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Hwang K, Koh EJ, Choi EJ, Kang TH, Han JH, Choe G, Park SH, Yearley JH, Annamalai L, Blumenschein W, Sathe M, McClanahan T, Jung H, Wang KC, Kim SK, Kim CY. PD-1/PD-L1 and immune-related gene expression pattern in pediatric malignant brain tumors: clinical correlation with survival data in Korean population. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:281-291. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lucchesi M, Sardi I, Puppo G, Chella A, Favre C. The dawn of "immune-revolution" in children: early experiences with checkpoint inhibitors in childhood malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:1047-1053. [PMID: 29067473 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Modern immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has changed clinical practice of adult patients with advanced cancer. Blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways have shown survival benefits in different diseases. In children, combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have improved survival rates of solid tumors. However, the outcomes for subsets of patients such as those with high-grade, refractory, or metastatic disease remain extremely poor. Currently, the treatment of these patients is almost exclusively based on standard chemotherapy. The significant proportion of pediatric cancers with high number of mutations and subsequent high expression of neoantigens, together with the potential prognostic role of the immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules (CTLA-4, PD-L1) can represent a promising rationale that support the use of checkpoint inhibitors. We made a revision about emerging data regarding safety and activity of checkpoint inhibitors in children with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Lucchesi
- Pulmonology Unit, Thoracic Cancer Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy. .,Tuscany Network for Paediatric Oncology-Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Florence, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-Oncology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Transplants, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Tuscany Network for Paediatric Oncology-Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Florence, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Puppo
- Pulmonology Unit, Thoracic Cancer Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Chella
- Pulmonology Unit, Thoracic Cancer Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Via Roma, 67, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,Tuscany Network for Paediatric Oncology-Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Transplants, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Tuscany Network for Paediatric Oncology-Istituto Toscano Tumori (ITT), Florence, Italy
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Ring EK, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Friedman GK. Checkpoint Proteins in Pediatric Brain and Extracranial Solid Tumors: Opportunities for Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:342-350. [PMID: 27836863 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric brain and extracranial solid tumors are a diverse group of malignancies that represent almost half of all pediatric cancers. Standard therapy includes various combinations of surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and radiation, which can be very harmful to a developing child, and survivors carry a substantial burden of long-term morbidities. Although these therapies have improved survival rates for children with solid tumors, outcomes still remain extremely poor for subsets of patients. Recently, immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules that negatively regulate immune cell function have been described. When found on malignant cells or in the tumor microenvironment, they contribute to immune evasion and tumor escape. Agents designed to inhibit these proteins have demonstrated significant efficacy in human adult solid tumor studies. However, there is limited research focusing on immune checkpoint molecules and inhibitors in pediatric solid tumors. In this review, we examine the current knowledge on immune checkpoint proteins with an emphasis on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4); programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1); OX-2 membrane glycoprotein (CD200); and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We review T-cell signaling, the mechanisms of action of these checkpoint molecules, pediatric preclinical studies on checkpoint proteins and checkpoint blockade, pediatric checkpoint inhibitor clinical trials conducted to date, and future immunotherapy opportunities for childhood cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 342-50. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Ring
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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