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Xie M, Wang F, Chen B, Wu Z, Chen C, Xu J. Systematic pan-cancer analysis identifies SLC35C1 as an immunological and prognostic biomarker. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5331. [PMID: 37005450 PMCID: PMC10067962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GDP-amylose transporter protein 1 (SLC35C1) plays an important role in many types of cancer. Therefore, it is clinically important to further investigate the expression profile of SLC35C1 in human tumors to provide new molecular clues for the pathogenesis of glioma. In this study, we performed a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of SLC35C1 using a series of bioinformatics approaches and validated its differential tissue expression and biological function. The results showed that SLC35C1 was aberrantly expressed in different types of tumors and significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free interval (PFI). More importantly, the expression level of SLC35C1 was closely correlated with Tumor Microenvironment (TME), immune infiltration and immune-related genes. In addition, we found that SLC35C1 expression was also closely related to Tumor Mutation Burden (TMB), Microsatellite Instability (MSI) and antitumor drug sensitivity in various cancer types. Functional bioinformatics analysis indicated that SLC35C1 may be involved in multiple signaling pathways and biological processes in glioma. Based on SLC35C1 expression, a risk factor model was found to predict OS of glioma. In addition, in vitro experiments showed that SLC35C1 knockdown significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasive ability of glioma cells, while SLC35C1 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation of glioma cells. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that SLC35C1 was highly expressed in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road No. 16, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fuxu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road No. 16, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road No. 16, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zeyu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road No. 16, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ci Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road No. 16, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road No. 16, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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Mao B, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhao DS, Zhao P, Yan P. Overview of Research into mTOR Inhibitors. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165295. [PMID: 36014530 PMCID: PMC9413691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. The kinase exists in the forms of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, and it participates in cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. The kinase activity is closely related to the occurrence and development of multiple human diseases. Inhibitors of mTOR block critical pathways to produce antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and other effects, and they have been applied to research in cancer, inflammation, central nervous system diseases and viral infections. Existing mTOR inhibitors are commonly divided into mTOR allosteric inhibitors, ATP-competitive inhibitors and dual binding site inhibitors, according to their sites of action. In addition, there exist several dual-target mTOR inhibitors that target PI3K, histone deacetylases (HDAC) or ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad-3 related (ATR) kinases. This review focuses on the structure of mTOR protein and related signaling pathways as well as the structure and characteristics of various mTOR inhibitors. Non-rapalog allosteric inhibitors will open new directions for the development of new therapeutics specifically targeting mTORC1. The applications of ATP-competitive inhibitors in central nervous system diseases, viral infections and inflammation have laid the foundation for expanding the indications of mTOR inhibitors. Both dual-binding site inhibitors and dual-target inhibitors are beneficial in overcoming mTOR inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Li Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
| | - Peizheng Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (P.Z.); (P.Y.)
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Yang X, Ding Y, Sun L, Shi M, Zhang P, He A, Zhang X, Huang Z, Li R. WASF2 Serves as a Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer: A Pan-Cancer Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:840038. [PMID: 35359421 PMCID: PMC8964075 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.840038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family member 2 (WASF2) has been shown to play an important role in many types of cancer. Therefore, it is worthwhile to further study expression profile of WASF2 in human cancer, which provides new molecular clues about the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Methods We used a series of bioinformatics methods to comprehensively analyze the relationship between WASF2 and prognosis, tumor microenvironment (TME), immune infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and tried to find the potential biological processes of WASF2 in ovarian cancer. Biological behaviors of ovarian cancer cells were investigated through CCK8 assay, scratch test and transwell assay. We also compared WASF2 expression between epithelial ovarian cancer tissues and normal ovarian tissues by using immunohistochemical staining. Results In the present study, we found that WASF2 was abnormally expressed across the diverse cancer and significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free interval (PFI). More importantly, the WASF2 expression level also significantly related to the TME. Our results also showed that the expression of WASF2 was closely related to immune infiltration and immune-related genes. In addition, WASF2 expression was associated with TMB, MSI, and antitumor drugs sensitivity across various cancer types. Functional bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the WASF2 might be involved in several signaling pathways and biological processes of ovarian cancer. A risk factor model was found to be predictive for OS in ovarian cancer based on the expression of WASF2. Moreover, in vitro experiments, it was demonstrated that the proliferative, migratory and invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells was significantly inhibited due to WASF2 knockdown. Finally, the immunohistochemistry data confirmed that WASF2 were highly expressed in ovarian cancer. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that WASF2 expression was associated with a poor prognosis and may be involved in the development of ovarian cancer, which might be explored as a potential prognostic marker and new targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhen Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiting Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andong He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengrui Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiman Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruiman Li,
