1
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Kamalabadi-Farahani M, Atashi A, Bitaraf FS. Upregulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Metastatic Cascade of Breast Cancer to the Brain. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:2997-3001. [PMID: 37774050 PMCID: PMC10762741 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.9.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), brain metastasis is a fatal consequence. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 as the major members of the MMP family, are involved in many different facets of breast cancer metastasis. AIMS In this study, we sought the MMPs expression in the metastatic cascade of TNBC. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary breast cancer cells known as 4T1T were extracted from the tumor mass following the creation of an animal model of TNBC. The brain metastasis lesions of malignant mice were used to extract highly brain metastatic tumor cells known as 4T1B. Gelatinase zymography and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to examine the expression of MMPs at the proteomic and transcriptomic levels in 4T1T and 4T1B. Our results indicated; brain metastatic tumor cells greatly increased their expression of MMPs. In 4T1B, MMP-2 and MMP-9 gene expression were upregulated by 4 and 3.4 folds respectively. Zymographic analysis found MMP activity only in 4T1B. CONCLUSION These results offer significant information about the massive alteration of MMPs expression in the brain metastasis of TNBC. By analyzing the molecular characteristics of brain metastatic tumor cells, we can understand the molecular and genetic features of brain metastasis and develop tailored therapeutic strategies to combat TNBC brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Fateme Sadat Bitaraf
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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2
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Kumar A, Das SK, Emdad L, Fisher PB. Applications of tissue-specific and cancer-selective gene promoters for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:253-315. [PMID: 37704290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of solid tumors with standard of care chemotherapies, radiation therapy and/or immunotherapies are often limited by severe adverse toxic effects, resulting in a narrow therapeutic index. Cancer gene therapy represents a targeted approach that in principle could significantly reduce undesirable side effects in normal tissues while significantly inhibiting tumor growth and progression. To be effective, this strategy requires a clear understanding of the molecular biology of cancer development and evolution and developing biological vectors that can serve as vehicles to target cancer cells. The advent and fine tuning of omics technologies that permit the collective and spatial recognition of genes (genomics), mRNAs (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), metabolites (metabolomics), epiomics (epigenomics, epitranscriptomics, and epiproteomics), and their interactomics in defined complex biological samples provide a roadmap for identifying crucial targets of relevance to the cancer paradigm. Combining these strategies with identified genetic elements that control target gene expression uncovers significant opportunities for developing guided gene-based therapeutics for cancer. The purpose of this review is to overview the current state and potential limitations in developing gene promoter-directed targeted expression of key genes and highlights their potential applications in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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3
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Alizadeh J, Kavoosi M, Singh N, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Kidane B, Ahmed N, Mraiche F, Mowat MR, Ghavami S. Regulation of Autophagy via Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082195. [PMID: 37190124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are an important component of tumor cell progression. Tumor cells adapt to environmental stresses via changes to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Autophagy, a physiological process in mammalian cells that digests damaged organelles and misfolded proteins via lysosomal degradation, is closely associated with metabolism in mammalian cells, acting as a meter of cellular ATP levels. In this review, we discuss the changes in glycolytic and lipid biosynthetic pathways in mammalian cells and their impact on carcinogenesis via the autophagy pathway. In addition, we discuss the impact of these metabolic pathways on autophagy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Navjit Singh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Section of Radiation Oncology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael R Mowat
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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4
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Farooq Z, Ismail H, Bhat SA, Layden BT, Khan MW. Aiding Cancer's "Sweet Tooth": Role of Hexokinases in Metabolic Reprogramming. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:946. [PMID: 37109475 PMCID: PMC10141071 DOI: 10.3390/life13040946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinases (HKs) convert hexose sugars to hexose-6-phosphate, thus trapping them inside cells to meet the synthetic and energetic demands. HKs participate in various standard and altered physiological processes, including cancer, primarily through the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Four canonical HKs have been identified with different expression patterns across tissues. HKs 1-3 play a role in glucose utilization, whereas HK 4 (glucokinase, GCK) also acts as a glucose sensor. Recently, a novel fifth HK, hexokinase domain containing 1 (HKDC1), has been identified, which plays a role in whole-body glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity. Beyond the metabolic functions, HKDC1 is differentially expressed in many forms of human cancer. This review focuses on the role of HKs, particularly HKDC1, in metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeenat Farooq
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hagar Ismail
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sheraz Ahmad Bhat
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Md. Wasim Khan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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5
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Metabolomics Profiling Reveals the Role of PEDF in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231 under Glycaemic Loading. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020543. [PMID: 36839865 PMCID: PMC9962752 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. An increase in PEDF activity has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of tumour progression and proliferation, suggesting a possible therapeutic target. There is still a great deal to learn about how PEDF controls metabolic pathways in breast cancer and its metastatic form. Given this, the primary purpose of this study was to use a metabolomics approach to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms driving the reprogramming of metabolic events involved in breast cancer pertaining to PEDF under various glycaemic loads. We employed gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-Q-MS) to investigate metabolic changes in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231 treated with PEDF under glycaemic loading. Multivariate and univariate analyses were carried out as indicative tools via MetaboAnalyst (V.5.0) and R packages to identify the significantly altered metabolites in the MDA-MB-231 cell line after PEDF exposure under glycaemic loading. A total of 61 metabolites were found, of which nine were selected to be distinctively expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells under glycaemic conditions and exhibited differential responses to PEDF (p < 0.05, VIP > 1). Abnormalities in amino acid metabolism pathways were observed. In particular, glutamic acid, glutamine, and phenylalanine showed different levels of expression across different treatment groups. The lactate and glucose-6-phosphate production significantly increased in high-glucose vs. normal conditions while it decreased when the cells were exposed to PEDF, confirming the positive influence on the Warburg effect. The TCA cycle intermediates, including malate and citric acid, showed different patterns of expression. This is an important finding in understanding the link of PEDF with metabolic perturbation in TNBC cells in response to glycaemic conditions. Our findings suggest that PEDF significantly influenced the Warburg effect (as evidenced by the significantly lower levels of lactate), one of the well-known metabolic reprogramming pathways in cancer cells that may be responsive to metabolic-targeted therapeutic strategies. Moreover, our results demonstrated that GC-MS-based metabolomics is an effective tool for identifying metabolic changes in breast cancer cells after glycaemic stress or in response to PEDF treatment.
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6
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Ghezzi C, Chen BY, Damoiseaux R, Clark PM. Pacritinib inhibits glucose consumption in squamous cell lung cancer cells by targeting FLT3. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1442. [PMID: 36697489 PMCID: PMC9876922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell lung cancer maintains its growth through elevated glucose consumption, but selective glucose consumption inhibitors are lacking. Here, we discovered using a high-throughput screen new compounds that block glucose consumption in three squamous cell lung cancer cell lines and identified 79 compounds that block glucose consumption in one or more of these cell lines. Based on its ability to block glucose consumption in all three cell lines, pacritinib, an inhibitor of FMS Related Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 3 (FLT3) and Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2), was further studied. Pacritinib decreased glucose consumption in squamous cell lung cancer cells in cell culture and in vivo without affecting glucose consumption in healthy tissues. Pacritinib blocked hexokinase activity, and Hexokinase 1 and 2 mRNA and protein expression. Overexpression of Hexokinase 1 blocked the ability of pacritinib to inhibit glucose consumption in squamous cell lung cancer cells. Overexpression of FLT3 but not JAK2 significantly increased glucose consumption and blocked the ability of pacritinib to inhibit glucose consumption in squamous cell lung cancer cells. Additional FLT3 inhibitors blocked glucose consumption in squamous cell lung cancer cells. Our study identifies FLT3 inhibitors as a new class of inhibitors that can block glucose consumption in squamous cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ghezzi
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bao Ying Chen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Peter M Clark
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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7
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Brook N, Gill J, Chih H, Francis K, Dharmarajan A, Chan A, Dass CR. Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulation in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer bone metastases is associated with menopause. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111792. [PMID: 36309204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has a critical role in bone development and anti-tumour function in breast cancer (BC). As the expression and role of PEDF in BC bone metastases is unknown, we aimed to characterise PEDF in primary and metastatic BC. Subcellular PEDF localisation was semi-quantitatively analysed via immunohistochemistry in patient-matched, archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary BC and liver, lung, and decalcified bone metastases specimens. PEDF localisation was evaluated in 23 metastatic BC patients diagnosed with ER+, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative BC or TNBC. Cytoplasmic (p = 0.019) and membrane (p = 0.048) PEDF was lower in bone metastases compared to primary ER+/HER2- BC. In contrast, nuclear PEDF scores were higher in metastases compared to primary TNBC (p = 0.027), and increased membrane PEDF in metastatic tissue had improved disease-free interval (p = 0.016). Nuclear PEDF was decreased in bone metastases compared to primary ER+//HER2- BC in post-menopausal patients (p = 0.029). These novel findings indicate PEDF plays a role in clinical BC metastasis. Significantly lower PEDF levels in the post-menopausal compared to pre-menopausal setting suggests future PEDF research may have greater clinical importance in the post-menopausal ER+/HER2- BC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Brook
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Jespal Gill
- Pathwest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - HuiJun Chih
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Kate Francis
- Western Diagnostic Pathology, Jandakot, 6164, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Arlene Chan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia.
