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Ghannad-Zadeh K, Das S. One-Carbon Metabolism Associated Vulnerabilities in Glioblastoma: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3067. [PMID: 34205450 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma tumours are the most malignant and common type of central nervous system tumours. Despite aggressive treatment measures, disease recurrence in patients with glioblastoma is inevitable and survival rates remain low. Glioblastoma cells, like other cancer cells, can leverage metabolic pathways to increase their rate of proliferation, maintain self-renewal, and develop treatment resistance. Furthermore, many of the metabolic strategies employed by cancer cells are similar to those employed by stem cells in order to maintain self-renewal and proliferation. One-carbon metabolism and de novo purine synthesis are metabolic pathways that are essential for biosynthesis of macromolecules and have been found to be essential for tumourigenesis. In this review, we summarize the evidence showing the significance of 1-C-mediated de novo purine synthesis in glioblastoma cell proliferation and tumourigenesis, as well as evidence suggesting the effectiveness of targeting this metabolic pathway as a therapeutic modality. Abstract Altered cell metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cell biology, and the adaptive metabolic strategies of cancer cells have been of recent interest to many groups. Metabolic reprogramming has been identified as a critical step in glial cell transformation, and the use of antimetabolites against glioblastoma has been investigated. One-carbon (1-C) metabolism and its associated biosynthetic pathways, particularly purine nucleotide synthesis, are critical for rapid proliferation and are altered in many cancers. Purine metabolism has also been identified as essential for glioma tumourigenesis. Additionally, alterations of 1-C-mediated purine synthesis have been identified as commonly present in brain tumour initiating cells (BTICs) and could serve as a phenotypic marker of cells responsible for tumour recurrence. Further research is required to elucidate mechanisms through which metabolic vulnerabilities may arise in BTICs and potential ways to therapeutically target these metabolic processes. This review aims to summarize the role of 1-C metabolism-associated vulnerabilities in glioblastoma tumourigenesis and progression and investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway in conjunction with other treatment strategies.
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Pierro J, Saliba J, Narang S, Sethia G, Saint Fleur-Lominy S, Chowdhury A, Qualls A, Fay H, Kilberg HL, Moriyama T, Fuller TJ, Teachey DT, Schmiegelow K, Yang JJ, Loh ML, Brown PA, Zhang J, Ma X, Tsirigos A, Evensen NA, Carroll WL. The NSD2 p.E1099K Mutation Is Enriched at Relapse and Confers Drug Resistance in a Cell Context-Dependent Manner in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1153-1165. [PMID: 32332049 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The NSD2 p.E1099K (EK) mutation is observed in 10% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) samples with enrichment at relapse indicating a role in clonal evolution and drug resistance. To discover mechanisms that mediate clonal expansion, we engineered B-precursor ALL (B-ALL) cell lines (Reh, 697) to overexpress wildtype (WT) and EK NSD2, but observed no differences in proliferation, clonal growth, or chemosensitivity. To address whether NSD2 EK acts collaboratively with other pathways, we used short hairpin RNAs to knockdown expression of NSD2 in B-ALL cell lines heterozygous for NSD2 EK (RS4;11, RCH-ACV, SEM). Knockdown resulted in decreased proliferation in all lines, decreased clonal growth in RCH-ACV, and increased sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, although the pattern of drug sensitivity varied among cell lines implying that the oncogenic properties of NSD2 mutations are likely cell context specific and rely on cooperative pathways. Knockdown of both Type II and REIIBP EK isoforms had a greater impact than knockdown of Type II alone, suggesting that both SET containing EK isoforms contribute to phenotypic changes driving relapse. Furthermore, in vivo models using both cell lines and patient samples revealed dramatically enhanced proliferation of NSD2 EK compared with WT and reduced sensitivity to 6-mercaptopurine in the relapse sample relative to diagnosis. Finally, EK-mediated changes in chromatin state and transcriptional output differed dramatically among cell lines further supporting a cell context-specific role of NSD2 EK. These results demonstrate a unique role of NSD2 EK in mediating clonal fitness through pleiotropic mechanisms dependent on the genetic and epigenetic landscape. IMPLICATIONS: NSD2 EK mutation leads to drug resistance and a clonal advantage in childhood B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pierro
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Jason Saliba
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Sonali Narang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Gunjan Sethia
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Shella Saint Fleur-Lominy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.,Division of Medical Hematology/Oncology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Ashfiyah Chowdhury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Anita Qualls
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Hannah Fay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Harrison L Kilberg
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Takaya Moriyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tori J Fuller
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David T Teachey
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital and The Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Patrick A Brown
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Nikki A Evensen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - William L Carroll
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York. .,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is an appreciated hallmark of cancer and a target for therapeutic intervention. Cellular metabolism involves a series of oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions that yield the energy and biomass required for tumor growth. Cells require diverse molecular species with constituent sulfur atoms to facilitate these processes. For humans, this sulfur is derived from the dietary consumption of the proteinogenic amino acids cysteine and methionine, as only lower organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and plants) can synthesize them de novo. In addition to providing the sulfur required to sustain redox chemistry, the metabolism of these sulfur-containing amino acids yield intermediate metabolites that constitute the cellular antioxidant system, mediate inter- and intracellular signaling, and facilitate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression, all of which contribute to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Ward
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Cancer Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.
