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Kiaheyrati N, Babaei A, Ranji R, Bahadoran E, Taheri S, Farokhpour Z. Cancer therapy with the viral and bacterial pathogens: The past enemies can be considered the present allies. Life Sci 2024; 349:122734. [PMID: 38788973 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide despite significant advancements in cancer treatment. Many difficulties have arisen as a result of the detrimental consequences of chemotherapy and radiotherapy as a common cancer therapy, such as drug inability to penetrate deep tumor tissue, and also the drug resistance in tumor cells continues to be a major concern. These obstacles have increased the need for the development of new techniques that are more selective and effective against cancer cells. Bacterial-based therapies and the use of oncolytic viruses can suppress cancer in comparison to other cancer medications. The tumor microenvironment is susceptible to bacterial accumulation and proliferation, which can trigger immune responses against the tumor. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have also gained considerable attention in recent years because of their potential capability to selectively target and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest literature on the role of bacteria and viruses in cancer treatment, discusses the limitations and challenges, outlines various strategies, summarizes recent preclinical and clinical trials, and emphasizes the importance of optimizing current strategies for better clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Kiaheyrati
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Abouzar Babaei
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Reza Ranji
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Bahadoran
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Shiva Taheri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Zahra Farokhpour
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Khaleafi R, Zeleznjak J, Cordela S, Drucker S, Rovis TL, Jonjic S, Bar-On Y. Reovirus infection of tumor cells reduces the expression of NKG2D ligands, leading to impaired NK-cell cytotoxicity and functionality. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231782. [PMID: 37753084 PMCID: PMC10518469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, reoviruses have been of major interest in immunotherapy because of their oncolytic properties. Preclinical and clinical trials, in which reovirus was used for the treatment of melanoma and glioblastoma, have paved the way for future clinical use of reovirus. However, little is known about how reovirus infection affects the tumor microenvironment and immune response towards infected tumor cells. Studies have shown that reovirus can directly stimulate natural killer (NK) cells, but how reovirus affects cellular ligands on tumor cells, which are ultimately key to tumor recognition and elimination by NK cells, has not been investigated. We tested how reovirus infection affects the binding of the NK Group-2 member D (NKG2D) receptor, which is a dominant mediator of NK cell anti-tumor activity. Using models of human-derived melanoma and glioblastoma tumors, we demonstrated that NKG2D ligands are downregulated in tumor cells post-reovirus-infection due to the impaired translation of these ligands in reovirus-infected cells. Moreover, we showed that downregulation of NKG2D ligands significantly impaired the binding of NKG2D to infected tumor cells. We further demonstrated that reduced recognition of NKG2D ligands significantly alters NK cell anti-tumor cytotoxicity in human primary NK cells and in the NK cell line NK-92. Thus, this study provides novel insights into reovirus-host interactions and could lead to the development of novel reovirus-based therapeutics that enhance the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Khaleafi
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sapir Cordela
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shani Drucker
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Siew ZY, Loh A, Segeran S, Leong PP, Voon K. Oncolytic Reoviruses: Can These Emerging Zoonotic Reoviruses Be Tamed and Utilized? DNA Cell Biol 2023. [PMID: 37015068 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthoreovirus is a nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus under the Reoviridae family. This group of viruses, especially mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), are reported with great therapeutic values due to their oncolytic effects. In this review, the life cycle and oncolytic effect of MRV and a few emerging reoviruses were summarized. This article also highlights the challenges and strategies of utilizing MRV and the emerging reoviruses, avian orthoreovirus (ARV) and pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), as oncolytic viruses (OVs). Besides, the emergence of potential ARV and PRV as OVs were discussed in comparison to MRV. Finally, the risk of reovirus as zoonosis or reverse zoonosis (zooanthroponosis) were debated, and concerns were raised in this article, which warrant continue surveillance of reovirus (MRV, ARV, and PRV) in animals, humans, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yun Siew
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Alson Loh
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharrada Segeran
- School of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Pooi Pooi Leong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti of Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Voon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Radiotherapy/Chemotherapy-Immunotherapy for Cancer Management: From Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:7530794. [PMID: 36778203 PMCID: PMC9911251 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7530794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has drawn much attention because it can restart the recognition and killing function of the immune system to normalize the antitumor immune response. However, the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment cannot be ignored. Due to cancer heterogeneity, combined therapy has become a new trend, and its efficacy has been confirmed in many studies. This review discussed the clinical implications and the underlying mechanisms of cancer immunotherapy in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, offering an outline for clinicians as well as inspiration for future research.
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Dong H, Li M, Yang C, Wei W, He X, Cheng G, Wang S. Combination therapy with oncolytic viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: an approach of complementary advantages. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:1. [PMID: 36604694 PMCID: PMC9814316 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas are the most common head and neck malignancies. Significant progress has been made in standard therapeutic methods combining surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the 5-year survival rate remains at 40-50%. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a new strategy for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Still, the overall response and effective rates are poor, as HNSCCs are 'cold' tumors with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), limiting ICI's beneficial effects. In this case, transforming the tumor suppression microenvironment before using ICIs could be helpful. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can transform cold tumors into hot tumors, improving the situation. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), oncolytic immunotherapy authorized for advanced melanoma, also showed good safety and antitumor activity in treating head and neck cancer and pancreatic cancer. In combination with pembrolizumab, T-Vec may have more anticancer efficacy than either drug alone. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underpinning OVs and their potential synergism with ICIs could benefit patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, 233030 China ,grid.417401.70000 0004 1798 6507Department of Stomatology, Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Mengli Li
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, 233030 China ,grid.417401.70000 0004 1798 6507Department of Stomatology, Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Chen Yang
- grid.417401.70000 0004 1798 6507Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Wei
- grid.506977.a0000 0004 1757 7957Postgraduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglei He
- grid.417401.70000 0004 1798 6507Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Gang Cheng
- grid.252957.e0000 0001 1484 5512Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, 233030 China ,grid.417401.70000 0004 1798 6507Department of Stomatology, Center for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
| | - Shibing Wang
- grid.417401.70000 0004 1798 6507Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014 Zhejiang China
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Schuelke MR, Gundelach JH, Coffey M, West E, Scott K, Johnson DR, Samson A, Melcher A, Vile RG, Bram RJ. Phase I trial of sargramostim/pelareorep therapy in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac085. [PMID: 35821679 PMCID: PMC9268737 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death for pediatric patients. Pelareorep, an immunomodulatory oncolytic reovirus, has intravenous efficacy in preclinical glioma models when preconditioned with GM-CSF (sargramostim). We report a phase I trial with the primary goal of evaluating the safety of sargramostim/pelareorep in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors and a secondary goal of characterizing immunologic responses. Methods The trial was open to pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors (3 + 3 cohort design). Each cycle included 3 days of subcutaneous sargramostim followed by 2 days of intravenous pelareorep. Laboratory studies and imaging were acquired upon recruitment and periodically thereafter. Results Six patients participated, including three glioblastoma, two diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, and one medulloblastoma. Two pelareorep dose levels of 3 × 108 and 5 × 108 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) were assessed. One patient experienced a dose limiting toxicity of persistent hyponatremia. Common low-grade (1 or 2) adverse events included transient fatigue, hypocalcemia, fever, flu-like symptoms, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. High-grade (3 or 4) adverse events included neutropenia, lymphopenia, leukopenia, hypophosphatemia, depressed level of consciousness, and confusion. All patients progressed on therapy after a median of 32.5 days and died a median of 108 days after recruitment. Imaging at progression did not show evidence of pseudoprogression or inflammation. Correlative assays revealed transient but consistent changes in immune cells across patients. Conclusions Sargramostim/pelareorep was administered to pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors. Hyponatremia was the only dose limiting toxicity (DLT), though maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Schuelke