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8
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NFκB-Mediated Mechanisms Drive PEDF Expression and Function in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Oestrogen Levels in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415641. [PMID: 36555293 PMCID: PMC9779285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) protein regulates normal bone, with anti-tumour roles in bone and breast cancer (BC). Pre- and post-menopausal oestrogen levels may regulate PEDF expression and function in BC, though the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. In this study, in vitro models simulating pre- and post-menopausal bone microenvironments were used to evaluate if PEDF regulates pro-metastatic biomarker expression and downstream functional effects on BC cells. PEDF treatment reduced phosphorylated-nuclear factor-κB p65 subunit (p-NFκB-p65), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), C-X-C chemokine receptor type-4 (CXCR4), and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in oestrogen receptor (ER)+/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)- BC cells under post-menopausal oestrogen conditions. In triple negative BC (TNBC) cells, PEDF treatment reduced pNFκB-p65 and uPAR expression under pre-menopausal oestrogen conditions. A potential reciprocal regulatory axis between p-NFκB-65 and PEDF in BC was identified, which was BC subtype-specific and differentially regulated by menopausal oestrogen conditions. The effects of PEDF treatment and NFκB inhibition on BC cell function under menopausal conditions were also compared. PEDF treatment exhibited superior anti-viability effects, while combined PEDF and NFκB-p65 inhibitor treatment was superior in reducing BC cell colony formation in a subtype-specific manner. Lastly, immunohistochemical evaluation of p-NFκB-p65 and PEDF expression in human BC and bone metastases specimens revealed an inverse correlation between nuclear PEDF and NFκB expression in bone metastases. We propose that menopausal status is associated with a PEDF/NFκB reciprocal regulatory axis, which drives PEDF expression and anti-metastatic function in a subtype-specific manner. Altogether, our findings identify pre-menopausal TNBC and post-menopausal ER+/HER2- BC patients as target populations for future PEDF research.
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9
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Zheng X, Ma H, Wang J, Huang M, Fu D, Qin L, Yin Q. Energy metabolism pathways in breast cancer progression: The reprogramming, crosstalk, and potential therapeutic targets. Transl Oncol 2022; 26:101534. [PMID: 36113343 PMCID: PMC9482139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant tumor that seriously endangers health in women. BC, like other cancers, is accompanied by metabolic reprogramming. Among energy metabolism-related pathways, BC exhibits enhanced glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), glutamate metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism activities. These pathways facilitate the proliferation, growth and migration of BC cells. The progression of BC is closely related to the alterations in the activity or expression level of several metabolic enzymes, which are regulated by the intrinsic factors such as the key signaling and transcription factors. The metabolic reprogramming in the progression of BC is attributed to the aberrant expression of the signaling and transcription factors associated with the energy metabolism pathways. Understanding the metabolic mechanisms underlying the development of BC will provide a druggable potential for BC treatment and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zheng
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haodi Ma
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mengjiao Huang
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dongliao Fu
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qinan Yin
- School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
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10
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Li R, Mei S, Ding Q, Wang Q, Yu L, Zi F. A pan-cancer analysis of the role of hexokinase II (HK2) in human tumors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18807. [PMID: 36335239 PMCID: PMC9637150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more evidence show that HK2 is closely related to tumors. But no pan-cancer analysis is available. This paper aimed to explore the potential roles of HK2 across thirty-three tumors based on the datasets of the cancer genome Atlas (TCGA) and gene expression omnibus. HK2 is highly expressed in most tumors and related to the progression of some tumors. HK2 expression was associated with the infiltration of T follicular helper cells for the TCGA tumors of uveal melanoma, breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), breast invasive carcinoma-luminalA (BRCA-LumA), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with HPV positive (HNSC-HPV+), and cancer-associated fibroblasts for the tumors of brain lower grade glioma and stomach adenocarcinoma. Our first pan-cancer study offers a relatively comprehensive understanding of the roles of HK2 in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Li
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Institute of Hematology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China ,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuchong Mei
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Institute of Hematology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China ,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ding
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Institute of Hematology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China ,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingming Wang
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Institute of Hematology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China ,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Institute of Hematology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China ,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuming Zi
- grid.412455.30000 0004 1756 5980Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China ,grid.260463.50000 0001 2182 8825Institute of Hematology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China ,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi People’s Republic of China
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11
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Liu R, Liu X. Virtual Screening and Biological Activity Evaluation of New Potent Inhibitors Targeting Hexokinase-II. Molecules 2022; 27:7555. [PMID: 36364382 PMCID: PMC9658052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase-II (HK-II), the rate-limiting step enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, expresses high levels of cancer cells compared with normal cells. Due to its pivotal role in the different aspects of cancer physiology including cellular proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis, HK-II provides a new therapeutic target for cancer therapy. The structure-based virtual screening targeting HK-II was used to hit identifications from small molecule databases, and the select compounds were further evaluated in biological assays. Forty-seven compounds with the lowest binding energies were identified as potential HK-II inhibitors. Among them, nine compounds displayed the highest cytotoxicity to three different cancer cells. Based on the mechanism study, compounds 4244-3659 and K611-0094 showed an obvious inhibitory effect on the HK-II enzyme. This study identified two potential inhibitors of HK-II and can be helpful for developing potential drugs targeting HK-II in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Liu
- College of Physical Education, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, China
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12
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Zheng X, Pan Y, Yang G, Liu Y, Zou J, Zhao H, Yin G, Wu Y, Li X, Wei Z, Yu S, Zhao Y, Wang A, Chen W, Lu Y. Kaempferol impairs aerobic glycolysis against melanoma metastasis via inhibiting the mitochondrial binding of HK2 and VDAC1. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175226. [PMID: 36007607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in melanoma patients. Aerobic glycolysis is a common metabolic feature in tumor and is closely related to cell growth and metastasis. Kaempferol (KAM) is one of the active ingredients in the total flavonoids of Chinese traditional medicine Sparganii Rhizoma. Studies have shown that it interferes with the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor cells, but whether it can affect the aerobic glycolysis of melanoma is still unclear. Here, we explored the effects and mechanisms of KAM on melanoma metastasis and aerobic glycolysis. KAM inhibited the migration and invasion of A375 and B16F10 cells, and reduced the lung metastasis of melanoma cells. Extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) and glucose consumption were obviously suppressed by KAM, as well as the production of ATP, pyruvate and lactate. Mechanistically, the activity of hexokinase (HK), the first key kinase of aerobic glycolysis, was significantly inhibited by KAM. Although the total protein expression of HK2 was not significantly changed, the binding of HK2 and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) on mitochondria was inhibited by KAM through AKT/GSK-3β signal pathway. In conclusion, KAM inhibits melanoma metastasis via blocking aerobic glycolysis of melanoma cells, in which the binding of HK2 and VDAC1 on mitochondria was broken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gejun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jueyao Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Yin
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Suyun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Suriya Muthukumaran N, Velusamy P, Akino Mercy CS, Langford D, Natarajaseenivasan K, Shanmughapriya S. MicroRNAs as Regulators of Cancer Cell Energy Metabolism. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1329. [PMID: 36013278 PMCID: PMC9410355 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To adapt to the tumor environment or to escape chemotherapy, cancer cells rapidly reprogram their metabolism. The hallmark biochemical phenotype of cancer cells is the shift in metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis. It was thought that this metabolic shift to glycolysis alone was sufficient for cancer cells to meet their heightened energy and metabolic demands for proliferation and survival. Recent studies, however, show that cancer cells rely on glutamine, lipid, and mitochondrial metabolism for energy. Oncogenes and scavenging pathways control many of these metabolic changes, and several metabolic and tumorigenic pathways are post-transcriptionally regulated by microRNA (miRNAs). Genes that are directly or indirectly responsible for energy production in cells are either negatively or positively regulated by miRNAs. Therefore, some miRNAs play an oncogenic role by regulating the metabolic shift that occurs in cancer cells. Additionally, miRNAs can regulate mitochondrial calcium stores and energy metabolism, thus promoting cancer cell survival, cell growth, and metastasis. In the electron transport chain (ETC), miRNAs enhance the activity of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c, and these apoptosome proteins are directed towards the ETC rather than to the apoptotic pathway. This review will highlight how miRNAs regulate the enzymes, signaling pathways, and transcription factors of cancer cell metabolism and mitochondrial calcium import/export pathways. The review will also focus on the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells to promote survival, proliferation, growth, and metastasis with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of miRNAs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prema Velusamy
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Dauphin, PA 17033, USA
| | - Charles Solomon Akino Mercy
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Centre for Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Centre for Excellence in Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Dauphin, PA 17033, USA
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14
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Hexokinase 2 Inhibition and Biological Effects of BNBZ and Its Derivatives: The Influence of the Number and Arrangement of Hydroxyl Groups. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052616. [PMID: 35269760 PMCID: PMC8910004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2), an enzyme of the sugar kinase family, plays a dual role in glucose metabolism and mediating cancer cell apoptosis, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. While positive HK2 expression usually promotes cancer cells survival, silencing or inhibiting this enzyme has been found to improve the effectiveness of anti-cancer drugs and even result in cancer cell death. Previously, benitrobenrazide (BNBZ) was characterized as a potent HK2 inhibitor with good anti-cancer activity in mice, but the effect of its trihydroxy moiety (pyrogallol-like) on inhibitory activity and some cellular functions has not been fully understood. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to obtain the parent BNBZ (2a) and its three dihydroxy derivatives 2b–2d and to conduct additional physicochemical and biological investigations. The research hypothesis assumed that the HK2 inhibitory activity of the tested compounds depends on the number and location of hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure. Among many studies, the binding affinity to HK2 was determined and two human liver cancer cell lines, HepG2 and HUH7, were used and exposed to chemicals at various times: 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The study showed that the modifications to the structures of the new BNBZ derivatives led to significant changes in their activities. It was also found that these compounds tend to aggregate and exhibit toxic effects. They were found to contribute to: (a) DNA damage, (b) increased ROS production, and (c) disruption of cell cycle progression. It was observed that, HepG2, occurred much more sensitive to the tested chemicals than the HUH7 cells; However, regardless of the used cell line it seems that the increase in the expression of HK2 in cancer cells compared to normal cells which have HK2 at a very low level, is a serious obstacle in anti-cancer therapy and efforts to find the effective inhibitors of this enzyme should be intensified.