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Gao L, Feng Y, Ge C, Xu X, Wang S, Li X, Zhang K, Wang C, Dai F, Xie S. Identification of molecular anti-metastasis mechanisms of lycorine in colorectal cancer by RNA-seq analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153530. [PMID: 33761445 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Metastasis is the major cause of death in patients with CRC. Lycorine, the phenanthridine alkaloid most commonly found in spp of the Amaryllidaceae family, has shown promising anticancer activities with minor side effects. However, the effects and the detailed mechanism of lycorine against metastasis of CRC remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lycorine on CRC and characterize the molecular mechanisms observed in lycorine-treated CRC cells using RNA-sequencing. MTT assay, colony formation assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining and Annexin V-FITC/Propidium iodide (PI) staining were conducted to examine the effects of lycorine on cell proliferation and apoptosis in CRC cells. RNA sequencing, real-time PCR assays and western blot were performed. Migration and invasion abilities of lycorine-treated CRC cells were investigated by wound healing and transwell invasion assays. The mouse CRC lung metastasis model was established and was used to detect the effect of lycorine on CRC in vivo. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that lycorine inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of CRC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. AO/EB staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed that lycorine induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Lycorine also reduced lung metastasis of CRC in vivo. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis suggested that lycorine regulated the expression of 3556 genes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway was implicated according to the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and multiple pathways including those of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), relaxin, Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) and Wnt/β-catenin were selected by functional enrichment analyses. Furthermore, based on transcriptomic analysis, we found that the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress were responsible for lycorine-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These results obtained in this study demonstrated that lycorine has the potential to suppress CRC in vitro and in vivo through the lycorine-regulated multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Yongli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Chaochao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Senzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Xinna Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Kemeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Fujun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China; School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
| | - Songqiang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China.
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Ding L, Ren C, Yang L, Wu Z, Li F, Jiang D, Zhu Y, Lu J. OSU-03012 Disrupts Akt Signaling and Prevents Endometrial Carcinoma Progression in vitro and in vivo. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:1797-1810. [PMID: 33958857 PMCID: PMC8096345 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s304128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose OSU-03012 is a celecoxib derivative lacking cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activity and a potent PDK1 inhibitor which has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in various ways. However, the role of OSU-03012 in endometrial carcinoma (EC) in which the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway highly activated has not been studied. Here, we determined the potency of OSU-03012 in suppressing EC progression in vitro and in vivo, and studied the underlined mechanisms. Methods The human EC Ishikawa and HEC-1A cells were used as the in vitro models. CCK8 assay and flow cytometry were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. The metastatic ability was evaluated using the transwell migration assay. The Ishikawa xenograft tumor model was used to study the inhibitory effects of OSU-03012 on EC growth in vivo. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate expressions of the cell cycle and apoptosis associated proteins. Results OSU-03012 could inhibit the progression of EC both in vitro and in vivo by disrupting Akt signaling. It reduced the metastatic ability of EC, led to G2/M cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Conclusion Our data indicated that OSU-03012 could inhibit the progression of EC in vitro and in vivo. It can potentially be used as the targeted drug for the treatment of EC by inhibiting Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimeng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhang Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Liu C. Upregulated hsa_circRNA_100269 inhibits the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer through inactivating PI3K/Akt axis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250603. [PMID: 33901239 PMCID: PMC8075232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of GC involves the complex networking of multiple signaling pathways; however, the detailed mechanisms of tumorigenesis of GC remains largely unknown. Therefore, it is necessary to explore novel diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for GC. In this study, the levels of hsa_circRNA_100269 in gastric cancer (GC) samples and cells were examined, and its effects on the biological functions of GC cells were elucidated. The levels of hsa_circRNA_100269 in specimens/cell lines were examined using RT-qPCR. Cell models with hsa_circRNA_100269 overexpression or knockdown were generated using lentiviral vectors. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay; cell migratory/invasive activity was evaluated using wound healing/Transwell assay. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry; expression of associated markers involved in cell apoptosis, EMT and the PI3K/Akt signaling were determined by RT-qPCR/immunoblotting. In vivo study was also performed using hsa_circRNA_100269 knockout mice. Our findings revealed downregulation of hsa_circRNA_100269 in GC tissues compared to non-cancerous control. Additionally, the levels of PI3K were remarkably elevated in GC tissues, where hsa_circRNA_100269 and PI3K was negatively correlated. Moreover, the expression of hsa_circRNA_100269 was associated with histology grade and occurrence of metastasis in GC patients. In addition, hsa_circRNA_100269 was downregulated in GC cells compared to normal gastric epithelial cells. Overexpressed hsa_circRNA_100269 notably inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of GC cells, whereas cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase was promoted and cell apoptosis was enhanced. Moreover, the PI3K/Akt signaling was involved in hsa_circRNA_100269-regulated GC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT and apoptosis. Knockdown of hsa_circRNA_100269 also remarkably induced tumor growth in mouse model. In summary, our findings indicated that the levels of hsa_circRNA_100269 were reduced in GC. Furthermore, hsa_circRNA_100269 could suppress the development of GC by inactivating the PI3K/Akt pathway. More importantly, hsa_circRNA_100269/PI3K/Akt axis may be a novel therapeutic candidate for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Zhou SN, Pan WT, Pan MX, Luo QY, Zhang L, Lin JZ, Zhao YJ, Yan XL, Yuan LP, Zhang YX, Yang DJ, Qiu MZ. Comparison of Immune Microenvironment Between Colon and Liver Metastatic Tissue in Colon Cancer Patients with Liver Metastasis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:474-482. [PMID: 32193860 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver metastasis is an indicator of unfavorable responses to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer patients. However, the difference of immune microenvironment between primary tumors and liver metastases has not been well understood. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-four colon cancer with liver metastasis patients who received resection of both primary and metastasis lesions have been analyzed. The immune score is based on the density of infiltrating immune cells (CD3+ cell, CD8+ cell, CD11b+ cell, CD11c+ cell, and CD33+ cell) in the center and margin of the tumor. The expression of immune markers between the primary tumor and hepatic metastases was analyzed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. RESULTS All the five markers had higher expression in tumor margins than center tumor in both primary tumor and hepatic metastases lesions. The expression of CD11c and CD11b had no difference between metastatic lesions and primary tumor. In tumor margins, except CD11b, all the other 4 markers expressed significantly higher in hepatic metastases than in primary tumor. Intra-tumor, CD3 had higher expression in primary tumor than in hepatic metastases, while CD33 had higher expression in hepatic metastases than in primary tumor. CD8+ CD3+ cells of the total CD8+ cell population in primary tumor was significantly higher than in hepatic metastases (36.42% vs. 24.88%, p = 0.0069). CONCLUSIONS The immune microenvironment between primary tumor and hepatic metastasis is different. More immunosuppressing cells in liver may partially explain why immunotherapy in colon cancer is less effective with liver metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Na Zhou
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Wen-Tao Pan
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Meng-Xian Pan
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Luo
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jun-Zhong Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Yan
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Lu-Ping Yuan
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Da-Jun Yang
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Miao-Zhen Qiu
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer existing across the globe. It begins with the formation of polyps leading to the development of metastasis, especially in advanced stage patients, who necessitate intensive chemotherapy that usually results in a poor response and high morbidity owing to multidrug resistance and severe untoward effects to the non-cancerous cells. Advancements in the targeted drug delivery permit the targeting of tumor cells without affecting the non-tumor cells. Various nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, micelles, and nanogels, etc. are being developed and explored for effective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the target site thereby enhancing the drug distribution and bioavailability, simultaneously subduing the side effects. Moreover, immunotherapy for CRC is being explored for last few decades. Few clinical trials have even potentially benefited patients suffering from CRC, still immunotherapy persists merely an experimental alternative. Assessment of the ongoing and completed trials is to be warranted for effective treatment of CRC. Scientists are paying efforts to develop novel carrier systems that may enhance the targeting potential of low therapeutic index chemo- and immune-therapeutics. Several preclinical studies have revealed the superior efficacy of nanotherapy in CRC as compared to conventional approaches. Clinical trials are being recruited to ascertain the safety and efficacy of CRC therapies. The present review discourses in a nutshell the molecular interventions including the genetics, signaling pathways involved in CRC, and advances in various strategies explored for the treatment of CRC with a special emphasis on nanocarriers based drug targeting.