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emma West
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen Scott
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Derek R Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adel Samson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- The Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Richard G Vile
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard J Bram
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Moaven O, W Mangieri C, A Stauffer J, Anastasiadis PZ, Borad MJ. Evolving Role of Oncolytic Virotherapy: Challenges and Prospects in Clinical Practice. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:PO.20.00395. [PMID: 34250386 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective oncotropism and cytolytic activity against tumors have made certain viruses subject to investigation as novel treatment modalities. However, monotherapy with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has shown limited success and modest clinical benefit. The capacity to genetically engineer OVs makes them a desirable platform to design complementary treatment modalities to overcome the existing treatment options' shortcomings. In recent years, our knowledge of interactions of the tumors with the immune system has expanded profoundly. There is a growing body of literature supporting immunomodulatory roles for OVs. The concept of bioengineering these platforms to induce the desired immune response and complement the current immunotherapeutic modalities to make immune-resistant tumors responsive to immunotherapy is under investigation in preclinical and early clinical trials. This review provides an overview of attempts to optimize oncolytic virotherapy as essential components of the multimodality anticancer therapeutic approach and discusses the challenges in translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeed Moaven
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Christopher W Mangieri
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John A Stauffer
- Section of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
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Zhang S, Rabkin SD. The discovery and development of oncolytic viruses: are they the future of cancer immunotherapy? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:391-410. [PMID: 33232188 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1850689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite diverse treatment modalities and novel therapies, many cancers and patients are not effectively treated. Cancer immunotherapy has recently achieved breakthrough status yet is not effective in all cancer types or patients and can generate serious adverse effects. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a promising new therapeutic modality that harnesses virus biology and host interactions to treat cancer. OVs, genetically engineered or natural, preferentially replicate in and kill cancer cells, sparing normal cells/tissues, and mediating anti-tumor immunity.Areas covered: This review focuses on OVs as cancer therapeutic agents from a historical perspective, especially strategies to boost their immunotherapeutic activities. OVs offer a multifaceted platform, whose activities are modulated based on the parental virus and genetic alterations. In addition to direct viral effects, many OVs can be armed with therapeutic transgenes to also act as gene therapy vectors, and/or combined with other drugs or therapies.Expert opinion: OVs are an amazingly versatile and malleable class of cancer therapies. They tend to target cellular and host physiology as opposed to specific genetic alterations, which potentially enables broad responsiveness. The biological complexity of OVs have hindered their translation; however, the recent approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) has invigorated the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Molecular Neurosurgery Laboratory and the Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Müller L, Berkeley R, Barr T, Ilett E, Errington-Mais F. Past, Present and Future of Oncolytic Reovirus. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3219. [PMID: 33142841 PMCID: PMC7693452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a "one size fits all" approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
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Babaei A, Soleimanjahi H, Soleimani M, Arefian E. The synergistic anticancer effects of ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608 on murine colorectal cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:555-565. [PMID: 32803686 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many types of oncolytic viruses (OVs) were enrolled in clinical trials. Recently, an OV named Talimogene laherparepvec approved for the treatment of melanoma. This achievement highlighted the clinical application of OVs. Scientists focus on using these anticancer agents in combination with the current or/and new anticancer chemotherapeutics. They aim to increase the oncolytic effect of a new approach for the treatment of cancer cells. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to assess the anticancer impacts of ReoT3D, irinotecan (CPT-11), and napabucasin (BBI608) against murine colorectal cancer cells (CT26). They are assessed alone and in combination with each other. METHODS Here, oncolytic reovirus was propagated and titrated. Then MTT assay was carried out to assess the toxicity of this OV and chemotherapeutics effect on CT26 cells. The anticancer effects of ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608, alone and simultaneously, on CT26 cell line, were assessed by the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, colony-forming, migration, and real-time PCR experiments. RESULTS Alone treatment with ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608 led to effectively inducing of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and apoptotic genes expression level and significantly reduce of colony-forming, migration, and anti-apoptotic genes expression rate. Importantly, the maximum anticancer effect against CT26 cell line was seen upon combination ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI608 treatment. CONCLUSION The present study highlights that combination of ReoT3D, CPT-11, and BBI560 showed synergistic anticancer activity against CT26 cell line. This modality might be considered as a new approach against colorectal cancer (CRC) in the in vivo and clinical trial investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoorieh Soleimanjahi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and cell therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Babaei A, Bannazadeh Baghi H, Nezhadi A, Jamalpoor Z. In Vitro Anti-cancer Activity of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Increased after Infection with Oncolytic Reovirus. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 11:361-370. [PMID: 33880359 PMCID: PMC8046384 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Reovirus type 3 Dearing (ReoT3D), a wild type oncolytic virus (OV) from the Reoviridae family, kills KRAS mutant cancer cells. However, the use of OVs has faced with some limitations such as immune responses, and delivery of OVs to the tumor sites in systemic therapy. To solve this, and also to increase the anti-cancer effects of these OVs, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might be used as an effective vehicle for OVs delivery. In this study, we examined the anti-cancer effects of human adipose derived-MSCs (AD-MSCs) as a vehicle of ReoT3D against human glioblastoma cells. Methods: Here, AD-MSCs were characterized and toxicity of ReoT3D on them was determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Then, capability of AD-MSCs for virus production was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and different in vitro anti-cancer experiments were applied for our anti-cancer purposes. Results: Our results from toxicity assay revealed that the isolated and provoked AD-MSCs were resistant to nontoxic concentration multiplicity of infection (MOI) >1 pfu/cells of ReoT3D. In addition, the results indicated that AD-MSCs were susceptible for virus life cycle complementation and were capable for production of virus progenies. Furthermore, our results showed that AD-MSCs had oncolysis effects and increased the anti-cancer effects of ReoT3D. Conclusion: AD-MSCs as a susceptible host for oncolytic reovirus could increase the anti-cancer activity of this OV against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Trauma Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akram Nezhadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jamalpoor
- Trauma Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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McLaughlin M, Pedersen M, Roulstone V, Bergerhoff KF, Smith HG, Whittock H, Kyula JN, Dillon MT, Pandha HS, Vile R, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. The PERK Inhibitor GSK2606414 Enhances Reovirus Infection in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma via an ATF4-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 16:238-249. [PMID: 32128359 PMCID: PMC7047134 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 Dearing (reovirus) is a tumor-selective oncolytic virus currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Here, we report that the therapeutic efficacy of reovirus in head and neck squamous cell cancer can be enhanced by targeting the unfolded protein response (UPR) kinase, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). PERK inhibition by GSK2606414 increased reovirus efficacy in both 2D and 3D models in vitro, while perturbing the normal host cell response to reovirus-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. UPR reporter constructs were used for live-cell 3D spheroid imaging. Profiling of eIF2a-ATF4, IRE1a-XBP1, and ATF6 pathway activity revealed a context-dependent increase in eIF2a-ATF4 signaling due to GSK2606414. GSK2606414 blocked eIF2a-ATF4 signaling because of the canonical ER stress agent thapsigargin. In the context of reovirus infection, GSK2606414 induced eIF2a-ATF4 signaling. Knockdown of eIF2a kinases PERK, GCN2, and PKR revealed eIF2a-ATF4 reporter activity was dependent on either PERK or GCN2. Knockdown of ATF4 abrogated the GSK2606414-induced increase in reovirus protein levels, confirming eIF2a-ATF signaling as key to the observed phenotype. Our work identifies a novel approach to enhance the efficacy and replication of reovirus in a therapeutic setting.