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15
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A non-catalytic scaffolding activity of hexokinase 2 contributes to EMT and metastasis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:899. [PMID: 35173161 PMCID: PMC8850586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (HK2), which catalyzes the first committed step in glucose metabolism, is induced in cancer cells. HK2's role in tumorigenesis has been attributed to its glucose kinase activity. Here, we describe a kinase independent HK2 activity, which contributes to metastasis. HK2 binds and sequesters glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and acts as a scaffold forming a ternary complex with the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PRKAR1a) and GSK3β to facilitate GSK3β phosphorylation and inhibition by PKA. Thus, HK2 functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP). Phosphorylation by GSK3β targets proteins for degradation. Consistently, HK2 increases the level and stability of GSK3 targets, MCL1, NRF2, and particularly SNAIL. In addition to GSK3 inhibition, HK2 kinase activity mediates SNAIL glycosylation, which prohibits its phosphorylation by GSK3. Finally, in mouse models of breast cancer metastasis, HK2 deficiency decreases SNAIL protein levels and inhibits SNAIL-mediated epithelial mesenchymal transition and metastasis.
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16
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Hozhabri H, Ghasemi Dehkohneh RS, Razavi SM, Razavi SM, Salarian F, Rasouli A, Azami J, Ghasemi Shiran M, Kardan Z, Farrokhzad N, Mikaeili Namini A, Salari A. Comparative analysis of protein-protein interaction networks in metastatic breast cancer. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260584. [PMID: 35045088 PMCID: PMC8769308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic lesions leading causes of the majority of deaths in patients with the breast cancer. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brain (MDA-MB-231 BrM2) and lung (MDA-MB-231 LM2) metastatic cell lines obtained from breast cancer patients compared with those who have primary breast cancer. We identified 981 and 662 DEGs for brain and lung metastasis, respectively. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed seven shared (PLCB1, FPR1, FPR2, CX3CL1, GABBR2, GPR37, and CXCR4) hub genes between brain and lung metastasis in breast cancer. Moreover, GNG2 and CXCL8, C3, and PTPN6 in the brain and SAA1 and CCR5 in lung metastasis were found as unique hub genes. Besides, five co-regulation of clusters via seven important co-expression genes (COL1A2, LUM, SPARC, THBS2, IL1B, CXCL8, THY1) were identified in the brain PPI network. Clusters screening followed by biological process (BP) function and pathway enrichment analysis for both metastatic cell lines showed that complement receptor signalling, acetylcholine receptor signalling, and gastric acid secretion pathways were common between these metastases, whereas other pathways were site-specific. According to our findings, there are a set of genes and functional pathways that mark and mediate breast cancer metastasis to the brain and lungs, which may enable us understand the molecular basis of breast cancer development in a deeper levele to the brain and lungs, which may help us gain a more complete understanding of the molecular underpinnings of breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hozhabri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
| | - Roxana Sadat Ghasemi Dehkohneh
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Razavi
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (AS); (SMR)
| | - S. Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fatemeh Salarian
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azade Rasouli
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Azami
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Melika Ghasemi Shiran
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kardan
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Farrokhzad
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arsham Mikaeili Namini
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Salari
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Karaj, Alborz, Iran
- Systems Biology Research Lab, Bioinformatics Group, Systems Biology of the Next Generation Company (SBNGC), Qom, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (AS); (SMR)
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17
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Shen E, Van Swearingen AED, Price MJ, Bulsara K, Verhaak RGW, Baëta C, Painter BD, Reitman ZJ, Salama AKS, Clarke JM, Anders CK, Fecci PE, Goodwin CR, Walsh KM. A Need for More Molecular Profiling in Brain Metastases. Front Oncol 2022; 11:785064. [PMID: 35145903 PMCID: PMC8821807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.785064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As local disease control improves, the public health impact of brain metastases (BrM) continues to grow. Molecular features are frequently different between primary and metastatic tumors as a result of clonal evolution during neoplasm migration, selective pressures imposed by systemic treatments, and differences in the local microenvironment. However, biomarker information in BrM is not routinely obtained despite emerging evidence of its clinical value. We review evidence of discordance in clinically actionable biomarkers between primary tumors, extracranial metastases, and BrM. Although BrM biopsy/resection imposes clinical risks, these risks must be weighed against the potential benefits of assessing biomarkers in BrM. First, new treatment targets unique to a patient's BrM may be identified. Second, as BrM may occur late in a patient's disease course, resistance to initial targeted therapies and/or loss of previously identified biomarkers can occur by the time of occult BrM, rendering initial and other targeted therapies ineffective. Thus, current biomarker data can inform real-time treatment options. Third, biomarker information in BrM may provide useful prognostic information for patients. Appreciating the importance of biomarker analyses in BrM tissue, including how it may identify specific drivers of BrM, is critical for the development of more effective treatment strategies to improve outcomes for this growing patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Shen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Amanda E. D. Van Swearingen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Meghan J. Price
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ketan Bulsara
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Roeland G. W. Verhaak
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra (UMC), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU) University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - César Baëta
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brice D. Painter
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zachary J. Reitman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - April K. S. Salama
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Clarke
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carey K. Anders
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Peter E. Fecci
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - C. Rory Goodwin
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kyle M. Walsh
- Duke Center for Brain and Spine Metastasis, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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18
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Liu B, Zhang X. Metabolic Reprogramming Underlying Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:791927. [PMID: 35071325 PMCID: PMC8766845 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.791927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of brain metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with breast cancer, characterized by rapid progression of the disease and poor prognosis, and lack of effective treatment has existed as an unresolved issue clinically. Extensive research has shown that a variety of metabolic changes associated with cellular metastasis exist in primary breast cancer or brain metastases, therefore to elucidate metabolic characteristics at each step of the metastasis cascade will provide important clues to the efficient treatment. In this review, we discuss the changes in metabolic patterns of breast cancer cells at every step of metastasis for exploring the potential therapeutic target based on metabolic reprogramming, and provide new insights on the design and development of drugs for breast cancer brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Liu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Clinical Biobanks and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Clinical Biobanks and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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19
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Parida PK, Marquez-Palencia M, Nair V, Kaushik AK, Kim K, Sudderth J, Quesada-Diaz E, Cajigas A, Vemireddy V, Gonzalez-Ericsson PI, Sanders ME, Mobley BC, Huffman K, Sahoo S, Alluri P, Lewis C, Peng Y, Bachoo RM, Arteaga CL, Hanker AB, DeBerardinis RJ, Malladi S. Metabolic diversity within breast cancer brain-tropic cells determines metastatic fitness. Cell Metab 2022; 34:90-105.e7. [PMID: 34986341 PMCID: PMC9307073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HER2+ breast cancer patients are presented with either synchronous (S-BM), latent (Lat), or metachronous (M-BM) brain metastases. However, the basis for disparate metastatic fitness among disseminated tumor cells of similar oncotype within a distal organ remains unknown. Here, employing brain metastatic models, we show that metabolic diversity and plasticity within brain-tropic cells determine metastatic fitness. Lactate secreted by aggressive metastatic cells or lactate supplementation to mice bearing Lat cells limits innate immunosurveillance and triggers overt metastasis. Attenuating lactate metabolism in S-BM impedes metastasis, while M-BM adapt and survive as residual disease. In contrast to S-BM, Lat and M-BM survive in equilibrium with innate immunosurveillance, oxidize glutamine, and maintain cellular redox homeostasis through the anionic amino acid transporter xCT. Moreover, xCT expression is significantly higher in matched M-BM brain metastatic samples compared to primary tumors from HER2+ breast cancer patients. Inhibiting xCT function attenuates residual disease and recurrence in these preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravat Kumar Parida
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mauricio Marquez-Palencia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vidhya Nair
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Akash K Kaushik
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kangsan Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jessica Sudderth
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Eduardo Quesada-Diaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ambar Cajigas
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vamsidhara Vemireddy
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Paula I Gonzalez-Ericsson
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda E Sanders
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bret C Mobley
- Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kenneth Huffman
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sunati Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Prasanna Alluri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cheryl Lewis
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Robert M Bachoo
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ariella B Hanker
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Srinivas Malladi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Li T, Hentschel A, Ahrends R. Analytical comparison of absolute quantification strategies to investigate the Insulin signaling pathway in fat cells. Proteomics 2021; 22:e2100136. [PMID: 34964541 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