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Kamal Y, Schmit SL, Frost HR, Amos CI. The tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer metastases: opportunities in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:1083-1100. [PMID: 32787587 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
About a fifth of individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC) present with disease metastasis at the time of diagnosis. While the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in governing CRC progression is undeniable, the role of the TME in either establishing or suppressing the formation of distant metastases of CRC is less well established. Despite advances in immunotherapy, many individuals with metastatic CRC do not respond to standard-of-care therapy. Therefore, understanding the role of the TME in establishing distant metastases is essential for developing new immunological agents. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the TME of CRC metastases, describe differences between the TME of primary tumors and their distant metastases, and discuss advances in the design and combinations of immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Kamal
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Stephanie L Schmit
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hildreth Robert Frost
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Pei XD, Yao HL, Shen LQ, Yang Y, Lu L, Xiao JS, Wang XY, He ZL, Jiang LH. α-Cyperone inhibits the proliferation of human cervical cancer HeLa cells via ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173355. [PMID: 32687921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth leading killer of female cancer patients worldwide. Each year more than half a million women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and the disease results in over 300, 000 deaths. α-Cyperone is known as the principal active ingredient in the Cyperus rotundus (Family: Cyperaceae). However, the effects of α-Cyperone on cancers, especially on cervical cancer, are yet to be explored. In the present study, the underlying mechanism of the anti-tumor activity of α-Cyperone against HeLa cells was investigated. The results showed that α-Cyperone inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Mechanistically, α-Cyperone promoted HeLa cells apoptosis via a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which was proved by increased level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated expression of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3, PARP, and Bax. Further RNA-sequencing revealed α-Cyperone inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in HeLa cells, which confirmed by PI3K inhibitor and agonist. The PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) synergized with α-Cyperone in arresting the growth of HeLa cells, whereas the PI3K agonist (IGF-1) abrogated such an effect. Interestingly, the expression of PD-L1 was attenuated by both α-Cyperone and LY294002, while the supplement of IGF-1 rescued the low expression of PD-L1. In conclusion, our results reveal that the inhibitory effect of α-Cyperone on HeLa cell growth is triggered via the ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and closely related to a decline in the PD-L1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Drug Synthesis and Evaluation Center, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Li-Qun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, 530006, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541000, PR China
| | - Lan Lu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, 610106, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jun-Song Xiao
- Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University-BTBU, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhi-Long He
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China
| | - Li-He Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, PR China; College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China; Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China; School of Basic Medical Science, YouJiang Medical University for Nationaties, No. 98 Chengxiang Road, Baise, Guangxi, 533000, PR China.
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11
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Zhang LX, Chen RL, Liao XY, You X, Gao FG. Ex vivo IL-15 replenishment augments bone marrow precursor cell-mediated adaptive immunity via PI3K-Akt pathway. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:177-188. [PMID: 32293057 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma0220-337rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that PI3K-Akt activity contributes to the superior immune function of IL-15-administrated bone marrow precursor cells (BMPC). Our previous studies revealed that PI3K-Akt play vital role in dendritic cells (DCs) cross-presentation and DC-based CTL priming. Despite the fact that IL-15 serves multiple functions in its therapeutic potential for the induction and maintenance of T cell response, the exact role of PI3K-Akt in IL-15 increased adaptive immunity is still poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ex vivo IL-15 administration increased BMPC capability of antigen uptake and the expression of costimulatory molecules (such as CD80 and 4-1BB(CD137) ligand [4-1BBL]) and MHC class I molecule via PI3K-Akt pathway. Importantly, PI3K-Akt activity was not only necessary for IL-15 augmented BMPC cross-presentation and CTL priming, but also facilitated IL-15 increased therapeutic potential of the cytolytic capacity and maintenance of BMPC-activated T cells. Thus, these data suggested that PI3K-Akt activity contribute to the superior immune function of IL-15-administrated BMPC and thereby might be therapeutic potential for adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ling Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yan Liao
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang You