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Hromic-Jahjefendic A, Lundstrom K. Viral Vector-Based Melanoma Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E60. [PMID: 32187995 PMCID: PMC7148454 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy applications of oncolytic viruses represent an attractive alternative for cancer treatment. A broad range of oncolytic viruses, including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, alphaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, rhabdoviruses, reoviruses, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, picornaviruses and poxviruses, have been used in diverse preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various diseases, including colon, head-and-neck, prostate and breast cancer as well as squamous cell carcinoma and glioma. The majority of studies have focused on immunotherapy and several drugs based on viral vectors have been approved. However, gene therapy for malignant melanoma based on viral vectors has not been utilized to its full potential yet. This review represents a summary of the achievements of preclinical and clinical studies using viral vectors, with the focus on malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altijana Hromic-Jahjefendic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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14
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Gao H, Zhang X, Ding Y, Qiu R, Hong Y, Chen W. Synergistic Suppression Effect on Tumor Growth of Colorectal Cancer by Combining Radiotherapy With a TRAIL-Armed Oncolytic Adenovirus. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819853290. [PMID: 31138083 PMCID: PMC6542122 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819853290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of gene therapy and radiation is a promising new treatment for cancer. This study aimed to clarify the synergistic effect of targeted oncolytic adenovirus (radiotherapy-tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and radiotherapy on colorectal cancer cells and elucidate the mechanisms of the underlying antitumor activity. Viability, cell cycle status, and apoptosis of treated colorectal cancer cells were determined via MTT and flow cytometric assays. The molecular mechanism underlying apoptotic pathway activation was elucidated through Western blot analysis of caspase-8, caspase-3, and PARP proteins. Combination treatment with radiotherapy-tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and radiotherapy displayed significantly greater antitumor activity than either of the monotherapies. The primary mechanism behind the antitumor activity in the SW480 and Lovo colorectal cancer cell lines was apoptosis induction through the caspase pathway and G1 phase arrest. In an SW480 xenograft model of colorectal cancer, the combination therapy achieved a significantly greater reduction in tumor volume than the monotherapies. Overall, in this study, we demonstrate that the oncolytic radiotherapy-tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand construct can sensitize human colorectal cancer cells to radiation-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our findings point toward a novel synergistic approach to colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxiang Gao
- 1 Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- 2 Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Ding
- 3 Department of Intensive Care Unit, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Xiasha Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- 4 Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hangzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yupeng Hong
- 5 Departments of Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanyuan Chen
- 2 Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Igase M, Shibutani S, Kurogouchi Y, Fujiki N, Hwang CC, Coffey M, Noguchi S, Nemoto Y, Mizuno T. Combination Therapy with Reovirus and ATM Inhibitor Enhances Cell Death and Virus Replication in Canine Melanoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 15:49-59. [PMID: 31650025 PMCID: PMC6804779 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy using reovirus is a promising new anti-cancer treatment with potential for use in humans and dogs. Because reovirus monotherapy shows limited efficacy in human and canine cancer patients, the clinical development of a combination therapy is necessary. To identify candidate components of such a combination, we screened a 285-compound drug library for those that enhanced reovirus cytotoxicity in a canine melanoma cell line. Here, we show that exposure to an inhibitor of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) enhances the oncolytic potential of reovirus in five of six tested canine melanoma cell lines. Specifically, the ATM inhibitor potentiated reovirus replication in cancer cells along with promoting the lysosomal activity, resulting in an increased proportion of caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M compared to those observed with reovirus alone. Overall, our study suggests that the combination of reovirus and the ATM inhibitor may be an attractive option in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Igase
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shusaku Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurogouchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fujiki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Chung Chew Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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16
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Recombinant viruses with other anti-cancer therapeutics: a step towards advancement of oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:216-226. [PMID: 29735993 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer as a disease is a multifaceted foe which sometimes succumbs to the prescribed treatment and sometimes develops resistance against various therapies. Conventional cancer therapies suffer from many limitations, the least of which is their specificity and systemic side effects. In a majority of cases, acquired mutations render the cancer cells resistant to therapy and lower the prognostic outcome. In the constant effort to devise a therapeutic moiety which can comprehensively eliminate cancer cells, oncolytic viruses provide an attractive avenue as they selectively infect and lyse cancer cells sparing normal cells from their effects. Viruses can be engineered for their host specificity and toxicity as a promising anti-cancer tool. As it is essential to devise a strategy to address all targets involved in cancer development and progression, the idea of using oncolytic viruses with enhanced anti-cancer activity through arming with foreign genes gained merit and is showing promising advent in clinical studies. The use of oncolytic viruses as an agent of combination therapy for cancer treatment also gained much attention in the recent past. This review focuses on the emerging role of oncolytic viruses as vital components of anti-cancer regimen presenting a new dimension in an ever-changing cancer therapy scenario.
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17
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Sebio A, Wilky BA, Keedy VL, Jones RL. The current landscape of early drug development for patients with sarcoma in the immunotherapy era. Future Oncol 2018; 14:1197-1211. [PMID: 29699407 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the treatment paradigm of melanoma and other malignancies. Recently, trials of checkpoint inhibition in sarcomas have been far from outstanding, although specific sarcoma subtypes appear to benefit from these novel therapies. The next steps involve combining immune checkpoint inhibition with classic cancer therapies in order to increase immunogenicity and also potentially complex immunotherapy techniques such as adoptive cell therapy. Currently, numerous clinical trials are exploring different immunotherapies in the sarcomas. Herein, we describe some of the preclinical and clinical data that have laid the groundwork for the use of immunotherapies in sarcomas, as well as the current and future studies that could make immunotherapy a therapeutic option for patients with sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sebio
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Breelyn A Wilky
- Sarcoma Unit, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, 33136 FL, USA
| | - Vicki L Keedy
- Sarcoma Unit, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, 37232 TN, USA
| | - Robin L Jones
- Sarcoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JJ, UK.,Insititute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
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18
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Oncolytic vaccinia virus combined with radiotherapy induces apoptotic cell death in sarcoma cells by down-regulating the inhibitors of apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81208-81222. [PMID: 27783991 PMCID: PMC5348387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced extremity melanoma and sarcoma present a significant therapeutic challenge, requiring multimodality therapy to treat or even palliate disease. These aggressive tumours are relatively chemo-resistant, therefore new treatment approaches are urgently required. We have previously reported on the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy (OV) delivered by isolated limb perfusion. In this report, we have improved therapeutic outcomes by combining OV with radiotherapy. In vitro, the combination of oncolytic vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and radiotherapy demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity. This effect was not due to increased viral replication, but mediated through induction of intrinsic apoptosis. GLV-1h68 therapy downregulated the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins (MCL-1 and BCL-XL) and the downstream inhibitors of apoptosis, resulting in cleavage of effector caspases 3 and 7. In an in vivo ILP model, the combination of OV and radiotherapy significantly delayed tumour growth and prolonged survival compared to single agent therapy. These data suggest that the virally-mediated down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins may increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. Oncolytic virotherapy represents an exciting candidate for clinical development when delivered by ILP. Its ability to overcome anti-apoptotic signals within tumour cells points the way to further development in combination with conventional anti-cancer therapies.
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19
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Enhanced cytotoxicity of reovirus and radiotherapy in melanoma cells is mediated through increased viral replication and mitochondrial apoptotic signalling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48517-48532. [PMID: 27384486 PMCID: PMC5217035 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and replicate in cancer cells, providing us with a unique tool with which to target and kill tumour cells. These viruses come from a diverse range of viral families including reovirus type 3 Dearing (RT3D), a non-pathogenic human double-stranded RNA oncolytic virus, which has been shown to be an effective therapeutic agent, both as a mono-therapy and in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. This study investigated the interaction between RT3D and radiotherapy in melanoma cell lines with a BRAF mutant, Ras mutant or BRAF/Ras wild type genotype. The data indicates that RT3D combined with radiotherapy significantly increased cytotoxicity relative to either single agent, independent of genotype, both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity was dependent on an increase in viral replication, mediated by CUG2 up-regulation and subsequent down-regulation of pPKR and p-eIF2α, leading to the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signalling resulting in increased cell death.