So far, mass spectrometry based targeted proteomics is the most sensitive approach to answer and address specific biological questions in an accurate and quantitative fashion. However, the data analysis design used for such quantification varies in the field leading to discrepancies in the reported values. In this study, different quantification strategies based on calibration curves were evaluated and compared. The best accuracy and coefficient of variation was achieved by ratio to ratio calibration curves. We applied the ratio to ratio quantification approach to analyze very low abundant insulin signaling proteins such as PIK3RA (0.10-0.93 fmol/μg), AKT1 (0.1-0.39 fmol/μg) and the Insulin receptor (0.22 -2.62 fmol/μg) in a fat cell model and demonstrated the adaptation of this pathway at different states of insulin sensitivity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Andreas Hentschel
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Robert Ahrends
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e. V., Otto-Hahn-Straße 6b, Dortmund, 44227, Germany.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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21
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Wang J, Wang X, Guo Y, Ye L, Li D, Hu A, Cai S, Yuan B, Jin S, Zhou Y, Li Q, Zheng L, Tong Q. Therapeutic targeting of SPIB/SPI1-facilitated interplay of cancer cells and neutrophils inhibits aerobic glycolysis and cancer progression. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e588. [PMID: 34841706 PMCID: PMC8567044 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a metabolic reprogramming feature, cancer cells derive most of their energy from aerobic glycolysis, while its regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic strategies continue to be illusive. METHODS Integrative analysis of publically available expression profile datasets was used to identify critical transcriptional regulators and their target glycolytic enzymes. The functions and acting mechanisms of transcriptional regulators in cancer cells were investigated by using in vitro and in vivo assays. The Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank assay were used to conduct the survival study. RESULTS Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1/PU.1), a haematopoietic transcription factor, was identified to facilitate glycolytic process, tumourigenesis, invasiveness, as well as metastasis of colon cancer cells, which was interplayed by tumour-associated neutrophils. Mechanistically, neutrophils delivered SPI1 mRNA via extracellular vesicles, resulting in enhanced SPI1 expression of cancer cells. Through physical interaction with SPI1-related protein (SPIB), SPI1 drove expression of glycolytic genes within cancer cells, which in turn induced polarization of neutrophils via glycolytic metabolite lactate. Depletion of neutrophils or SPIB-SPI1 interaction in cancer cells significantly inhibited glycolytic process, tumourigenesis and aggressiveness. Upregulation of SPI1 or SPIB was found to be associated with poor prognosis in patients suffering from colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic targeting of SPIB/SPI1-facilitated interplay of cancerous cells and neutrophils suppresses aerobic glycolysis and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Anpei Hu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Boling Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Shikai Jin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Qilan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Liduan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
| | - Qiangsong Tong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
- Clinical Center of Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei Province430022P. R. China
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22
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Gómez-Sintes R, Arias E. Chaperone-mediated autophagy and disease: Implications for cancer and neurodegeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101025. [PMID: 34629183 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a proteolytic process whereby selected intracellular proteins are degraded inside lysosomes. Owing to its selectivity, CMA participates in the modulation of specific regulatory proteins, thereby playing an important role in multiple cellular processes. Studies conducted over the last two decades have enabled the molecular characterization of this autophagic pathway and the design of specific experimental models, and have underscored the importance of CMA in a range of physiological processes beyond mere protein quality control. Those findings also indicate that decreases in CMA function with increasing age may contribute to the pathogenesis of age-associated diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer. In the context of neurological diseases, CMA impairment is thought to contribute to the accumulation of misfolded/aggregated proteins, a process central to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. CMA therefore constitutes a potential therapeutic target, as its induction accelerates the clearance of pathogenic proteins, promoting cell survival. More recent evidence has highlighted the important and complex role of CMA in cancer biology. While CMA induction may limit tumor development, experimental evidence also indicates that inhibition of this pathway can attenuate the growth of established tumors and improve the response to cancer therapeutics. Here, we describe and discuss the evidence supporting a role of impaired CMA function in neurodegeneration and cancer, as well as future research directions to evaluate the potential of this pathway as a target for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CIB-CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology & Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Esperanza Arias
- Department of Medicine, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center & Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Abooshahab R, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. The increasing role of pigment epithelium-derived factor in metastasis: from biological importance to a promising target. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114787. [PMID: 34571004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a non-inhibitory member of the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) family and is a well-known potent anti-tumor factor in a variety of cancers. It has been ascertained that PEDF regulates multiple metastatic processes through various plausible mechanisms, including inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis, stimulating extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and suppressing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Although PEDF has been recognized as an anti-metastatic marker in most studies, its role remains controversial with conflicting reports of PEDF as a metastatic marker. The emerging insights into the mechanism(s) of PEDF in tumor progression and its therapeutic effects are discussed systematically in this review, aiming to improve our understanding in the context of metastasis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Abooshahab
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia.
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Abstract
Receptor–ligand interactions on the cell surface or intrinsic stress signals can commit mammalian cells to apoptosis. In this study, we discover how hexokinases confer resistance to receptor-mediated apoptosis through specific inhibition of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) proteins. Hexokinases retrotranslocate activator and effector BCL-2 proteins from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Hexokinase-dependent BCL-2 protein retrotranslocation can protect cells from apoptosis despite death receptor signaling. Death receptor–mediated apoptosis requires the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in many mammalian cells. In response to death receptor signaling, the truncated BH3-only protein BID can activate the proapoptotic BCL-2 proteins BAX and BAK and trigger the permeabilization of the mitochondria. BAX and BAK are inhibited by prosurvival BCL-2 proteins through retrotranslocation from the mitochondria into the cytosol, but a specific resistance mechanism to truncated BID-dependent apoptosis is unknown. Here, we report that hexokinase 1 and hexokinase 2 inhibit the apoptosis activator truncated BID as well as the effectors BAX and BAK by retrotranslocation from the mitochondria into the cytosol. BCL-2 protein shuttling and protection from TRAIL- and FasL-induced cell death requires mitochondrial hexokinase localization and interactions with the BH3 motifs of BCL-2 proteins but not glucose phosphorylation. Together, our work establishes hexokinase-dependent retrotranslocation of truncated BID as a selective protective mechanism against death receptor–induced apoptosis on the mitochondria.
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25
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Del Piccolo N, Shirure VS, Bi Y, Goedegebuure SP, Gholami S, Hughes CC, Fields RC, George SC. Tumor-on-chip modeling of organ-specific cancer and metastasis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113798. [PMID: 34015419 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Every year, cancer claims millions of lives around the globe. Unfortunately, model systems that accurately mimic human oncology - a requirement for the development of more effective therapies for these patients - remain elusive. Tumor development is an organ-specific process that involves modification of existing tissue features, recruitment of other cell types, and eventual metastasis to distant organs. Recently, tissue engineered microfluidic devices have emerged as a powerful in vitro tool to model human physiology and pathology with organ-specificity. These organ-on-chip platforms consist of cells cultured in 3D hydrogels and offer precise control over geometry, biological components, and physiochemical properties. Here, we review progress towards organ-specific microfluidic models of the primary and metastatic tumor microenvironments. Despite the field's infancy, these tumor-on-chip models have enabled discoveries about cancer immunobiology and response to therapy. Future work should focus on the development of autologous or multi-organ systems and inclusion of the immune system.
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26
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Sizemore G, Rudisill TM. Triple Negative Breast Cancer in an Appalachian Region: Exponential Tumor Grade Increase with Age of Diagnosis. JOURNAL OF APPALACHIAN HEALTH 2021; 3:97-109. [PMID: 35356541 PMCID: PMC8963215 DOI: 10.13023/jah.0303.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple negative breast cancer is an aggressive breast cancer with decreased five-year survival, increased risk for recurrence, and higher risk for metastases. Unlike other breast cancers, it has no targeted treatment and has heterogeneous genetics which make classification and treatment difficult. PURPOSE The purpose of our research was to compare triple negative breast cancer to non-triple negative breast cancer to identify key epidemiologic factors that might lead to improved basic science directives for biomarkers, treatments, and classification. METHODS The state cancer registry was used to provide the first West Virginia state-wide population evaluation of triple negative breast cancer. RESULTS The research reveals novel results that tumor grade increases exponentially with the age at diagnosis. IMPLICATIONS This creates an epidemiologic foundation for future research to define whether the disease, access to care, biology of aging, or some other factor cause this significant finding. In addition, results reveal decreased use of testing that could be increased to improve biomarker identification, targeted treatments, and classification of triple negative breast cancer.