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Coulthard SA, McGarrity S, Sahota K, Berry P, Redfern CPF. Three Faces of Mercaptopurine Cytotoxicity In Vitro: Methylation, Nucleotide Homeostasis, and Deoxythioguanosine in DNA. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1191-1199. [PMID: 29884651 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercaptopurine (MP) is a cytotoxic thiopurine important for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. MP and other thiopurine drugs undergo extensive intracellular metabolism, but the mechanisms of action are poorly characterized. In particular, it is unknown how different metabolites contribute to cytotoxicity and incorporation of thiopurine bases into DNA. The aim of this study was to ask whether cytotoxicity results from the incorporation of thioguanosine nucleotides into DNA, an alternative thiopurine metabolite, or a combination of factors. Therefore, we measured the cytotoxicity, metabolism, and incorporation of thioguanosine into DNA in response to MP or MP metabolites. Thiopurine metabolites varied in cytotoxicity, with methyl-thioinosine-mono-phosphate and thioguanosine-tri-phosphate the most toxic, and the methyl-thioguanosine nucleotides the least. We show, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, how different metabolites may perturb biochemical pathways, particularly disrupting guanosine nucleotide homeostasis, that may contribute to the mechanism of action of thiopurines. Although there was no correlation between metabolite cytotoxicity and the levels of 6-methylthioinosine-mono-phosphate or thioguanosine incorporation into DNA as individual factors, a combined analysis suggested that these factors together had a major influence on cytotoxicity. This study emphasizes the importance of enzymes of nucleotide homeostasis, methylation, and demethylation in thiopurine effects. These results will facilitate the development of dynamic biochemical models of thiopurine biochemistry that will improve our understanding of mechanisms of action in relevant target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Coulthard
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGarrity
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kalvin Sahota
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Berry
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P F Redfern
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Xie W, Schlücker S. Rationally designed multifunctional plasmonic nanostructures for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: a review. Rep Prog Phys 2014; 77:116502. [PMID: 25373417 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/11/116502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rationally designed multifunctional plasmonic nanostructures efficiently integrate two or more functionalities into a single entity, for example, with both plasmonic and catalytic activity. This review article is focused on their synthesis and use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a molecular spectroscopic technique with high sensitivity, fingerprint specificity, and surface selectivity. After a short tutorial on the fundamentals of Raman scattering and SERS in particular, applications ranging from chemistry (heterogeneous catalysis) to biology and medicine (diagnostics/imaging, therapy) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45141 Essen, Germany
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Abstract
Sixty years ago, 6-thioguanine (6-TG) was introduced into the clinic. We suggest its full potential in therapy may not have been reached. In this paper, we contrast 6-TG and the more widely used 6-mercaptopurine; discuss 6-TG metabolism, pharmacokinetics, dosage and schedule; and summarize many of the early studies that have shown infrequent but nevertheless positive results with 6-TG treatment of cancers. We also consider studies that suggest that combinations of 6-TG with other agents may enhance antitumor effects. Although not yet tested in man, 6-TG has recently been proposed to treat a wide variety of cancers with a high frequency of homozygous deletion of the gene for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), often codeleted with the adjacent tumor suppressor CDKN2A (p16). Among the cancers with a high frequency of MTAP deficiency are leukemias, lymphomas, mesothelioma, melanoma, biliary tract cancer, glioblastoma, osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and lung, pancreatic, and squamous cell carcinomas. The method involves pretreatment with the naturally occurring nucleoside methylthioadenosine (MTA), the substrate for the enzyme MTAP. MTA pretreatment protects normal host tissues, but not MTAP-deficient cancers, from 6-TG toxicity and permits administration of doses of 6-TG that are much higher than can now be safely administered. The combination of MTA/6-TG has produced substantial shrinkage or slowing of growth in two different xenograft human tumor models: lymphoblastic leukemia and metastatic prostate carcinoma with neuroendocrine features. Further development and a clinical trial of the proposed MTA/6-TG treatment of MTAP-deficient cancers seem warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pashna N Munshi
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Martin Lubin
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joseph R Bertino
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital and Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Departments of Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Limm K, Ott C, Wallner S, Mueller DW, Oefner P, Hellerbrand C, Bosserhoff AK. Deregulation of protein methylation in melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1305-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vikingsson S, Almer S, Peterson C, Carlsson B, Josefsson M. Monitoring of thiopurine metabolites - a high-performance liquid chromatography method for clinical use. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 75:145-52. [PMID: 23261807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography method capable of measuring thiopurine mono-, di-, and triphosphates separately in red blood cells (RBCs) was developed. RBCs were isolated from whole blood using centrifugation. Proteins were precipitated using dichloromethane and methanol. The thioguanine nucleotides (TGNs) were derivatised using potassium permanganate before analysis. Analytes were separated by ion-pairing liquid chromatography using tetrabutylammonium ions and detected using UV absorption and fluorescence. The method was designed for use in clinical trials. Ten patient samples were analysed to demonstrate clinical application and to establish pilot ranges for all analytes. The method measured thioguanosine mono-(TGMP), di-(TGDP), and triphosphate (TGTP), as well as methylthioinosine mono- (meTIMP), di- (meTIDP) and triphosphate (meTITP) in RBCs collected from patients treated with thiopurine drugs (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine). LOQ was 0.3, 3, 2, 30, 30 and 40 pmol/8 × 10⁸ RBC, for TGMP, TGDP, TGTP, meTIMP, meTIDP and meTITP, respectively. Between-day precision were below 14% for all analytes at all concentrations and samples were stable at 4 °C for 8 h after sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Duley