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20
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Zhou J, Hao L, Shi Z, Ning S, He H, Zhao Y, Dong Y, Li Z, He J, Zang G, Han C. Stability analysis on the radioactive iodine-labelled prostate cancer-specific recombinant oncolytic adenovirus. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6403-6408. [PMID: 29109762 PMCID: PMC5661601 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to construct the 125I-replication-selective oncolytic adenovirus (RSOAds)-human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)/prostate specific antigen (PSA) nuclide-oncolytic virus marker by labelling the hTERT/PSA double-regulation replicative oncolytic adenovirus with 125I nuclide, and investigate the influence of viral markers under various reaction conditions on labelling efficiency. N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) was used as the oxidizer for 125I labelling, and the best conditions for labelling were identified through the reactions between oncolytic adenovirus at various concentrations and NBS. Dosage of 125I, reaction duration, pH values and reaction volume were respectively evaluated to determine their effects on the labelling efficiency of 125I-RSOAds-hTERT/PSA nuclide-oncolytic adenovirus markers. Purified nuclide-oncolytic adenovirus markers were isolated by gel-filtration chromatography; paper chromatography was performed to assay the radiochemical purity of 125I-RSOAds-hTERT/PSA markers at various time points. Radiochemical purity of 125I-RSOAds-hTERT/PSA was >95%, and could be maintained at 4°C for 7 days. The best reaction conditions were set as follows: 0.5 µl of 125I (~0.2 m Ci, 7.4 MBq); 25 qg of NBS; 100 µl of 8×109 VP/ml 125I-RSOAds-hTERT/PSA virus solution; 30 min of reaction duration; pH 7.5; 120 µl of PBS. Labelling hTERT/PSA double-regulation replicative oncolytic adenovirus with 125I was identified to be available, and the radiochemical purity of acquired virus markers could be maintained under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Zhou
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Zhenduo Shi
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Songyi Ning
- Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Houguang He
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Kunshan Ruike Research and Development of Medicine Co., Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Jiuxiang He
- Chongqing Western Biomedical Technology Co., Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Zang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou School of Clinical Medicine Affiliated to Xuzhou Medicine University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China.,Department of Urinary Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China.,Kunshan Ruike Research and Development of Medicine Co., Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
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21
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Oncolytic reovirus inhibits angiogenesis through induction of CXCL10/IP-10 and abrogation of HIF activity in soft tissue sarcomas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86769-86783. [PMID: 29156834 PMCID: PMC5689724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor-selective viral replication capacity and pro-apoptotic effects of oncolytic reovirus have been reported to be dependent on the presence of an activated RAS pathway in several solid tumor types. However, the mechanisms of selective anticancer efficacy of the reovirus-based formulation for cancer therapy (Reolysin, pelareorep) have not been rigorously studied in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Here we report that Reolysin triggered a striking induction of the anti-angiogenic chemokine interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10)/CXCL10 (CXC chemokine ligand 10) in both wild type and RAS mutant STS cells. Further analysis determined that Reolysin treatment possessed significant anti-angiogenic activity irrespective of RAS status. In addition to CXCL10 induction, Reolysin dramatically downregulated the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, HIF-2α and inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. CXCL10 antagonism significantly diminished the anti-angiogenic effects of Reolysin indicating that it is a key driver of this phenomenon. Xenograft studies demonstrated that Reolysin significantly improved the anticancer activity of the anti-angiogenic agents sunitinib, temsirolimus, and bevacizumab in a manner that was associated with increased CXCL10 levels. This effect was most pronounced following treatment with Reolysin in combination with temsirolimus. Further analysis in additional sarcoma xenograft models confirmed the significant increase in CXCL10 and increased anticancer activity of this combination. Our collective results demonstrate that Reolysin possesses CXCL10-driven anti-angiogenic activity in sarcoma models, which can be harnessed to enhance the anticancer activity of temsirolimus and other agents that target the tumor vasculature.
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22
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Jaime-Ramirez AC, Yu JG, Caserta E, Yoo JY, Zhang J, Lee TJ, Hofmeister C, Lee JH, Kumar B, Pan Q, Kumar P, Baiocchi R, Teknos T, Pichiorri F, Kaur B, Old M. Reolysin and Histone Deacetylase Inhibition in the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2017; 5:87-96. [PMID: 28812060 PMCID: PMC5440762 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as powerful anti-cancer agents and are currently being tested for their safety and efficacy in patients. Reovirus (Reolysin), a naturally occurring non-pathogenic, double-stranded RNA virus, has natural oncolytic activity and is being tested in phase I-III clinical trials in a variety of tumor types. With its recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) orphan drug designation for several tumor types, Reolysin is a potential therapeutic agent for various cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), which have a 5-year survival of ∼55%. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) comprise a structurally diverse class of compounds with targeted anti-cancer effects. The first FDA-approved HDACi, vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA]), is currently being tested in patients with head and neck cancer. Recent findings indicate that HDAC inhibition in myeloma cells results in the upregulation of the Reolysin entry receptor, junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM-1), facilitating reovirus infection and tumor cell killing both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we tested the anti-tumor efficacy of HDAC inhibitors AR-42 or SAHA in conjunction with Reolysin in HNSCCs. While HDAC inhibition increased JAM-1 and reovirus entry, the impact of this combination therapy was tested on the development of anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun-Ge Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Enrico Caserta
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ji Young Yoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Biomedical Informatics Department, Center for Biostatistics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tae Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Craig Hofmeister
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John H. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Bhavna Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Quintin Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert Baiocchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Theodoros Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Old
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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23
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Zhang T, Suryawanshi YR, Woyczesczyk HM, Essani K. Targeting Melanoma with Cancer-Killing Viruses. Open Virol J 2017; 11:28-47. [PMID: 28567163 PMCID: PMC5420172 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer with ever-increasing incidence. Despite the development in diagnostics and therapies, metastatic melanoma is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a class of novel therapeutic agents for cancer by possessing two closely related properties for tumor reduction: virus-induced lysis of tumor cells and induction of host anti-tumor immune responses. A variety of viruses, either in "natural" or in genetically modified forms, have exhibited a remarkable therapeutic efficacy in regressing melanoma in experimental and/or clinical studies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of these viruses, which involve manipulating and targeting the abnormalities of melanoma, and can be categorized as enhancing viral tropism, targeting the tumor microenvironment and increasing the innate and adaptive antitumor responses. Additionally, this review describes the "biomarkers" and deregulated pathways of melanoma that are responsible for melanoma initiation, progression and metastasis. Advances in understanding these abnormalities of melanoma have resulted in effective targeted and immuno-therapies, and could potentially be applied for engineering OVs with enhanced oncolytic activity in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Yogesh R. Suryawanshi
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Helene M. Woyczesczyk
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
| | - Karim Essani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, U.S.A
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24
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Ahn DH, Bekaii-Saab T. The Continued Promise and Many Disappointments of Oncolytic Virotherapy in Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E10. [PMID: 28536353 PMCID: PMC5423495 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy represents a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Oncolytic viruses, including genetically engineered and naturally occurring viruses, can selectively replicate in and induce tumor cell apoptosis without harming normal tissues, thus offering a promising tool in the armamentarium for cancer therapy. While this approach has garnered much interest over the past several decades, there has not been significant headway across various tumor types. The recent approval of talimogene laherparepvec, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type-1, for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, confirms the therapeutic potential of oncolytic viral therapy. Herein, we will highlight and review the role of oncolytic viral therapy in gastrointestinal malignancies while discussing its limitations and potential alternative mechanisms to improve its treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Ahn
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
| | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA.
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25
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Lange R, ter Heine R, van Wieringen WN, Tromp AM, Paap M, Bloemendal HJ, de Klerk JMH, Hendrikse NH, Geldof AA. Cytotoxic Effects of the Therapeutic Radionuclide Rhenium-188 Combined with Taxanes in Human Prostate Carcinoma Cell Lines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2017; 32:16-23. [PMID: 28118029 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rhenium-188-HEDP is an effective radiopharmaceutical for the treatment of painful bone metastases from prostate cancer. The effectiveness of the β-radiation emitted by 188Re might be enhanced by combination with chemotherapy, using the radiosensitization concept. Therefore, the authors investigated the combined treatment of the taxanes, docetaxel and cabazitaxel, with 188Re in prostate carcinoma cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The cytotoxic effects of single and combined treatment with taxanes and 188Re were investigated in three human prostate carcinoma cell lines (PC-3, DU 145, and LNCaP), using the colony-forming assay. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of all individual agents was determined. The combined treatment was studied at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 times the EC50 of each agent. The interaction was investigated with a regression model. RESULTS The survival curves showed dose-dependent cell growth inhibition for both the taxanes and 188Re. The regression model showed a good capability of explaining the data. It proved additivity in all combination experiments and confirmed a general trend to a slight subadditive effect. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-mechanism study exploring radiosensitization by combining 188Re and taxanes showed no synergism, but significant additivity. This encourages the design of in vivo studies. Future research should explore the potential added value of concomitant treatment of bone metastases with chemotherapy and 188Re-HEDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Lange
- 1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Meander Medical Center , Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Rob ter Heine
- 2 Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen
| | - Wessel N van Wieringen
- 3 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,4 Department of Mathematics, VU University , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrienne M Tromp
- 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mayke Paap
- 5 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Haiko J Bloemendal
- 6 Department of Internal Medicine/Medical Oncology, Meander Medical Center , Amersfoort, The Netherlands .,7 Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John M H de Klerk
- 8 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Meander Medical Center , Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- 9 Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,10 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A Geldof
- 11 Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands .,12 Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhang C, Xu B, Liu P. Addition of the p110α inhibitor BYL719 overcomes targeted therapy resistance in cells from Her2-positive-PTEN-loss breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14831-14839. [PMID: 27639383 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death for women worldwide. Among various subtypes of breast cancer, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss breast cancer is a cause of great concern in terms of its resistance to HER2-targeted therapies and its poor prognosis. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT hyperphosphorylation is considered one of key mechanisms leading to this resistance, thus combination therapy of PI3K inhibitors and HER2 antibodies is promising for overcoming this problem, and more specific regimens should be designed in this age of precision medicine. In this study, we established an HER2-positive and PTEN loss cell line and confirmed it by western blot analysis. This cell line and its orthotopic xenograft models were exposed to p110α-specific inhibitor BYL719, p110β-specific inhibitor AZD6482, or pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120, respectively, and the results showed sensitivity to both BYL719 and BKM120 but not AZD6482, which indicated a p110α-reliance for HER2-positive-PTEN-loss breast cancer. Then, the addition of BYL719 to HER2 antibody greatly reduced tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by inhibited PI3K effector phosphorylation. Therefore, our findings suggest that the combination of p110α-selective inhibitor BYL719 with HER2 antibody could be a potential strategy for more personalized treatment of HER2-posistive-PTEN-loss breast cancer; and in addition, the optimal schedule of this combination therapy needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bingfei Xu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pian Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Zhao X, Chester C, Rajasekaran N, He Z, Kohrt HE. Strategic Combinations: The Future of Oncolytic Virotherapy with Reovirus. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:767-73. [PMID: 27197256 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dominant cancer treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and even targeted kinase inhibitors and mAbs are limited by low efficacy, toxicity, and treatment-resistant tumor subclones. Oncolytic viral therapy offers a novel therapeutic strategy that has the potential to dramatically improve clinical outcomes. Reovirus, a double-stranded benign human RNA virus, is a leading candidate for therapeutic development and currently in phase III trials. Reovirus selectively targets transformed cells with activated Ras signaling pathways; Ras genes are some of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancer and it is estimated that at least 30% of all human tumors exhibit aberrant Ras signaling. By targeting Ras-activated cells, reovirus can directly lyse cancer cells, disrupt tumor immunosuppressive mechanisms, reestablish multicellular immune surveillance, and generate robust antitumor responses. Reovirus therapy is currently being tested in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgery. In this review, we discuss the current successes of these combinatorial therapeutic strategies and emphasize the importance of prioritizing combination oncolytic viral therapy as reovirus-based treatments progress in clinical development. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 767-73. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Cariad Chester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | | | - ZhiXu He
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Research Center, Department of Immunology, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China.