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ETV4 promotes breast cancer cell stemness by activating glycolysis and CXCR4-mediated sonic Hedgehog signaling. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:126. [PMID: 34052833 PMCID: PMC8164634 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a major cause of tumor treatment resistance, relapse and metastasis. Cancer cells exhibit reprogrammed metabolism characterized by aerobic glycolysis, which is also critical for sustaining cancer stemness. However, regulation of cancer cell metabolism rewiring and stemness is not completely understood. Here, we report that ETV4 is a key transcription factor in regulating glycolytic gene expression. ETV4 loss significantly inhibits the expression of HK2, LDHA as well as other glycolytic enzymes, reduces glucose uptake and lactate release in breast cancer cells. In human breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, ETV4 expression is positively correlated with glycolytic signaling. Moreover, we confirm that breast CSCs (BCSCs) are glycolysis-dependent and show that ETV4 is required for BCSC maintenance. ETV4 is enriched in BCSCs, its knockdown and overexpression suppresses and promotes breast cancer cell stem-like traits, respectively. Mechanistically, on the one hand, we find that ETV4 may enhance glycolysis activity to facilitate breast cancer stemness; on the other, ETV4 activates Sonic Hedgehog signaling by transcriptionally promoting CXCR4 expression. A xenograft assay validates the tumor growth-impeding effect and inhibition of CXCR4/SHH/GLI1 signaling cascade after ETV4 depletion. Together, our study highlights the potential roles of ETV4 in promoting cancer cell glycolytic shift and BCSC maintenance and reveals the molecular basis.
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28
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Arundhathi JRD, Mathur SR, Gogia A, Deo SVS, Mohapatra P, Prasad CP. Metabolic changes in triple negative breast cancer-focus on aerobic glycolysis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4733-4745. [PMID: 34047880 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among breast cancer subtypes, the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis. In absence of any permitted targeted therapy, standard chemotherapy is the mainstay for TNBC treatment. Hence, there is a crucial need to identify potential druggable targets in TNBCs for its effective treatment. In recent times, metabolic reprogramming has emerged as cancer cells hallmark, wherein cancer cells display discrete metabolic phenotypes to fuel cell progression and metastasis. Altered glycolysis is one such phenotype, in which even in oxygen abundance majority of cancer cells harvest considerable amount of energy through elevated glycolytic-flux. In the present review, we attempt to summarize the role of key glycolytic enzymes i.e. HK, Hexokinase; PFK, Phosphofructokinase; PKM2, Pyruvate kinase isozyme type 2; and LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase in TNBCs, and possible therapeutic options presently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dev Arundhathi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr BRA IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep R Mathur
- Department of Pathology, Dr BRA IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ajay Gogia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr BRA IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - S V S Deo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr BRA IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Ma R, Wu Y, Li S, Yu X. Interplay Between Glucose Metabolism and Chromatin Modifications in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654337. [PMID: 33987181 PMCID: PMC8110832 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram glucose metabolism to meet their malignant proliferation needs and survival under a variety of stress conditions. The prominent metabolic reprogram is aerobic glycolysis, which can help cells accumulate precursors for biosynthesis of macromolecules. In addition to glycolysis, recent studies show that gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle play important roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review about the role of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and TCA cycle in tumorigenesis with an emphasis on revealing the novel functions of the relevant enzymes and metabolites. These functions include regulation of cell metabolism, gene expression, cell apoptosis and autophagy. We also summarize the effect of glucose metabolism on chromatin modifications and how this relationship leads to cancer development. Understanding the link between cancer cell metabolism and chromatin modifications will help develop more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xilan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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30
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Metabolic Classification and Intervention Opportunities for Tumor Energy Dysfunction. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050264. [PMID: 33922558 PMCID: PMC8146396 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive view of cell metabolism provides a new vision of cancer, conceptualized as tissue with cellular-altered metabolism and energetic dysfunction, which can shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms. Cancer is now considered a heterogeneous ecosystem, formed by tumor cells and the microenvironment, which is molecularly, phenotypically, and metabolically reprogrammable. A wealth of evidence confirms metabolic reprogramming activity as the minimum common denominator of cancer, grouping together a wide variety of aberrations that can affect any of the different metabolic pathways involved in cell physiology. This forms the basis for a new proposed classification of cancer according to the altered metabolic pathway(s) and degree of energy dysfunction. Enhanced understanding of the metabolic reprogramming pathways of fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, hypoxia, and acidosis can bring about new therapeutic intervention possibilities from a metabolic perspective of cancer.
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31
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Wang Y, Zhou W, Ma S, Guan X, Zhang D, Peng J, Wang X, Yuan L, Li P, Mao B, Kang P, Li D, Zhang C, Jia W. Identification of a Glycolysis-Related LncRNA Signature to Predict Survival in Diffuse Glioma Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 10:597877. [PMID: 33614485 PMCID: PMC7892596 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.597877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolysis refers to one of the critical phenotypes of tumor cells, regulating tumor cell phenotypes and generating sufficient energy for glioma cells. A range of noticeable genes [such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), phosphatase, and tensin homolog (PTEN), or Ras] overall impact cell proliferation, invasion, cell cycle, and metastasis through glycolysis. Moreover, long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are increasingly critical to disease progression. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify whether glycolysis-related LncRNAs have potential prognostic value for glioma patients. First, co-expression network between glycolysis-related protein-coding RNAs and LncRNAs was established according to Pearson correlation (Filter: |r| > 0.5 & P < 0.001). Furthermore, based on univariate Cox regression, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) analysis and multivariate Cox regression, a predictive model were built; vital glycolysis-related LncRNAs were identified; the risk score of every single patient was calculated. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed to assess the effect of risk score among glioma patients. 685 cases (including RNA sequences and clinical information) from two different cohorts of the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database were acquired. Based on the mentioned methods, the risk score calculation formula was yielded as follows: Risk score = (0.19 × EXPFOXD2-AS1) + (−0.27 × EXPAC062021.1) + (−0.16 × EXPAF131216.5) + (−0.05 × EXPLINC00844) + (0.11 × EXPCRNDE) + (0.35 × EXPLINC00665). The risk score was independently related to prognosis, and every single mentioned LncRNAs was significantly related to the overall survival of patients. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis indicated that the biologic process of the high-risk score was mainly involved in the cell cycle and DNA replication signaling pathway. This study confirmed that glycolysis-related LncRNAs significantly impact poor prognosis and short overall survival and may act as therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjianlong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shunchang Ma
- Beijing Neurosurgery Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiudong Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linhao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiliang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Deling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Neurosurgery Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China
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Brook N, Brook E, Dass CR, Chan A, Dharmarajan A. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor and Sex Hormone-Responsive Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113483. [PMID: 33238558 PMCID: PMC7700359 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oestrogens and androgens play important roles in normal and cancerous tissue and have been shown to negatively regulate pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) expression in sex hormone-responsive tumours. PEDF suppresses tumour growth and its downregulation by oestrogen is implicated in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and progression. PEDF expression is reduced in cancerous tissue of the prostate, breast, ovary, and endometrium compared to their normal tissue counterparts, with a link between PEDF downregulation and sex hormone signalling observed in pre-clinical studies. PEDF reduces growth and metastasis of tumour cells by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, increasing adhesion, and reducing migration. PEDF may also prevent treatment resistance in some cancers by downregulating oestrogen receptor signalling. By interacting with components of the tumour microenvironment, PEDF counteracts the proliferative and immunosuppressive effects of oestrogens, to ultimately reduce tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this review, we focus on sex hormone regulation of PEDF's anti-tumour action in sex hormone-responsive tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Brook
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (N.B.); (E.B.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Emily Brook
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (N.B.); (E.B.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (N.B.); (E.B.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.R.D.); (A.D.); Tel.: +61-8-9266-1489 (C.R.D.)
| | - Arlene Chan
- School of Medicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia;
- Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
- Correspondence: (C.R.D.); (A.D.); Tel.: +61-8-9266-1489 (C.R.D.)
