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Chen CG, Kapoor A, Xie C, Moss A, Vadigepalli R, Ricard-Blum S, Iozzo RV. Conditional expression of endorepellin in the tumor vasculature attenuates breast cancer growth, angiogenesis and hyaluronan deposition. Matrix Biol 2023; 118:92-109. [PMID: 36907428 PMCID: PMC10259220 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The tumor stroma of most solid malignancies is characterized by a pathological accumulation of pro-angiogenic and pro-tumorigenic hyaluronan driving tumorigenesis and metastatic potential. Of all three hyaluronan synthase isoforms, HAS2 is the primary enzyme that promotes the build-up of tumorigenic HA in breast cancer. Previously, we discovered that endorepellin, the angiostatic C-terminal fragment of perlecan, evokes a catabolic mechanism targeting endothelial HAS2 and hyaluronan via autophagic induction. To explore the translational implications of endorepellin in breast cancer, we created a double transgenic, inducible Tie2CreERT2;endorepellin(ER)Ki mouse line that expresses recombinant endorepellin specifically from the endothelium. We investigated the therapeutic effects of recombinant endorepellin overexpression in an orthotopic, syngeneic breast cancer allograft mouse model. First, adenoviral delivery of Cre evoking intratumor expression of endorepellin in ERKi mice suppressed breast cancer growth, peritumor hyaluronan and angiogenesis. Moreover, tamoxifen-induced expression of recombinant endorepellin specifically from the endothelium in Tie2CreERT2;ERKi mice markedly suppressed breast cancer allograft growth, hyaluronan deposition in the tumor proper and perivascular tissues, and tumor angiogenesis. These results provide insight into the tumor suppressing activity of endorepellin at the molecular level and implicate endorepellin as a promising cancer protein therapy that targets hyaluronan in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Chen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alison Moss
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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2
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Wu W, Chen L, Wang Y, Jin J, Xie X, Zhang J. Hyaluronic acid predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20438. [PMID: 32481447 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid (HA) may be a novel prognostic biomarker of breast cancer. However, the available evidence is controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to determine the prognostic role of HA in breast cancer. METHODS The data were extracted from seven articles by searching the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang data for the prognostic role of HA in breast cancer. In reference to survival outcomes, the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) of HA were calculated given a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of seven articles were included in our study involving 2664 cases. The result of meta-analysis showed that a high HA level predicts poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.28-2.71, P = .001) and shortened disease-free or recurrence-free survival or progression free survival (DFS/RFS/PFS) (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14-2.33, P = .007) in breast cancer patients. Moreover, a high HA level in stroma (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.06-2.51, P = .025) and plasma (HR = 3.26, 95% CI: 2.25-4.73, P < .001) significantly predicted poor OS. Besides, a tendency shows that HA was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.96-2.49, P = .070) and tumor grade (HR = 2.10, 95% CI: 0.89-4.96, P = .089) on the clinical characteristics of patients. CONCLUSION These results suggested that HA has a potential to be prognostic biomarker in breast cancer patients, especially location in stroma and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou
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3
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Fleming JM, Yeyeodu ST, McLaughlin A, Schuman D, Taylor DK. In Situ Drug Delivery to Breast Cancer-Associated Extracellular Matrix. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2825-2840. [PMID: 30183254 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) contributes to tumor progression through changes induced by tumor and stromal cell signals that promote increased ECM density and stiffness. The increase in ECM stiffness is known to promote tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissues and metastasis. In addition, this scar-like ECM creates a protective barrier around the tumor that reduces the effectiveness of innate and synthetic antitumor agents. Herein, clinically approved breast cancer therapies as well as novel experimental approaches that target the ECM are discussed, including in situ hydrogel drug delivery systems, an emerging technology the delivers toxic chemotherapeutics, gene-silencing microRNAs, and tumor suppressing immune cells directly inside the tumor. Intratumor delivery of therapeutic agents has the potential to drastically reduce systemic side effects experienced by the patient and increase the efficacy of these agents. This review also describes the opposing effects of ECM degradation on tumor progression, where some studies report improved drug delivery and delayed cancer progression and others report enhanced metastasis and decreased patient survival. Given the recent increase in ECM-targeting drugs entering preclinical and clinical trials, understanding and addressing the factors that impact the effect of the ECM on tumor progression is imperative for the sake of patient safety and survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M. Fleming
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Susan T. Yeyeodu
- Charles River Discovery Services, Morrisville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ashley McLaughlin
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Darren Schuman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Darlene K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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4
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Peng C, Wallwiener M, Rudolph A, Ćuk K, Eilber U, Celik M, Modugno C, Trumpp A, Heil J, Marmé F, Madhavan D, Nees J, Riethdorf S, Schott S, Sohn C, Pantel K, Schneeweiss A, Chang-Claude J, Yang R, Burwinkel B. Plasma hyaluronic acid level as a prognostic and monitoring marker of metastatic breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2499-509. [PMID: 26686298 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Conventional tumor markers have limited value for prognostication and treatment monitoring in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients and novel circulating tumor markers therefore need to be explored. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major macropolysaccharide in the extracellular matrix and is reported to be associated with tumor progression. In our study, we investigated plasma HA level with respect to progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), as well as the treatment monitoring value in MBC patients. The prognostic value of plasma HA level was investigated in a discovery cohort of 212 MBC patients with 2.5-year follow-up and validated in an independent validation cohort of 334 patients with 5-year follow-up. The treatment monitoring value of plasma HA level was investigated in 61 MBC patients from discovery cohort who had been radiographically examined after first complete cycle of chemo therapy. We found a robust association between high plasma HA level and poor prognosis of MBC patients in both discovery (pPFS = 7.92 × 10(-6) and pOS = 5.27 × 10(-5)) and validation studies (pPFS = 3.66 × 10(-4) and pOS = 1.43 × 10(-4)). In the discovery cohort, the plasma HA level displayed independent prognostic value after adjusted for age and clinicopathological factors, with respect to PFS and OS. Further, the decrease of plasma HA level displayed good concordance with treatment response evaluated by radiographic examination (AUC = 0.79). Plasma HA level displays prognostic value, as well as treatment monitoring value for MBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cike Peng
- Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Wallwiener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katarina Ćuk
- Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Eilber
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muhabbet Celik
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caroline Modugno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Hi-STEM-Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Marmé
- Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dharanija Madhavan
- Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Nees
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Sohn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rongxi Yang
- Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Yang C, Liu Y, He Y, Du Y, Wang W, Shi X, Gao F. The use of HA oligosaccharide-loaded nanoparticles to breach the endogenous hyaluronan glycocalyx for breast cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6829-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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6
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Prise en charge de la récidive homolatérale d’un cancer du sein après traitement conservateur initial. ONCOLOGIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-011-2076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Veiseh M, Turley EA. Hyaluronan metabolism in remodeling extracellular matrix: probes for imaging and therapy of breast cancer. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:304-15. [PMID: 21264398 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00096e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence increasingly support the concept of cancer as a disease that emulates a component of wound healing, in particular abnormal stromal extracellular matrix remodeling. Here we review the biology and function of one remodeling process, hyaluronan (HA) metabolism, which is essential for wound resolution but closely linked to breast cancer (BCA) progression. Components of the HA metabolic cycle (HAS2, SPAM1 and HA receptors CD44, RHAMM/HMMR and TLR2) are discussed in terms of their known functions in wound healing and in breast cancer progression. Finally, we discuss recent advances in the use of HA-based platforms for developing nanoprobes to image areas of active HA metabolism and for therapeutics in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veiseh
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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8
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Eckard J, Dai J, Wu J, Jian J, Yang Q, Chen H, Costa M, Frenkel K, Huang X. Effects of cellular iron deficiency on the formation of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Iron deficiency and angiogenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:28. [PMID: 20723262 PMCID: PMC2936284 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young women diagnosed with breast cancer are known to have a higher mortality rate from the disease than older patients. Specific risk factors leading to this poorer outcome have not been identified. In the present study, we hypothesized that iron deficiency, a common ailment in young women, contributes to the poor outcome by promoting the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) formation. This hypothesis was tested in an in vitro cell culture model system. Results Human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with transferrin receptor-1 (TfR1) shRNA to constitutively impair iron uptake. Cellular iron status was determined by a set of iron proteins and angiogenesis was evaluated by levels of VEGF in cells as well as by a mouse xenograft model. Significant decreases in ferritin with concomitant increases in VEGF were observed in TfR1 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cells when compared to the parental cells. TfR1 shRNA transfectants also evoked a stronger angiogenic response after the cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice. The molecular mechanism appears that cellular iron deficiency elevates VEGF formation by stabilizing HIF-1α. This mechanism is also true in human breast cancer MCF-7 and liver cancer HepG2 cells. Conclusions Cellular iron deficiency increased HIF-1α, VEGF, and angiogenesis, suggesting that systemic iron deficiency might play an important part in the tumor angiogenesis and recurrence in this young age group of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Eckard
- Department of Environmental Medicine and New York University (NYU) Cancer Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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9
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Voduc KD, Cheang MCU, Tyldesley S, Gelmon K, Nielsen TO, Kennecke H. Breast cancer subtypes and the risk of local and regional relapse. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1684-91. [PMID: 20194857 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.9284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 902] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The risk of local and regional relapse associated with each breast cancer molecular subtype was determined in a large cohort of patients with breast cancer. Subtype assignment was accomplished using a validated six-marker immunohistochemical panel applied to tissue microarrays. PATIENTS AND METHODS Semiquantitative analysis of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki-67, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 was performed on tissue microarrays constructed from 2,985 patients with early invasive breast cancer. Patients were classified into the following categories: luminal A, luminal B, luminal-HER2, HER2 enriched, basal-like, or triple-negative phenotype-nonbasal. Multivariable Cox analysis was used to determine the risk of local or regional relapse associated the intrinsic subtypes, adjusting for standard clinicopathologic factors. RESULTS The intrinsic molecular subtype was successfully determined in 2,985 tumors. The median follow-up time was 12 years, and there have been a total of 325 local recurrences and 227 regional lymph node recurrences. Luminal A tumors (ER or PR positive, HER2 negative, Ki-67 < 1%) had the best prognosis and the lowest rate of local or regional relapse. For patients undergoing breast conservation, HER2-enriched and basal subtypes demonstrated an increased risk of regional recurrence, and this was statistically significant on multivariable analysis. After mastectomy, luminal B, luminal-HER2, HER2-enriched, and basal subtypes were all associated with an increased risk of local and regional relapse on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION Luminal A tumors are associated with a low risk of local or regional recurrence. Molecular subtyping of breast tumors using a six-marker immunohistochemical panel can identify patients at increased risk of local and regional recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K David Voduc
- Department of Radiation Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4E6.