- Mater Medical Research Institute & School of Pharmacy, PACE, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew A Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Martin
- Division of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital & School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Conde L, Vilaseca I, Alós L, Bernal-Sprekelsen M, Cardesa A, Nadal A. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase inactivation depends on gene deletion in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2012; 61:1082-8. [PMID: 23020581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is an essential enzyme for the methionine and adenosine salvage pathway in normal cells, frequently inactivated in many different human cancers. MTAP status could be important for tumour cell sensitivity to adjuvant chemotherapy. To our knowledge, there have been no reports to date on MTAP status in laryngeal carcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS A series of 31 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas was investigated for MTAP mRNA expression using reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), as well as for MTAP gene deletion and/or promoter hypermethylation using qPCR and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. Low MTAP mRNA expression was found in 32% of cases, and was associated with MTAP gene deletion (in 70%; P<0.001) but not with MTAP promoter hypermethylation, indicating that, in this tumour, gene deletion is the main mechanism for MTAP inactivation. Neither low mRNA expression nor gene deletion was associated with any of the clinicopathological parameters investigated. CONCLUSION Given the significance of MTAP status for cell sensitivity to different chemotherapeutic regimens, our results suggest that determination of MTAP inactivation should be taken into consideration in managing laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conde
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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Daly AK, Veal GJ, Jamieson D, Coulthard S. Institutional Profile: Pharmacogenomics research at Newcastle University. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:1333-8. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle University has been active in the field of pharmacogenomics/pharmacogenetics research since 1988. Research activity is based at the Faculty of Medical Sciences and is led by four professors within two separate research institutes. This article describes the various ongoing research projects and the teams involved together with our teaching activities in the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Daly
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gareth J Veal
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - David Jamieson
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sally Coulthard
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Ock KS, Ganbold EO, Park J, Cho K, Joo SW, Lee SY. Label-free Raman spectroscopy for accessing intracellular anticancer drug release on gold nanoparticles. Analyst 2012; 137:2852-9. [PMID: 22569426 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35170f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated glutathione (GSH)-induced purine or pyrimidine anticancer drug release on gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surfaces by means of label-free Raman spectroscopy. GSH-triggered releases of 6-thioguanine (6TG), gemcitabine (GEM), acycloguanosine (ACY), and fadrozole (FAD) were examined in a comparative way by means of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The GSH-induced dissociation constant of GEM (or ACY/FAD) from AuNPs was estimated to be larger by more than 38 times than that of 6TG from the kinetic relationship. Tripeptide control experiments were presented to check the turn-off Raman signalling mechanism. Dark-field microscopy (DFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the intracellular AuNP loads. After their cellular uptake, GEM, ACY, and FAD would not show SERS intensities as strong as 6TG. This may be due to easier release of GEM, ACY, and FAD than 6TG by intracellular reducing species including GSH. We observed fairly strong SERS signals of GEM and 6TG in cell culture media solution. Our CCK-8 cytotoxicity assay data support that 6TG-AuNPs did not exhibit a substantial decrease in cell viability presumably due to strong binding. Label-free confocal Raman spectroscopy can be utilized as an effective tool to access intracellular anticancer drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Su Ock
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 156-743, Korea
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Ock K, Jeon WI, Ganbold EO, Kim M, Park J, Seo JH, Cho K, Joo SW, Lee SY. Real-Time Monitoring of Glutathione-Triggered Thiopurine Anticancer Drug Release in Live Cells Investigated by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2172-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2024188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsu Ock
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Won Il Jeon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul
151-742 Korea
| | | | - Mira Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Keunchang Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Pharmacology,
College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary
Science, Seoul National University, Seoul
151-742 Korea
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