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Hu Y, Xu W, Zeng H, He Z, Lu X, Zuo D, Qin G, Chen W. OXPHOS-dependent metabolic reprogramming prompts metastatic potential of breast cancer cells under osteogenic differentiation. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1644-1655. [PMID: 32934344 PMCID: PMC7686370 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcalcification is one of the most reliable clinical features of the malignancy risk of breast cancer, and it is associated with enhanced tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis. However, its underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. METHODS Clinical data were retrieved to analyse the association between calcification and bone metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Using multiple human breast cancer cell lines, the osteogenic cocktail model was established in vitro to demonstrate calcification-exacerbated metastasis. Migration and invasion characteristics were determined by wound healing and transwell migration. mRNA and protein expression were identified by quantitative PCR and western blotting. Metabolic alterations in breast cancer cells were evaluated using Seahorse Analyser. RESULTS The osteogenic differentiation of human breast cancer cells activated the classical TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway and the non-canonical MAPK pathway, which, in turn, exacerbated the progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The metabolic programme switched to enhancing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) upon osteogenic differentiation. Rotenone was used to inhibit the OXPHOS complex during osteogenesis to block mitochondrial function, consequently reversing the EMT phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights into the mechanisms involved in breast cancer bone metastasis, and outlines a possible strategy to intervene in OXPHOS for the treatment of breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangling Hu
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Xu
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilong He
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genggeng Qin
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
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Digging deeper through glucose metabolism and its regulators in cancer and metastasis. Life Sci 2020; 264:118603. [PMID: 33091446 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism enzymes and transporters play major role in cancer development and metastasis. In this study, we discuss glucose metabolism, transporters, receptors, hormones, oncogenes and tumor suppressors which interact with glucose metabolism and we try to discuss their major role in cancer development and cancer metabolism. We try to highlight the. Metabolic changes in cancer and metastasis upregulation of glycolysis is observed in many primary and metastatic cancers and aerobic glycolysis is the most favorable mechanism for glucose metabolism in cancer cells, and it is a kind of evolutionary change. The question that is posed at this juncture is: Can we use aerobic glycolysis phenotype and enzymes beyond this mechanism in estimating cancer prognosis and metastasis? Lactate is a metabolite of glucose metabolism and it is a key player in cancer and metastasis in both normoxic and hypoxic condition so lactate dehydrogenase can be a good prognostic biomarker. Furthermore, monocarboxylic transporter which is the main lactate transporter can be good target in therapeutic studies. Glycolysis enzymes are valuable enzymes in cancer and metastasis diagnosis and can be used as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Designing a diagnostic and prognostic profile for cancer metastasis seems to be possible base on glycolysis enzymes and glucose transporters. Also, glucose metabolism enzymes and agents can give us a clear vision in estimating cancer metastasis. We can promote a panel of genes that detect genetic changes in glucose metabolism agents to diagnose cancer metastasis.
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Moghadam ER, Ang HL, Asnaf SE, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Yavari M, Esmaeili H, Zarrabi A, Ashrafizadeh M, Kumar AP. Broad-Spectrum Preclinical Antitumor Activity of Chrysin: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1374. [PMID: 32992587 PMCID: PMC7600196 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological profile of phytochemicals has attracted much attention to their use in disease therapy. Since cancer is a major problem for public health with high mortality and morbidity worldwide, experiments have focused on revealing the anti-tumor activity of natural products. Flavonoids comprise a large family of natural products with different categories. Chrysin is a hydroxylated flavonoid belonging to the flavone category. Chrysin has demonstrated great potential in treating different disorders, due to possessing biological and therapeutic activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, etc. Over recent years, the anti-tumor activity of chrysin has been investigated, and in the present review, we provide a mechanistic discussion of the inhibitory effect of chrysin on proliferation and invasion of different cancer cells. Molecular pathways, such as Notch1, microRNAs, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), PI3K/Akt, MAPK, etc., as targets of chrysin are discussed. The efficiency of chrysin in promoting anti-tumor activity of chemotherapeutic agents and suppressing drug resistance is described. Moreover, poor bioavailability, as one of the drawbacks of chrysin, is improved using various nanocarriers, such as micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, etc. This updated review will provide a direction for further studies in evaluating the anti-tumor activity of chrysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134814336, Iran;
| | - Hui Li Ang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
| | - Sholeh Etehad Asnaf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, IslamicAzad University, Tehran 165115331, Iran;
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.Z.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Hossein Saleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.Z.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Mohammad Yavari
- Nursing and Midwifery Department, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Tehran 1916893813, Iran;
| | - Hossein Esmaeili
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1916893813, Iran; (A.Z.); (H.S.); (H.E.)
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore;
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D'Angelo E, Lindoso RS, Sensi F, Pucciarelli S, Bussolati B, Agostini M, Collino F. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Modulators of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition: Driving the Fate of Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1122. [PMID: 32793478 PMCID: PMC7393251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionarily conserved process. In cancer, EMT can activate biochemical changes in tumor cells that enable the destruction of the cellular polarity, leading to the acquisition of invasive capabilities. EMT regulation can be triggered by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling, allowing the tumor to adapt to the microenvironment demand in the different stages of tumor progression. In concomitance, tumor cells undergoing EMT actively interact with the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) constituted by cell components and extracellular matrix as well as cell secretome elements. As a result, the TME is in turn modulated by the EMT process toward an aggressive behavior. The current review presents the intrinsic and extrinsic modulators of EMT and their relationship with the TME, focusing on the non-cell-derived components, such as secreted metabolites, extracellular matrix, as well as extracellular vesicles. Moreover, we explore how these modulators can be suitable targets for anticancer therapy and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo D'Angelo
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria–CORIS, Veneto Region, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Citta della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine–REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Sensi
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Citta della Speranza, Padua, Italy
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pucciarelli
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- First Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- LIFELAB Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria–CORIS, Veneto Region, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Fondazione Citta della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Collino
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Policlinico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Gutzmer R, Vordermark D, Hassel JC, Krex D, Wendl C, Schadendorf D, Sickmann T, Rieken S, Pukrop T, Höller C, Eigentler TK, Meier F. Melanoma brain metastases - Interdisciplinary management recommendations 2020. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 89:102083. [PMID: 32736188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma brain metastases (MBM) are common and associated with a particularly poor prognosis; they directly cause death in 60-70% of melanoma patients. In the past, systemic treatments have shown response rates around 5%, whole brain radiation as standard of care has achieved a median overall survival of approximately three months. Recently, the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and combinations of MAP-kinase inhibitors both have shown very promising response rates of up to 55% and 58%, respectively, and improved survival. However, current clinical evidence is based on multi-cohort studies only, as prospectively randomized trials have been carried out rarely in MBM, independently whether investigating systemic therapy, radiotherapy or surgical techniques. Here, an interdisciplinary expert team reviewed the outcome of prospectively conducted clinical studies in MBM, identified evidence gaps and provided recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, outcome evaluation and monitoring of MBM patients. The recommendations refer to four distinct scenarios: patients (i) with 'brain-only' disease, (ii) with oligometastatic asymptomatic intra- and extracranial disease, (iii) with multiple asymptomatic metastases, and (iv) with multiple symptomatic MBM or leptomeningeal disease. Changes in current management recommendations comprise the use of immunotherapy - preferably combined anti-CTLA-4/PD-1-immunotherapy - in asymptomatic MBM minus/plus stereotactic radiosurgery which remains the mainstay of local brain therapy being safe and effective. Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy provides no clinical benefit in oligometastatic MBM. Among the systemic therapies, combined MAPK-kinase inhibition provides, in BRAFV600-mutated patients with rapidly progressing or/and symptomatic MBM, an alternative to combined immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Gutzmer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Center Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department for Radiation Oncology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jessica C Hassel
- Skin Cancer Center, Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krex
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Wendl
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Rieken
- Policlinic for Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Höller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas K Eigentler
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Skin Cancer Center at the University Cancer Centre and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Zang H, Li Y, Zhang X, Huang G. Knockdown of circRAD18 Mitigates Breast Cancer Progression through the Regulation of miR-613/HK2 Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3661-3672. [PMID: 32547203 PMCID: PMC7245444 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s243300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) remains the most prevalent malignancy and the leading cause of cancer death. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been discovered to serve as crucial regulators in BC. In the current work, we aimed to study the impact of circRAD18 (hsa_circ_0002453) on BC progression and mechanism governing it. Materials and Methods The expression levels of circRAD18, miR-613 and hexokinase 2 (HK2) mRNA were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). CircRAD18 identification was performed using RNase R digestion and actinomycin D assay. Cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and glycolysis were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, transwell analysis and extracellular acidification rate detection assay, respectively. Western blot was used to assess the levels of E-Cadherin, Vimentin, N-Cadherin and HK2 protein. The targeted interplay between miR-613 and circRAD18 or HK2 was detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Xenograft model assay was performed to observe the role of circRAD18 in vivo. Results CircRAD18 was highly expressed in BC tissues and cells. CircRAD18 depletion hindered BC cell malignant behaviors, as evidenced by the inhibition in cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and glycolysis, as well as the promotion in cell apoptosis. CircRAD18 directly interacted with miR-613, and miR-613 mediated the repressive effect of circRAD18 knockdown on BC cell malignant behaviors. Moreover, HK2 was a direct target of miR-613, and circRAD18 positively regulated HK2 expression via sponging miR-613. Additionally, circRAD18 knockdown repressed tumor growth in vivo by miR-613. Conclusion Our current work suggested that circRAD18 silencing suppressed BC cell malignant behaviors in vitro and tumor growth in vivo at least partly via the regulation of the miR-613/HK2 axis, highlighting that circRAD18 might be a promising therapeutic target for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zang
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Li