| | - Holbrook E Kohrt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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Gong J, Sachdev E, Mita AC, Mita MM. Clinical development of reovirus for cancer therapy: An oncolytic virus with immune-mediated antitumor activity. World J Methodol 2016; 6:25-42. [PMID: 27019795 PMCID: PMC4804250 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v6.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is a double-stranded RNA virus with demonstrated oncolysis or preferential replication in cancer cells. The oncolytic properties of reovirus appear to be dependent, in part, on activated Ras signaling. In addition, Ras-transformation promotes reovirus oncolysis by affecting several steps of the viral life cycle. Reovirus-mediated immune responses can present barriers to tumor targeting, serve protective functions against reovirus systemic toxicity, and contribute to therapeutic efficacy through antitumor immune-mediated effects via innate and adaptive responses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the broad anticancer activity of wild-type, unmodified type 3 Dearing strain reovirus (Reolysin®) across a spectrum of malignancies. The development of reovirus as an anticancer agent and available clinical data reported from 22 clinical trials will be reviewed.
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29
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Jia L, Xu J, Zhao X, Shen S, Zhou T, Xu Z, Zhu T, Chen R, Ma T, Xie J, Dong K, Huang J. Synthesis, characterization, and antitumor activity of three ternary dinuclear copper (II) complexes with a reduced Schiff base ligand and diimine coligands in vitro and in vivo. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 159:107-19. [PMID: 26974885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Three ternary copper (II) complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 2) and dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz, 3), with the formulation [Cu2(NCL)2(H4PASP)]·4.5H2O (1-3) (where NCL=the diimine coligand, H4PASP=N,N'-(p-xylylene)di-2-aminosuccinic acid), were isolated and characterized. The binding of these complexes with calf thymus DNA was studied using UV-visible absorption titration, emission, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, among other methods. The changes in physicochemical properties that occurred upon binding of these complexes with DNA indicate that binding occurs primarily through intercalative interactions. Human tumor cell lines HeLa, PC3, and HepG2 were treated with the copper(II) complexes in vitro and cell survival rate was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and crystal violet survival assay. Flow cytometry was performed on treated cells labeled with AnnexinV/Propidium Iodide staining to determine rates of apoptosis. Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of the apoptotic markers p53, Bax, and Bcl-2. The complexes reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in cells of human tumor cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, using a nude mouse xenograft model, we found that the three ternary copper (II) complexes inhibited human tumor cell growth in vivo. In conclusion, these novel synthetic copper complexes have profound antitumor effects on human tumor cells and are promising therapeutic agents for human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaolei Zhao
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| | - Zhouqing Xu
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China.
| | - Taofeng Zhu
- The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Ruhua Chen
- The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tieliang Ma
- The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Dong
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| | - Jiancui Huang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
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Evidence for Oncolytic Virotherapy: Where Have We Got to and Where Are We Going? Viruses 2015; 7:6291-312. [PMID: 26633468 PMCID: PMC4690862 DOI: 10.3390/v7122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have seen an increased interest in immunotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease. In particular, there has been significant enthusiasm for oncolytic virotherapy, with a large amount of pre-clinical data showing promise in animal models in a wide range of tumour types. How do we move forward into the clinical setting and translate something which has such potential into meaningful clinical outcomes? Here, we review how the field of oncolytic virotherapy has developed thus far and what the future may hold.
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Roulstone V, Pedersen M, Kyula J, Mansfield D, Khan AA, McEntee G, Wilkinson M, Karapanagiotou E, Coffey M, Marais R, Jebar A, Errington-Mais F, Melcher A, Vile R, Pandha H, McLaughlin M, Harrington KJ. BRAF- and MEK-Targeted Small Molecule Inhibitors Exert Enhanced Antimelanoma Effects in Combination With Oncolytic Reovirus Through ER Stress. Mol Ther 2015; 23:931-942. [PMID: 25619724 PMCID: PMC4427871 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (RT3D) infection is selective for cells harboring a mutated/activated RAS pathway. Therefore, in a panel of melanoma cell lines (including RAS mutant, BRAF mutant and RAS/BRAF wild-type), we assessed therapeutic combinations that enhance/suppress ERK1/2 signaling through use of BRAF/MEK inhibitors. In RAS mutant cells, the combination of RT3D with the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 (paradoxically increasing ERK1/2 signaling in this context) did not enhance reoviral cytotoxicity. Instead, and somewhat surprisingly, RT3D and BRAF inhibition led to enhanced cell kill in BRAF mutated cell lines. Likewise, ERK1/2 inhibition, using the MEK inhibitor PD184352, in combination with RT3D resulted in enhanced cell kill in the entire panel. Interestingly, TCID50 assays showed that BRAF and MEK inhibitors did not affect viral replication. Instead, enhanced efficacy was mediated through ER stress-induced apoptosis, induced by the combination of ERK1/2 inhibition and reovirus infection. In vivo, combined treatments of RT3D and PLX4720 showed significantly increased activity in BRAF mutant tumors in both immune-deficient and immune-competent models. These data provide a strong rationale for clinical translation of strategies in which RT3D is combined with BRAF inhibitors (in BRAF mutant melanoma) and/or MEK inhibitors (in BRAF and RAS mutant melanoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Mansfield
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aadil A Khan
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Grainne McEntee
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech. Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Adel Jebar
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Alan Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Cooper T, Biron VL, Fast D, Tam R, Carey T, Shmulevitz M, Seikaly H. Oncolytic activity of reovirus in HPV positive and negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 44:8. [PMID: 25890191 PMCID: PMC4348167 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-015-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of patients with advanced stages of head and neck cancer requires a multidisciplinary and multimodality treatment approach which includes a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. These toxic treatment protocols have significantly improved survival outcomes in a distinct population of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated oropharyngeal cancer. HPV negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains a challenge to treat because there is only a modest improvement in survival with the present treatment regimens, requiring innovative and new treatment approaches. Oncolytic viruses used as low toxicity adjunct cancer therapies are novel, potentially effective treatments for HNSCC. One such oncolytic virus is Respiratory Orphan Enteric virus or reovirus. Susceptibility of HNSCC cells towards reovirus infection and reovirus-induced cell death has been previously demonstrated but has not been compared in HPV positive and negative HNSCC cell lines. OBJECTIVES To compare the infectivity and oncolytic activity of reovirus in HPV positive and negative HNSCC cell lines. METHODS Seven HNSCC cell lines were infected with serial dilutions of reovirus. Two cell lines (UM-SCC-47 and UM-SCC-104) were positive for type 16 HPV. Infectivity was measured using a cell-based ELISA assay 18 h after infection. Oncolytic activity was determined using an alamar blue viability assay 96 h after infection. Non-linear regression models were used to calculate the amounts of virus required to infect and to cause cell death in 50% of a given cell line (EC50). EC50 values were compared. RESULTS HPV negative cells were more susceptible to viral infection and oncolysis compared to HPV positive cell lines. EC50 for infectivity at 18 h ranged from multiplicity of infection (MOI) values (PFU/cell) of 18.6 (SCC-9) to 3133 (UM-SCC 104). EC50 for cell death at 96 h ranged from a MOI (PFU/cell) of 1.02×10(2) (UM-SCC-14A) to 3.19×10(8) (UM-SCC-47). There was a 3×10(6) fold difference between the least susceptible cell line (UM-SCC-47) and the most susceptible line (UM-SCC 14A) EC50 for cell death at 96 h. CONCLUSIONS HPV negative HNSCC cell lines appear to demonstrate greater reovirus infectivity and virus-mediated oncolysis compared to HPV positive HNSCC. Reovirus shows promise as a novel therapy in HNSCC, and may be of particular benefit in HPV negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cooper
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4 University of Alberta Hospital, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Center, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Vincent L Biron
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4 University of Alberta Hospital, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Center, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - David Fast
- Faculty of Science 1-001 CCIS, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Raymond Tam
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2J2 WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada.