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Department of Basic Medicine Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shang Hai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhu Y, Zhong Y, Long X, Zhu Z, Zhou Y, Ye H, Zeng X, Zheng X. Deoxyshikonin isolated from Arnebia euchroma inhibits colorectal cancer by down-regulating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:412-423. [PMID: 31230505 PMCID: PMC6600065 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1626447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Context: Shikonins, a series of natural occurring naphthoquinones extracted from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Jonst. (Boraginaceae), have antitumor activities and low toxicity. Objective: To illuminate potential activity and mechanism of shikonins against colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and methods: Five shikonins were isolated from A. euchroma, and elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Anti-proliferative activities of shikonins (0-100 μg/mL) on human colorectal cells were evaluated by MTT and CCK-8 for 24 or 48 h. Cell apoptosis and cycle distribution were examined by FCM analysis. The expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway mRNAs and proteins was analysed by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cell viability, cell apoptosis, cell cycle and protein expression were measured, when co-treated with PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors. The in vivo activity of deoxyshikonin was evaluated using xenograft tumour model. Results: Deoxyshikonin and another four shikonins were isolated and identified. Deoxyshikonin exhibited anti-proliferative activity with IC50 of 10.97 μM against HT29 cells. Moreover, the percentage of early apoptotic cells and G0/G1 cells increased from 1 to 29% and 44 to 67% with 0-50 μg/mL deoxyshikonin, respectively. Deoxyshikonin also down-regulated the expression of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt308 and mTOR proteins in HT29 and DLD-1 cells. Moreover, LY294002, NVP-BEZ235 and MK-2206 can make deoxyshikonin more cell proliferation inhibited, cell cycle arrested at G0/G1 and apoptosis promoted. In vivo study, the weight of tumour tissues at deoxyshikonin groups was significantly reduced compared with the control group, and PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt308 and mTOR expression was decreased. Discussion and conclusions: We can conclude that deoxyshikonin isolated from Arnebia euchroma inhibited CRC through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Analysis Center of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xun Long
- The Third People’s Hospital of Bijie, Bijie, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hua Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
- Xiaobin Zeng Center Lab of Longhua Branch, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, 2nd Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province518120, China
| | - Xuebao Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Xuebao Zheng Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province524023, China
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13
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Jiang S, Good D, Wei MQ. Vaccinations for Colorectal Cancer: Progress, Strategies, and Novel Adjuvants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143403. [PMID: 31373300 PMCID: PMC6678766 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer is a leading cause of death, significant breakthroughs have been made in its treatment in recent years. In particular, increasingly effective cancer vaccines are being developed, including some for colorectal cancer. There are also currently a variety of compounds that can act as adjuvants, such as signalling molecules called cytokines. Other adjuvants target and inhibit the specific mechanisms by which cancers evade the immune system. One of them is a galectin inhibitor, which targets galectins—proteins produced by cancer cells that can cause the death of immune cells. Likewise, immune checkpoint inhibitors affect immune checkpoints—natural host proteins that usually control inflammation but can be exploited by cancers to weaken the body’s defences. Equally, regulatory T cells may contribute to the progression of cancer by inhibiting the functions of other T cells. The main advantages of cancer vaccines include their low toxicity and their ability to strengthen the immune system. Nevertheless, significant limitations include their slow effects and their inability to treat cancer at times due to immunosuppression. Ultimately, ongoing trials provide hope for the development of more effective methods of immunotherapeutic inoculation that can target a greater variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Jiang
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - David Good
- School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, QLD 4014, Australia
| | - Ming Q Wei
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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14
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Wan Z, Chai R, Yuan H, Chen B, Dong Q, Zheng B, Mou X, Pan W, Tu Y, Yang Q, Tu S, Hu X. MEIS2 promotes cell migration and invasion in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:213-223. [PMID: 31115559 PMCID: PMC6549210 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of malignancy worldwide. Distant metastasis is a key cause of CRC-associated mortality. MEIS2 has been identified to be dysregulated in several types of human cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulatory role of MEIS2 in CRC metastasis remain largely unknown. For the first time, the present study demonstrated that MEIS2 serves a role as a promoter of metastasis in CRC. In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that knockdown of MEIS2 significantly suppressed CRC migration, invasion and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, microarray and bioinformatics analyses were performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of MEIS2 in the regulation of CRC metastasis. Additionally, it was identified that a high expression of MEIS2 was significantly associated with a shorter overall survival time for patients with CRC. The present study demonstrated that MEIS2 may serve as a novel biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Wan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Bingchen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Quanjin Dong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Boan Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Tu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Academy of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Shiliang Tu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xinye Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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15
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Dandelion polysaccharides exert anticancer effect on Hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and enhancing immune response. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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