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Li H, Prever L, Hirsch E, Gulluni F. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3517. [PMID: 34298731 PMCID: PMC8304822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the primary cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Although early diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition has significantly improved breast cancer survival rate over the years, there is a current need to develop more effective systemic treatments to prevent metastasis. One of the most commonly altered pathways driving breast cancer cell growth, survival, and motility is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. In the past 30 years, a great surge of inhibitors targeting these key players has been developed at a rapid pace, leading to effective preclinical studies for cancer therapeutics. However, the central role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling varies among diverse biological processes, suggesting the need for more specific and sophisticated strategies for their use in cancer therapy. In this review, we provide a perspective on the role of the PI3K signaling pathway and the most recently developed PI3K-targeting breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Federico Gulluni
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (H.L.); (L.P.); (E.H.)
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Gambardella V, Tarazona N, Cejalvo JM, Lombardi P, Huerta M, Roselló S, Fleitas T, Roda D, Cervantes A. Personalized Medicine: Recent Progress in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1009. [PMID: 32325878 PMCID: PMC7226371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational research has revolutionized how we develop new treatments for cancer patients. The change from an organ-centric concept guiding treatment choice towards deep molecular analysis, driving a personalized approach, is one of the most important advances of modern oncology. Several tools such as next generation sequencing and RNA sequencing have greatly improved the capacity to detect predictive and prognostic molecular alterations. Detection of gene mutations, amplifications, and fusions has therefore altered the history of several diseases in both a localized and metastatic setting. This shift in perspective, in which attention is focused on the specific molecular alterations of the tumor, has opened the door to personalized treatment. This situation is reflected in the increasing number of basket trials selecting specific molecular targets. Nonetheless, some weaknesses need to be addressed. The complexity of cancer cells enriched with concomitant molecular alterations complicates identification of the driver. Moreover, tumor heterogeneity could be responsible for the lack of benefit when targeted agents are used. In light of this, there is growing interest in the role of multidisciplinary committees or molecular tumor boards to try to enhance selection. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the evolution of cancer treatment towards a precision approach, underlining some recent successes and unexpected failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gambardella
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Tarazona
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Cejalvo
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
| | - Pasquale Lombardi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin; Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO- IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy;
| | - Marisol Huerta
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
| | - Susana Roselló
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Fleitas
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Desamparados Roda
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Cervantes
- Department of Medical Oncology, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (V.G.); (N.T.); (J.M.C.); (M.H.); (S.R.); (T.F.)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, CIBERONC, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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