| | - Thomas Carey
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, 5311B Med Sci I, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5616, USA.
| | - Maya Shmulevitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, 6-142 J Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Hadi Seikaly
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, 1E4 University of Alberta Hospital, 1E4 Walter Mackenzie Center, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
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Maitra R, Seetharam R, Tesfa L, Augustine TA, Klampfer L, Coffey MC, Mariadason JM, Goel S. Oncolytic reovirus preferentially induces apoptosis in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells, and synergizes with irinotecan. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2807-19. [PMID: 24798549 PMCID: PMC4058046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is a double stranded RNA virus, with an intrinsic preference for replication in KRAS mutant cells. As 45% of human colorectal cancers (CRC) harbor KRAS mutations, we sought to investigate its efficacy in KRAS mutant CRC cells, and examine its impact in combination with the topoisimerase-1 inhibitor, irinotecan. Reovirus efficacy was examined in the KRAS mutant HCT116, and the isogenic KRAS WT Hke3 cell line, and in the non-malignant rat intestinal epithelial cell line. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. Combination treatment with reovirus and irintoecan was investigated in 15 CRC cell lines, including the HCT116 p21 isogenic cell lines. Reovirus preferentially induced apoptosis in KRAS mutant HCT116 cells compared to its isogenic KRAS WT derivative, and in KRAS mutant IEC cells. Reovirus showed a greater degree of caspase 3 activation with PARP 1 cleavage, and preferential inhibition of p21 protein expression in KRAS mutant cells. Reovirus synergistically induced growth inhibition when combined with irinotecan. This synergy was lost upon p21 gene knock out. Reovirus preferentially induces apoptosis in KRAS mutant colon cancer cells. Reovirus and irinotecan combination therapy is synergistic, p21 mediated, and represents a novel potential treatment for patients with CRC.
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancer or Iressa (gefitinib) for non-small cell lung cancer among others are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Since the malignant phenotype of tumors is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in genes eventually leading to aberrant signaling pathways, oncolytic viruses either natural or engineered specifically target tumor cells taking advantage of this abnormal cellular signaling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA virus that exploits altered signaling pathways (including Ras) in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumors under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions has been well documented previously by us and others. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis with autophagy taking place during this process in certain cancers. In addition, the synergistic antitumor effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy have also been demonstrated for reovirus resistant and moderately sensitive tumors. Recent progress in our understanding of viral immunology in the tumor microenvironment has diverted interest in exploring immunologic mechanisms to overcome resistance exhibited by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. Thus, currently several investigations are focusing on immune potentiating of reovirus for maximal tumor targeting. This chapter therefore has concentrated on immunologic cell death induction with reovirus as a novel approach to cancer therapy used under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as in a clinical setting. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing that are highlighted in this chapter.
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35
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Pencavel TD, Wilkinson MJ, Mansfield DC, Khan AA, Seth R, Karapanagiotou EM, Roulstone V, Aguilar RJ, Chen NG, Szalay AA, Hayes AJ, Harrington KJ. Isolated limb perfusion with melphalan, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and oncolytic vaccinia virus improves tumour targeting and prolongs survival in a rat model of advanced extremity sarcoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:965-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim D. Pencavel
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research; London United Kingdom
- Department of Academic Surgery; Sarcoma/Melanoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J. Wilkinson
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research; London United Kingdom
- Department of Academic Surgery; Sarcoma/Melanoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London United Kingdom
| | - David C. Mansfield
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research; London United Kingdom
| | - Aadil A. Khan
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research; London United Kingdom
| | - Rohit Seth
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research; London United Kingdom
| | | | - Victoria Roulstone
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research; London United Kingdom
| | | | - Nanhai G. Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center; San Diego CA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rebecca and John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California; San Diego CA
| | - Aladar A. Szalay
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center; San Diego CA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rebecca and John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of California; San Diego CA
- Department of Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine; University of Würzberg; Am Hubland Germany
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology; University of Würzberg; Am Hubland Germany
| | - Andrew J. Hayes
- Department of Academic Surgery; Sarcoma/Melanoma Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research; London United Kingdom
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36
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Kyula JN, Khan AA, Wilkinson MJ, Mansfield D, Harrington KJ. Radiation lays down covering fire for viral shock troops. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1329-30. [PMID: 23912566 PMCID: PMC3824524 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joan N Kyula
- Department of cancer biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London
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Clements D, Helson E, Gujar SA, Lee PW. Reovirus in cancer therapy: an evidence-based review. Oncolytic Virother 2014; 3:69-82. [PMID: 27512664 PMCID: PMC4918368 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s51321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus, a double-stranded ribonucleic acid virus and benign human pathogen, preferentially infects and kills cancer cells in its unmodified form, and is one of the leading oncolytic viruses currently undergoing clinical trials internationally. With 32 clinical trials completed or ongoing thus far, reovirus has demonstrated clinical therapeutic applicability against a multitude of cancers, including but not limited to breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, malignant gliomas, advanced head and neck cancers, and metastatic ovarian cancers. Phase I trials have demonstrated that reovirus is safe to use via both intralesional/intratumoral and systemic routes of administration, with the most common adverse reactions being grade I/II toxicities, such as flu-like illness (fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever/chills, dizziness), diarrhea, and lymphopenia. In subsequent Phase II trials, reovirus administration was demonstrated to successfully decrease tumor size and promote tumor necrosis, thereby complementing compelling preclinical evidence of tumor destruction by the virus. Importantly, reovirus has been shown to be effective as a monotherapy, as well as in combination with other anticancer options, including radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, such as gemcitabine, docetaxel, paclitaxel, and carboplatin. Of note, the first Phase III clinical trial using reovirus in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin for the treatment of head and neck cancers is under way. Based on the evidence from clinical trials, we comprehensively review the use of reovirus as an anticancer agent, acknowledge key obstacles, and suggest future directions to ultimately potentiate the efficacy of reovirus oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Clements
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erin Helson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Patrick Wk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Khan ML, Halfdanarson TR, Borad MJ. Immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer. Future Oncol 2014; 10:1255-75. [PMID: 24947264 DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an aggressive disease with dismal outcomes despite recent advances using combination chemotherapeutic regimens. The lack of an adequate immune response to malignant cells has been identified as a factor associated with tumor aggressiveness and refractoriness to systemic treatment. Preclinical and early clinical studies have identified numerous immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies aimed towards amplifying the immune reaction to pancreatic cancer and have established encouraging results. Promising antitumor efficacy has been observed both in vitro and in vivo with many of these approaches. These novel applications have also led to improved understanding of the process of pancreatic tumor growth and invasion, knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and have pioneered further investigations of similar therapies. Here we review both immunotherapeutic and oncolytic viral therapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan L Khan
- Mayo Clinic Arizona Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, 13400 E Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Dai MH, Liu SL, Chen NG, Zhang TP, You L, Q Zhang F, Chou TC, Szalay AA, Fong Y, Zhao YP. Oncolytic vaccinia virus in combination with radiation shows synergistic antitumor efficacy in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 344:282-90. [PMID: 24321381 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Combining oncolytic viruses with conventional therapy such as radiation is an innovative option for pancreatic cancer. We demonstrated that combination of GLV-1h151 and radiation yielded a synergistic cytotoxic effect, with the greatest effect achieved in the AsPC-1cell line. Combination treatment significantly increased apoptosis compared with either single treatment or the control group. In mice bearing human pancreatic tumor xenografts, combination treatment resulted in significantly enhanced inhibition of tumor growth. No evidence of toxicity was observed in mice. These results indicate that the combination of GLV-1h151 and radiation has great potential for translation into clinic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Dai