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Guomin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Li WC, Huang CH, Hsieh YT, Chen TY, Cheng LH, Chen CY, Liu CJ, Chen HM, Huang CL, Lo JF, Chang KW. Regulatory Role of Hexokinase 2 in Modulating Head and Neck Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:176. [PMID: 32195170 PMCID: PMC7063098 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To support great demand of cell growth, cancer cells preferentially obtain energy and biomacromolecules by glycolysis over mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos). Among all glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase (HK), a rate-limiting enzyme at the first step of glycolysis to catalyze cellular glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, is herein emphasized. Four HK isoforms, HK1-HK4, were discovered in nature. It was shown that HK2 expression is enriched in many tumor cells and correlated with poorer survival rates in most neoplastic cells. HK2-mediated regulations for cell malignancy and mechanistic cues in regulating head and neck tumorigenesis, however, are not fully elucidated. Cellular malignancy index, such as cell growth, cellular motility, and treatment sensitivity, and molecular alterations were determined in HK2-deficient head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. By using various cancer databases, HK2, but not HK1, positively correlates with HNSCC progression in a stage-dependent manner. A high HK2 expression was detected in head and neck cancerous tissues compared with their normal counterparts, both in mouse and human subjects. Loss of HK2 in HNSCC cells resulted in reduced cell (in vitro) and tumor (in vivo) growth, as well as decreased epithelial-mesenchymal transition–mediated cell movement; in contrast, HK2-deficient HNSCC cells exhibited greater sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil but are more resistant to photodynamic therapy, indicating that HK2 expression could selectively define treatment sensitivity in HNSCC cells. At the molecular level, it was found that HK2 alteration drove metabolic reprogramming toward OxPhos and modulated oncogenic Akt and mutant TP53-mediated signals in HNSCC cells. In summary, the present study showed that HK2 suppression could lessen HNSCC oncogenicity and modulate therapeutic sensitivity, thereby being an ideal therapeutic target for HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Huang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ta Hsieh
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ying Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hao Cheng
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Chen
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ji Liu
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ming Chen
- School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Medical College and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ling Huang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics (HTI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jeng-Fang Lo
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Metastases to the central nervous system: Molecular basis and clinical considerations. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116755. [PMID: 32120132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic tumors are the most common malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS) in adults. CNS metastases are associated with unfavorable prognosis, high morbidity and mortality. Lung cancer is the most common source of brain metastases, followed by breast cancer and melanoma. Rising incidence is primarily due to improvements in systemic control of primary malignancies, prolonged survival and advances in cancer detection. PURPOSE To provide an overview of the metastatic cascade and the role of angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, metabolic adaptations, and clinical details about brain metastases from different primary tumors. METHODS A review of the literature on brain metastases was conducted, focusing on the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of the disease. PubMed was used to search for relevant articles published from January 1975 through December 2019 using the keywords brain metabolism, brain metastasis, metastatic cascade, molecular mechanisms, incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. 146 articles met the criteria and were included in this review. DISCUSSION Some primary tumors have a higher tendency to metastasize to the CNS. Establishing a suitable metastatic microenvironment is important in maintaining tumor cell growth and survival. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used tool for diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Available treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and systemic targeted therapies. CONCLUSIONS Prevention of metastases to the CNS remains a difficult challenge. Advances in screening of high-risk patients and future development of novel treatments may improve patient outcomes.
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Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic changes that support their malignant growth. These changes are often associated with increased expression of the rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2. Hexokinase 2 is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. In this study, we utilized Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database analysis and clinical sample analysis to find that hexokinase 2 was highly expressed in cervical cancer. Furthermore, we found that high hexokinase 2 expression in cervical cancer demonstrated a positive correlation with tumor size (P = .009696), pathological grade (P = .028551), and prognosis (P = .00069) but not with age (P = .956201) or lymph node metastasis (P = .131379). At the cellular level, we knocked down the expression of hexokinase 2 in the human cervical cancer cell line SiHa. The results demonstrated that knockdown of hexokinase 2 inhibited the proliferation and migration of SiHa cells and promoted cell apoptosis. During this process, knockdown of hexokinase 2 inhibited phosphorylation of AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin and promoted p53 expression. At the same time, overexpression of human papillomavirus 18 oncogenes E6 and E7 significantly promoted the expression of hexokinase 2. Most importantly, we discovered a novel upstream regulatory microRNA for hexokinase 2: miR-9-5p. Luciferase reporter assays and Western blot assays demonstrated that hexokinase 2 expression was inhibited by miR-9-5p by directly binding its 3′-untranslated region in SiHa cells. Next, we determined that miR-9-5p could suppress the proliferation and migration of SiHa cells and induce apoptosis. In conclusion, we found that hexokinase 2 serves a carcinogenic role in cervical cancer through the miR-9-5p/hexokinase 2/AKT pathway, which serves as the basis for potential therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Youzhong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Garcia SN, Guedes RC, Marques MM. Unlocking the Potential of HK2 in Cancer Metabolism and Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7285-7322. [PMID: 30543165 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181213092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis is a tightly regulated process in which several enzymes, such as Hexokinases (HKs), play crucial roles. Cancer cells are characterized by specific expression levels of several isoenzymes in different metabolic pathways and these features offer possibilities for therapeutic interventions. Overexpression of HKs (mostly of the HK2 isoform) have been consistently reported in numerous types of cancer. Moreover, deletion of HK2 has been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation without explicit side effects in animal models, which suggests that targeting HK2 is a viable strategy for cancer therapy. HK2 inhibition causes a substantial decrease of glycolysis that affects multiple pathways of central metabolism and also destabilizes the mitochondrial outer membrane, ultimately enhancing cell death. Although glycolysis inhibition has met limited success, partly due to low selectivity for specific isoforms and excessive side effects of the reported HK inhibitors, there is ample ground for progress. The current review is focused on HK2 inhibition, envisaging the development of potent and selective anticancer agents. The information on function, expression, and activity of HKs is presented, along with their structures, known inhibitors, and reported effects of HK2 ablation/inhibition. The structural features of the different isozymes are discussed, aiming to stimulate a more rational approach to the design of selective HK2 inhibitors with appropriate drug-like properties. Particular attention is dedicated to a structural and sequence comparison of the structurally similar HK1 and HK2 isoforms, aiming to unveil differences that could be explored therapeutically. Finally, several additional catalytic- and non-catalytic roles on different pathways and diseases, recently attributed to HK2, are reviewed and their implications briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Garcia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C Guedes
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Matilde Marques
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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43
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Guo L, Zhang C, Gao Q, Hou B, Liu L, Yang H, Jiang X. Chloropupukeananin and Pestalofone C Regulate Autophagy through AMPK and Glycolytic Pathway. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900583. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longfang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Caining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Quan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Bolin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Huaiyi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
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Casadei-Gardini A, Del Coco L, Marisi G, Conti F, Rovesti G, Ulivi P, Canale M, Frassineti GL, Foschi FG, Longo S, Fanizzi FP, Giudetti AM. 1H-NMR Based Serum Metabolomics Highlights Different Specific Biomarkers between Early and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stages. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010241. [PMID: 31963766 PMCID: PMC7016798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of non-targeted serum metabolomics profiling represents a noninvasive tool to identify new clinical biomarkers and to provide early diagnostic differentiation, and insight into the pathological mechanisms underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. In this study, we used proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) Spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis to profile the serum metabolome of 64 HCC patients, in early (n = 28) and advanced (n = 36) disease stages. We found that 1H-NMR metabolomics profiling could discriminate early from advanced HCC patients with a cross-validated accuracy close to 100%. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed significant changes in serum glucose, lactate, lipids and some amino acids, such as alanine, glutamine, 1-methylhistidine, lysine and valine levels between advanced and early HCC patients. Moreover, in early HCC patients, Kaplan-Meier analysis highlighted the serum tyrosine level as a predictor for overall survival (OS). Overall, our analysis identified a set of metabolites with possible clinical and biological implication in HCC pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casadei-Gardini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.C.-G.); (G.R.)
| | - Laura Del Coco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Giorgia Marisi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (G.M.); (P.U.); (M.C.)
| | - Fabio Conti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Degli Infermi Hospital, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (F.C.); (F.G.F.)
| | - Giulia Rovesti
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy; (A.C.-G.); (G.R.)
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (G.M.); (P.U.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Canale
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (G.M.); (P.U.); (M.C.)
| | - Giovanni Luca Frassineti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | | | - Serena Longo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.G.)
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0832-299265
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (L.D.C.); (S.L.); (A.M.G.)
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Energy Metabolism in Cancer: The Roles of STAT3 and STAT5 in the Regulation of Metabolism-Related Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010124. [PMID: 31947710 PMCID: PMC7016889 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A central characteristic of many types of cancer is altered energy metabolism processes such as enhanced glucose uptake and glycolysis and decreased oxidative metabolism. The regulation of energy metabolism is an elaborate process involving regulatory proteins such as HIF (pro-metastatic protein), which reduces oxidative metabolism, and some other proteins such as tumour suppressors that promote oxidative phosphorylation. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins play a pivotal role in metabolism regulation. STAT3 and STAT5 are essential regulators of cytokine- or growth factor-induced cell survival and proliferation, as well as the crosstalk between STAT signalling and oxidative metabolism. Several reports suggest that the constitutive activation of STAT proteins promotes glycolysis through the transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factors and therefore, the alteration of mitochondrial activity. It seems that STAT proteins function as an integrative centre for different growth and survival signals for energy and respiratory metabolism. This review summarises the functions of STAT3 and STAT5 in the regulation of some metabolism-related genes and the importance of oxygen in the tumour microenvironment to regulate cell metabolism, particularly in the metabolic pathways that are involved in energy production in cancer cells.
