality rate of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has decreased significantly. Nevertheless, a minority of patients still present with an aggressive form of PTC that can lead to death, even after a prolonged period of survival. Many classifications exist that allow one to stratify the clinical risk of recurrence and death in patients with PTC; however, the parameters upon which they are established are pathological and molecular and, therefore, are revealed only after surgery. The preoperative identification of these aggressive variants of PTC would allow one to schedule a more aggressive operation (e.g., total thyroidectomy together with central and/or mono- or bi-lateral node dissections) in patients with high-risk PTC. This article reviews the parameters used most commonly to differentiate low-risk PTCs from their more aggressive variants and describes some of the newest molecular therapies for this latter group of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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49
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Preto A, Gonçalves J, Rebocho AP, Figueiredo J, Meireles AM, Rocha AS, Vasconcelos HM, Seca H, Seruca R, Soares P, Sobrinho-Simões M. Proliferation and survival molecules implicated in the inhibition of BRAF pathway in thyroid cancer cells harbouring different genetic mutations. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:387. [PMID: 19878585 PMCID: PMC2776025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid carcinomas show a high prevalence of mutations in the oncogene BRAF which are inversely associated with RAS or RET/PTC oncogenic activation. The possibility of using inhibitors on the BRAF pathway as became an interesting therapeutic approach. In thyroid cancer cells the target molecules, implicated on the cellular effects, mediated by inhibition of BRAF are not well established. In order to fill this lack of knowledge we studied the proliferation and survival pathways and associated molecules induced by BRAF inhibition in thyroid carcinoma cell lines harbouring distinct genetic backgrounds. Methods Suppression of BRAF pathway in thyroid cancer cell lines (8505C, TPC1 and C643) was achieved using RNA interference (RNAi) for BRAF and the kinase inhibitor, sorafenib. Proliferation analysis was performed by BrdU incorporation and apoptosis was accessed by TUNEL assay. Levels of protein expression were analysed by western-blot. Results Both BRAF RNAi and sorafenib inhibited proliferation in all the cell lines independently of the genetic background, mostly in cells with BRAFV600E mutation. In BRAFV600E mutated cells inhibition of BRAF pathway lead to a decrease in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cyclin D1 levels and an increase in p27Kip1. Specific inhibition of BRAF by RNAi in cells with BRAFV600E mutation had no effect on apoptosis. In the case of sorafenib treatment, cells harbouring BRAFV600E mutation showed increase levels of apoptosis due to a balance of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2. Conclusion Our results in thyroid cancer cells, namely those harbouring BRAFV600Emutation showed that BRAF signalling pathway provides important proliferation signals. We have shown that in thyroid cancer cells sorafenib induces apoptosis by affecting Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 in BRAFV600E mutated cells which was independent of BRAF. These results suggest that sorafenib may prove useful in the treatment of thyroid carcinomas, particularly those refractory to conventional treatment and harbouring BRAF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Preto
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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50
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent progress at defining molecular markers that predict the biological behavior of thyroid cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Thyroid cancer behavior is defined by the effects of the initiating oncogene as well as secondary events in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment that are both genetic and epigenetic. Over the past several years, there has been intense focus on identifying molecular markers to better predict the aggressiveness of thyroid cancers and also to define therapeutic targets. The results of recent articles in this area of work are summarized with a focus of differentiated follicular-cell-derived forms of thyroid cancer. SUMMARY Clinical staging predicts tumor behavior in many cases, but does not allow true 'personalization' of initial therapy or identify potential therapeutic targets for patients with progressive disease that does not respond to standard therapies. Recent data point to several new opportunities to refine thyroid cancer treatment based on molecular information. Several highlighted articles have begun to apply this information with clinical intent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Ringel
- Divisions of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism and Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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