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - S L Liu
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - N G Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - T P Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - L You
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - F Q Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - T C Chou
- Department of Preclinical Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - A A Szalay
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Y Fong
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Y P Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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40
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Sampath P, Thorne SH. Arming viruses in multi-mechanistic oncolytic viral therapy: current research and future developments, with emphasis on poxviruses. Oncolytic Virother 2013; 3:1-9. [PMID: 27512659 PMCID: PMC4918358 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s36703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of oncolytic virology has made great strides in recent years. However, one key finding has been that the use of viral agents that replicate selectively in tumors is usually insufficient to achieve anything beyond small and transient responses. Instead, like most cancer therapies, oncolytic viruses are most effective in combination with other therapies, which is where they have proven therapeutic effects in clinical and preclinical studies. In cases of some of the smaller RNA viruses, effects can only be achieved through combination regimens with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted conventional therapies. However, larger DNA viruses are able to express one or more transgenes; thus, therapeutic mechanisms can be built into the viral vector itself. The incorporated approaches into arming oncolytic viruses through transgene expression will be the main focus of this review, including use of immune activators, prodrug converting enzymes, anti-angiogenic factors, and targeting of the stroma. This will focus on poxviruses as model systems with large cloning capacities, which have routinely been used as transgene expression vectors in different settings, including vaccine and oncolytic viral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Sampath
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steve H Thorne
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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41
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Jennings VA, Ilett EJ, Scott KJ, West EJ, Vile R, Pandha H, Harrington K, Young A, Hall GD, Coffey M, Selby P, Errington-Mais F, Melcher AA. Lymphokine-activated killer and dendritic cell carriage enhances oncolytic reovirus therapy for ovarian cancer by overcoming antibody neutralization in ascites. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1091-101. [PMID: 23982804 PMCID: PMC4321045 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reovirus is an oncolytic virus (OV), which acts by both direct tumor cell killing and priming of antitumor immunity. A major obstacle for effective oncolytic virotherapy is effective delivery of OV to tumor cells. Ovarian cancer is often confined to the peritoneal cavity and therefore i.p. delivery of reovirus may provide the ideal locoregional delivery, avoiding systemic dissemination. However, ovarian cancer is associated with an accumulation of ascitic fluid, which may interfere with oncolytic viral therapy. Here, we investigated the effect of ascites on reovirus-induced oncolysis against primary ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer cell lines. In the absence of ascites, reovirus was cytotoxic against ovarian cancer cells; however, cytotoxicity was abrogated in the presence of ascitic fluid. Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were identified as the cause of this inhibition. Loading OV onto cell carriers may facilitate virus delivery in the presence of NAb and immune cells which have their own antitumor effector activity are particularly appealing. Immature dendritic cells (iDC), Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and LAKDC cocultures were tested as potential carriers for reovirus for tumor cell killing and immune cell priming. Reovirus-loaded LAKDC, and to a lesser degree iDC, were able to: (i) protect from NAb and hand-off reovirus for tumor cell killing; (ii) induce a proinflammatory cytokine milieu (IFNɣ, IL-12, IFNα and TNFα) and (iii) generate an innate and specific antitumor adaptive immune response. Hence, LAKDC pulsed with reovirus represent a novel, clinically practical treatment for ovarian cancer to maximise both direct and innate/adaptive immune-mediated tumor cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Jennings
- Targeted & Biological Therapies Group, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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42
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Buckel L, Advani SJ, Frentzen A, Zhang Q, Yu YA, Chen NG, Ehrig K, Stritzker J, Mundt AJ, Szalay AA. Combination of fractionated irradiation with anti-VEGF expressing vaccinia virus therapy enhances tumor control by simultaneous radiosensitization of tumor associated endothelium. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2989-99. [PMID: 23729266 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are currently in clinical trials for a variety of tumors, including high grade gliomas. A characteristic feature of high grade gliomas is their high vascularity and treatment approaches targeting tumor endothelium are under investigation, including bevacizumab. The aim of this study was to improve oncolytic viral therapy by combining it with ionizing radiation and to radiosensitize tumor vasculature through a viral encoded anti-angiogenic payload. Here, we show how vaccinia virus-mediated expression of a single-chain antibody targeting VEGF resulted in radiosensitization of the tumor-associated vasculature. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that purified vaccinia virus encoded antibody targeting VEGF reversed VEGF-induced radioresistance specifically in endothelial cells but not tumor cells. In a subcutaneous model of U-87 glioma, systemically administered oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing anti-VEGF antibody (GLV-1h164) in combination with fractionated irradiation resulted in enhanced tumor growth inhibition when compared to nonanti-VEGF expressing oncolytic virus (GLV-1h68) and irradiation. Irradiation of tumor xenografts resulted in an increase in VACV replication of both GLV-1h68 and GLV-1h164. However, GLV-1h164 in combination with irradiation resulted in a drastic decrease in intratumoral VEGF levels and tumor vessel numbers in comparison to GLV-1h68 and irradiation. These findings demonstrate the incorporation of an oncolytic virus expressing an anti-VEGF antibody (GLV-1h164) into a fractionated radiation scheme to target tumor cells by enhanced VACV replication in irradiated tumors as well as to radiosensitize tumor endothelium which results in enhanced efficacy of combination therapy of human glioma xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Buckel
- Department of Biochemistry, Rudolph Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany; Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA
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Carew JS, Espitia CM, Zhao W, Kelly KR, Coffey M, Freeman JW, Nawrocki ST. Reolysin is a novel reovirus-based agent that induces endoplasmic reticular stress-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e728. [PMID: 23868061 PMCID: PMC3730429 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutation of KRas is a genetic alteration that occurs in the majority of pancreatic tumors and is therefore an ideal therapeutic target. The ability of reoviruses to preferentially replicate and induce cell death in transformed cells that express activated Ras prompted the development of a reovirus-based formulation for cancer therapy called Reolysin. We hypothesized that Reolysin exposure would trigger heavy production of viral products leading to endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis. Here, we report that Reolysin treatment stimulated selective reovirus replication and decreased cell viability in KRas-transformed immortalized human pancreatic duct epithelial cells and pancreatic cancer cell lines. These effects were associated with increased expression of ER stress-related genes, ER swelling, cleavage of caspase-4, and splicing of XBP-1. Treatment with ER stress stimuli including tunicamycin, brefeldin A, and bortezomib (BZ) augmented the anticancer activity of Reolysin. Cotreatment with BZ and Reolysin induced the simultaneous accumulation of ubiquitinated and viral proteins, resulting in enhanced levels of ER stress and apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic cancer. Our collective results demonstrate that the abnormal protein accumulation induced by the combination of Reolysin and BZ promotes heightened ER stress and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells and provides the rationale for a phase I clinical trial further investigating the safety and efficacy of this novel strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Carew
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Institute for Drug Development, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Molecularly targeted agents as radiosensitizers in cancer therapy--focus on prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14800-32. [PMID: 23863691 PMCID: PMC3742274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As our understanding of the molecular pathways driving tumorigenesis improves and more druggable targets are identified, we have witnessed a concomitant increase in the development and production of novel molecularly targeted agents. Radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of various malignancies with a prominent role in the care of prostate cancer patients, and efforts to improve the therapeutic ratio of radiation by technologic and pharmacologic means have led to important advances in cancer care. One promising approach is to combine molecularly targeted systemic agents with radiotherapy to improve tumor response rates and likelihood of durable control. This review first explores the limitations of preclinical studies as well as barriers to successful implementation of clinical trials with radiosensitizers. Special considerations related to and recommendations for the design of preclinical studies and clinical trials involving molecularly targeted agents combined with radiotherapy are provided. We then apply these concepts by reviewing a representative set of targeted therapies that show promise as radiosensitizers in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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45