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11
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Merlo A, Casalini P, Carcangiu ML, Malventano C, Triulzi T, Mènard S, Tagliabue E, Balsari A. FOXP3 expression and overall survival in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:1746-52. [PMID: 19255331 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) up- or downregulates a large number of genes and has been recently reported to be expressed in tumor cells. We investigated the prognostic importance of FOXP3 expression in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The expression patterns of FOXP3 were characterized by immunohistochemistry in primary breast carcinoma specimens from patients of the Milan 3 and 1 trials. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling were used to assess the overall survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and local relapse cumulative incidence, according to the presence or absence of FOXP3 expression. RESULTS FOXP3 expression in tumors was associated with worse overall survival probability and the risk increased with increasing FOXP3 immunostaining intensity. FOXP3 was also a strong prognostic factor for distant metastases-free survival but not for local recurrence risk. In multivariate analysis FOXP3 resulted an independent prognostic factor and the hazard ratio of FOXP3 expression and of lymph node positivity were similar. In the Milan 3 trial, the probability of 10-year survival in node-negative subgroup was 100% for FOXP3-negative and 82% for FOXP3-positive patients; in node-positive subgroup 82% for FOXP3-negative and 41% for FOXP3-positive patients. Even in the Milan 1 trial the lack of FOXP3 expression in node-positive subgroup was related to a significantly better prognosis than in FOXP3-positive patients (10-year survival probability, 89% v 59%). CONCLUSION The data identify FOXP3 expression as a new independent prognostic factor in breast carcinoma, which might help to improve the selection of patients for appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Merlo
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori and the Institute of Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Hosey AM, Gorski JJ, Quinn JE, Chung WY, Mccann A, Harkin DP. Response: Re: Molecular Basis for Estrogen Receptor Deficiency in BRCA1-Linked Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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Lusa L, Peissel B, Manoukian S, Marchesi E, Radice P, Pierotti MA, Gariboldi M. Re: Molecular Basis for Estrogen Receptor Deficiency in BRCA1-Linked Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:752-3; author reply 753-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Tammi RH, Kultti A, Kosma VM, Pirinen R, Auvinen P, Tammi MI. Hyaluronan in human tumors: pathobiological and prognostic messages from cell-associated and stromal hyaluronan. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18:288-95. [PMID: 18468453 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are supported by a distinct type of connective tissue stroma, crucial for tumor survival and advancement. Hyaluronan is a major matrix molecule in the stroma of many common tumors, and involved in their growth and spreading. Here we focus in recent data on stromal hyaluronan in human tumors, and that on the surface of the malignant cells. Hyaluronan accumulation is most conspicuous in malignancies that develop in cells and tissues normally devoid of hyaluronan, such as single layered epithelia and their hyaluronan-poor connective tissue stroma. The magnitude of the hyaluronan accumulation in the malignant epithelium itself (e.g. colon and gastric cancers) or tumor stroma (breast, ovarian, prostate cancers) strongly correlates with an unfavorable prognosis of the patient, i.e. advancement of the malignancy. A completely different pattern arises from stratified epithelia that normally produce hyaluronan and are surrounded by a hyaluronan-rich stroma. The cell surface of the latter group of tumors (e.g. squamous cell carcinomas of skin, mouth, larynx and esophagus, and skin melanoma) show abundant hyaluronan which tends to get reduced and patchy in the most advanced stages of the tumors, suggesting enhanced turnover. While the assays of human tumors represent snapshots of currently unknown processes and kinetics of hyaluronan metabolism, it is obvious that hyaluronan accumulation at some stage is an inherent feature in most of the common epithelial malignant tumors. The possible contributions of inflammatory cells, stem cells, mutated stromal cells, or otherwise deranged growth factor exchange between stromal and cancer cells are discussed as possible explanations to hyaluronan abundance in the tumors. The importance of hyaluronan in human tumor progression will be further clarified when drugs become available to modify hyaluronan metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raija H Tammi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Kuopio, P.O.B. 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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