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Tuo Z, Zheng X, Zong Y, Li J, Zou C, Lv Y, Liu J. HK3 is correlated with immune infiltrates and predicts response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:319-330. [PMID: 32508023 PMCID: PMC7240846 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the knowledge of tumor immunobiology deepening among researchers, the breakthroughs in the field of tumor immunotherapy in recent years have provided new approaches for cancer therapy. While patients who receive treatment are all at risk of side effects, about one-fifth of them have sustained responses. It is crucial to figure out the underlying mechanism of how the immune system regulates the nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) microenvironment to improve the benefit of immunotherapy. Regarding glucose metabolism, the initial step is to generate glucose-6-phosphate by phosphorylating glucose with hexokinases-3 (HK3). According to a recent study, HK3 has a functional role in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and colorectal cancer. RESULTS Here, we studied the co-expression relationship between the glycolytic pathway gene and the immune checkpoint gene and found that the expression of HK3 in tumor tissues may be related to immune status. By analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data, we found that the expression of HK3 was closely related to the main clinical features as well as to molecular characteristics. We also predicted that cases with low expression of HK3 were usually malignant entities and were shown to be obvious genomic aberrations of driver oncogenes. At the same time, gene ontology analysis based on significantly related genes in HK3 expression showed that HK3 expression was linked to inflammatory activity and immune response. Additionally, HK3 showed a remarkable trend in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy for patients receiving Keytruda (PD-1 monoclonal antibody) treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive study to characterize HK3 expression in NSCLC from molecular and clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Tuo
- Cancer CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xin Zheng
- Cancer CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yan Zong
- Cancer CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jie Li
- Cancer CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chunyan Zou
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region NanningGuangxi530021China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Jun Liu
- Cancer CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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Pedroza-Torres A, Romero-Córdoba SL, Justo-Garrido M, Salido-Guadarrama I, Rodríguez-Bautista R, Montaño S, Muñiz-Mendoza R, Arriaga-Canon C, Fragoso-Ontiveros V, Álvarez-Gómez RM, Hernández G, Herrera LA. MicroRNAs in Tumor Cell Metabolism: Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1404. [PMID: 31921661 PMCID: PMC6917641 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolism is a common feature of cancer cells and is considered a hallmark of cancer. Altered tumor-metabolism confers an adaptive advantage to cancer cells to fulfill the high energetic requirements for the maintenance of high proliferation rates, similarly, reprogramming metabolism confers the ability to grow at low oxygen concentrations and to use alternative carbon sources. These phenomena result from the dysregulated expression of diverse genes, including those encoding microRNAs (miRNAs) which are involved in several metabolic and tumorigenic pathways through its post-transcriptional-regulatory activity. Further, the identification of key actionable altered miRNA has allowed to propose novel targeted therapies to modulated tumor-metabolism. In this review, we discussed the different roles of miRNAs in cancer cell metabolism and novel miRNA-based strategies designed to target the metabolic machinery in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Pedroza-Torres
- Cátedra CONACyT-Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra L Romero-Córdoba
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Justo-Garrido
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Salido-Guadarrama
- Biología Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Rodríguez-Bautista
- Unidad de Oncología Torácica y Laboratorio de Medicina Personalizada, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (FCQB-UAS), Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Muñiz-Mendoza
- Clínica de Cáncer Hereditario, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristian Arriaga-Canon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Greco Hernández
- Laboratorio de Traducción y Cáncer, Unidad de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolgía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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48
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Glucose Transporter 3 is Essential for the Survival of Breast Cancer Cells in the Brain. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121568. [PMID: 31817208 PMCID: PMC6952949 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer brain metastasis commonly occurs in one-fourth of breast cancer patients and is associated with poor prognosis. Abnormal glucose metabolism is found to promote cancer metastasis. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment is crucial and plays an active role in the metabolic adaptations and survival of cancer cells. Glucose transporters are overexpressed in cancer cells to increase glucose uptake. The glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) is a high-affinity glucose transporter that is highly expressed in mammalian neurons. GLUT3 is also overexpressed in several malignant brain tumors. However, the role of GLUT3 in breast cancer brain metastasis remains unknown. The results of the present study demonstrated that GLUT3 is highly overexpressed in brain metastatic breast cancers and mediates glucose metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, knockdown of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) could directly regulate GLUT3 expression in brain metastatic breast cancer cells. Notably, we verified and provided a novel role of GLUT3 in mediating glucose metabolism and assisting breast cancer cells to survive in the brain to promote brain metastasis.
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49
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Carvalho R, Paredes J, Ribeiro AS. Impact of breast cancer cells´ secretome on the brain metastatic niche remodeling. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:294-301. [PMID: 31711993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases occur in approximately 10-20% of patients with metastatic breast cancer showing a very poor overall survival. Curiously, different molecular subtypes (that show specific gene expression signatures and differential prognostic significance) are associated with different risks for brain metastases development, suggesting that cancer cells harbor specific molecular programs that award them intrinsic advantages to survive in this specific foreign tissue. Emerging data has been revealing that biophysical and/or mechanical properties of the brain extracellular matrix (ECM), along with those of the brain resident cells, play a crucial role in creating the best conditions for survival, colonization and outgrowth of breast cancer cells in this distinct microenvironment. Although several reports show that cancer cells modulate metastatic niches way before they reach the target organ, few data exist for the brain metastatic niche. Indeed, little is known concerning how factors secreted by cancer cells activate brain resident cells and/or modify brain ECM biomechanical properties and how these modifications impact cells´ ability to metastasize the brain. The brain is a particular organ, protected by the blood brain barrier (BBB), and containing exclusive functional units and very special cell types. Additionally, it is the organ with the most singular ECM and biomechanical properties. Thus, this cancer cell-brain metastatic niche interaction must present distinct properties. Consequently, the search for putative molecular markers that modulate the brain pre-metastatic niche, thus promoting the successful metastatic homing of cancer cells, is urgently needed. In this review, we will discuss key aspects regarding breast cancer cells and the brain pre-metastatic niche paracrine communication that is crucial to initiate the metastatic cascade. We will focus on cancer cell`s secretome influence into the brain microenvironment, specifically on its impact on tissue mechanics and on brain resident cells as regulators of the pre-metastatic niche formation, ultimately promoting metastatic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Paredes
- i3S/IPATIMUP, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
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50
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Effects of Dietary Threonine Levels on Intestinal Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity Based on Cecal Metabolites and Transcription Sequencing of Broiler. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100739. [PMID: 31569385 PMCID: PMC6826648 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Threonine (Thr), an indispensable amino acid for animals and the third limiting amino acid of broilers, plays a vital role in the synthesis of gut mucosal proteins, which also has better effects on growth performance, biochemical indexes, antioxidant function, and gut morphology, as well as acting as a nutrient immunomodulator that affects the intestinal barrier function of broilers. However, it is not clear how it works in depth. The objective of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of effects of different dietary threonine levels on the antioxidant and immune capacity of broilers. Our findings suggest that a Thr level of 125% NRC (Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 1994) recommendations had better effects on antioxidant and immune capacity, including resisting viruses and decreasing the abnormal proliferation of cells. As well as this, it also had better effects on maintaining the homeostasis of the body. Abstract This study aimed to determine the effects of different dietary threonine levels on the antioxidant and immune capacity and the immunity of broilers. A total of 432 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each with 6 replicates of 18 broilers. The amount of dietary threonine in the four treatments reached 85%, 100%, 125%, and 150% of the NRC (Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 1994) recommendation for broilers (marked as THR85, THR100, THR125, and THR150). After 42 days of feeding, the cecum contents and jejunum mucosa were collected for metabolic analysis and transcriptional sequencing. The results indicated that under the condition of regular and non-disease growth of broilers, compared with that of the THR85 and THR150 groups, the metabolic profile of the THR125 group was significantly higher than that of the standard requirement group. Compared with the THR100 group, the THR125 group improved antioxidant ability and immunity of broilers and enhanced the ability of resisting viruses. The antioxidant gene CAT was upregulated. PLCD1, which is involved in immune signal transduction and plays a role in cancer suppression, was also upregulated. Carcinogenic or indirect genes PKM2, ACY1, HK2, and TBXA2 were down-regulated. The genes GPT2, glude2, and G6PC, which played an important role in maintaining homeostasis, were up-regulated. Therefore, the present study suggests that 125% of the NRC recommendations for Thr level had better effects on antioxidant and immune capacity, as well as maintaining the homeostasis of the body.
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