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Roulstone V, Twigger K, Zaidi S, Pencavel T, Kyula JN, White C, McLaughlin M, Seth R, Karapanagiotou EM, Mansfield D, Coffey M, Nuovo G, Vile RG, Pandha HS, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. Synergistic cytotoxicity of oncolytic reovirus in combination with cisplatin-paclitaxel doublet chemotherapy. Gene Ther 2013; 20:521-8. [PMID: 22895509 PMCID: PMC4821071 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic reovirus is currently under active investigation in a range of tumour types. Early phase studies have shown that this agent has modest monotherapy efficacy and its future development is likely to focus on combination regimens with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Indeed, phase I/II clinical trials have confirmed that reovirus can be safely combined with cytotoxic drugs, including a platin-taxane doublet regimen, which is currently being tested in a phase III clinical trial in patients with relapsed/metastatic head and neck cancer. Therefore, we have tested this triple (reovirus, cisplatin, paclitaxel) combination therapy in a panel of four head and neck cancer cell lines. Using the combination index (CI) method, the triple therapy demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro in both malignant and non-malignant cell lines. In head and neck cancer cell lines, this was associated with enhanced caspase 3 and 7 cleavage, but no increase in viral replication. In vitro analyses confirmed colocalisation of markers of reovirus infection and caspase 3. Triple therapy was significantly more effective than reovirus or cisplatin-paclitaxel in athymic nude mice. These data suggest that the combination of reovirus plus platin-taxane doublet chemotherapy has significant activity in head and neck cancer and underpin the current phase III study in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Roulstone
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - K Twigger
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - S Zaidi
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - T Pencavel
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - JN Kyula
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - C White
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - M McLaughlin
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - R Seth
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - EM Karapanagiotou
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - D Mansfield
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - M Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Nuovo
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - RG Vile
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - HS Pandha
- Postgraduate Medical School, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - AA Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - KJ Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
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Synergistic cytotoxicity of radiation and oncolytic Lister strain vaccinia in (V600D/E)BRAF mutant melanoma depends on JNK and TNF-α signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:1700-12. [PMID: 23624923 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that carries an extremely poor prognosis when local invasion, nodal spread or systemic metastasis has occurred. Recent advances in melanoma biology have revealed that RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling has a pivotal role in governing disease progression and treatment resistance. Proof-of-concept clinical studies have shown that direct BRAF inhibition yields impressive responses in advanced disease but these are short-lived as treatment resistance rapidly emerges. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new targeted strategies for BRAF mutant melanoma. As such, oncolytic viruses represent a promising cancer-specific approach with significant activity in melanoma. This study investigated interactions between genetically-modified vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and radiotherapy in melanoma cell lines with BRAF mutant, Ras mutant or wild-type genotype. Preclinical studies revealed that GLV-1h68 combined with radiotherapy significantly increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis relative to either single agent in (V600D)BRAF/(V600E)BRAF mutant melanoma in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity with GLV-1h68/radiation (RT) was independent of viral replication and due to attenuation of JNK, p38 and ERK MAPK phosphorylation specifically in BRAF mutant cells. Further studies showed that JNK pathway inhibition sensitized BRAF mutant cells to GLV-1h68-mediated cell death, mimicking the effect of RT. GLV-1h68 infection activated MAPK signaling in (V600D)BRAF/(V600E)BRAF mutant cell lines and this was associated with TNF-α secretion which, in turn, provided a prosurvival signal. Combination GLV-1h68/RT (or GLV-1h68/JNK inhibition) caused abrogation of TNF-α secretion. These data provide a strong rationale for combining GLV-1h68 with irradiation in (V600D/E)BRAF mutant tumors.
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Kyula JN, Roulstone V, Karapanagiotou EM, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. Oncolytic reovirus type 3 (Dearing) as a novel therapy in head and neck cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 12:1669-78. [PMID: 23140488 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.745507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Locally advanced head and neck cancer carries a poor prognosis, even with standard combination (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) treatment regimens. There is a pressing need for novel therapies with activity against this tumour type. Oncolytic reovirus type 3 (Dearing) is preferentially cytotoxic in tumour cells with an activated Ras signalling pathway and represents a promising novel therapy with relevance in head and neck cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the pre-clinical and clinical data that have underpinned the translational development of oncolytic reovirus thus far. In particular, we describe the iterative nature of the research programme through initial studies testing single-agent reovirus therapy and on to subsequent work in which reovirus has been combined with either radiotherapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy. We will trace the process by which oncolytic reovirus has reached Phase III evaluation in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel in patients with platin-refractory, relapsed/metastatic head and neck cancer. EXPERT OPINION Reovirus is a self-amplifying, cancer-selective agent that offers huge potential advantages over standard chemotherapy, targeted small molecules or monoclonal antibodies. However, it is most likely that reovirus will show efficacy and be approved in combination with standard modalities (cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy) or other targeted agents, especially those that modulate signal transduction pathways. The next 5 years are critical for the development of oncolytic reovirus as an anti-cancer therapy and hinge on the ongoing Phase III trial in head and neck cancer and other Phase II programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan N Kyula
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Targeted Therapy Team, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
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Foulds GA, Radons J, Kreuzer M, Multhoff G, Pockley AG. Influence of tumors on protective anti-tumor immunity and the effects of irradiation. Front Oncol 2013; 3:14. [PMID: 23378947 PMCID: PMC3561630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity plays important roles in the development and progression of cancer and it is becoming apparent that tumors can influence the induction of potentially protective responses in a number of ways. The prevalence of immunoregulatory T cell populations in the circulation and tumors of patients with cancer is increased and the presence of these cells appears to present a major barrier to the induction of tumor immunity. One aspect of tumor-mediated immunoregulation which has received comparatively little attention is that which is directed toward natural killer (NK) cells, although evidence that the phenotype and function of NK cell populations are modified in patients with cancer is accumulating. Although the precise mechanisms underlying these localized and systemic immunoregulatory effects remain unclear, tumor-derived factors appear, in part at least, to be involved. The effects could be manifested by an altered function and/or via an influence on the migratory properties of individual cell subsets. A better insight into endogenous immunoregulatory mechanisms and the capacity of tumors to modify the phenotype and function of innate and adaptive immune cells might assist the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches and improve the management of patients with cancer. This article reviews current knowledge relating to the influence of tumors on protective anti-tumor immunity and considers the potential influence that radiation-induced effects might have on the prevalence, phenotype, and function of innate and adaptive immune cells in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma A Foulds
- Department of Oncology, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK ; Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany
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Activation of p53 by chemotherapeutic agents enhances reovirus oncolysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54006. [PMID: 23342061 PMCID: PMC3546971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian reovirus is a benign virus that possesses the natural ability to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells (reovirus oncolysis). Reovirus exploits aberrant Ras signalling in many human cancers to promote its own replication and spread. In vitro and in vivo studies using reovirus either singly or in combination with anti-cancer drugs have shown very encouraging results. Presently, a number of reovirus combination therapies are undergoing clinical trials for a variety of cancers. Previously we showed that accumulation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by Nutlin-3a (a specific p53 stabilizer) enhanced reovirus-induced apoptosis, and resulted in significantly higher levels of reovirus dissemination. In this study, we examined the role of p53 in combination therapies involving reovirus and chemotherapeutic drugs. We showed that sub-lethal concentrations of traditional chemotherapy drugs actinomycin D or etoposide, but not doxorubicin, enhanced reovirus-induced apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, NF-κB activation and expression of p53-target genes (p21 and bax) were important for the p53-dependent enhancement of cell death. Our results show that p53 status affects the efficacy of combination therapy involving reovirus. Choosing the right combination partner for reovirus and a low dosage of the drug may help to both enhance reovirus-induced cancer elimination and reduce drug toxicity.
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50
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Sahin E, Egger ME, McMasters KM, Zhou HS. Development of Oncolytic Reovirus for Cancer Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2013.46127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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