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Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) Upregulation through Promoter Hypomethylation Enhances Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051232. [PMID: 35267540 PMCID: PMC8909089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer recurrence caused by tamoxifen resistance hampers chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. The reasons behind the resistance were investigated by screening epigenetically regulated genes through analysis of methylation data from tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. MMP1 locus was found to be hypomethylated at a promoter CpG site and its expression was upregulated in the cell line, which was verified by the drug-resistant tumor tissues from breast cancer patients (n = 28). Downregulating MMP1 using a short hairpin RNA inhibited the growth of resistant cells and increased sensitivity to tamoxifen in vitro as well as in a xenografted mouse model in vivo. This study suggests that MMP1 is potentially a target gene to control tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Abstract Background: Tamoxifen (tam) is widely used to treat estrogen-positive breast cancer. However, cancer recurrence after chemotherapy remains a major obstacle to achieve good patient prognoses. In this study, we aimed to identify genes responsible for epigenetic regulation of tam resistance in breast cancer. Methods: Methylation microarray data were analyzed to screen highly hypomethylated genes in tam resistant (tamR) breast cancer cells. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical staining were used to quantify expression levels of genes in cultured cells and cancer tissues. Effects of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) expression on cancer cell growth and drug resistance were examined through colony formation assays and flow cytometry. Xenografted mice were generated to investigate the effects of MMP1 on drug resistance in vivo. Results: MMP1 was found to be hypomethylated and overexpressed in tamR MCF-7 (MCF-7/tamR) cells and in tamR breast cancer tissues. Methylation was found to be inversely associated with MMP1 expression level in breast cancer tissues, and patients with lower MMP1 expression exhibited a better prognosis for survival. Downregulating MMP1 using shRNA induced tam sensitivity in MCF-7/tamR cells along with increased apoptosis. The xenografted MCF-7/tamR cells that stably expressed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against MMP1 exhibited retarded tumor growth compared to that in cells expressing the control shRNA, which was further suppressed by tam. Conclusions: MMP1 can be upregulated through promoter hypomethylation in tamR breast cancer, functioning as a resistance driver gene. MMP1 can be a potential target to suppress tamR to achieve better prognoses of breast cancer patients.
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Soares JLM, Rocha VA, Sanudo A, Miot HA, Bagatin E. Prevalence and factors associated with gynoid lipodystrophy in Brazilian adolescent girls: a cross-sectional study. Int J Dermatol 2022; 61:861-866. [PMID: 35080006 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynoid lipodystrophy (GLD), or female cellulitis, is a chronic multifactorial disorder characterized by the irregular appearance of the skin surface on the thighs and gluteal regions, which affects 80-90% of women after puberty. No curative treatments are available, and there is a paucity of epidemiological studies related to its prevalence, quality of life impact, and risk factors. We aimed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with the development of GLD in Brazilian adolescent girls. METHODS A cross-sectional study examined adolescent girls from São Paulo, Brazil. The explored factors were grouped: familial history, gynecological and hormonal characteristics, exercise practice, nutrition and diet, anthropometric measures, body mass index, and body composition, according to GLD severity assessed through multivariate hierarchic statistics. RESULTS In total, 184 girls, aged from 12 to 18 years, were included in the study. The overall prevalence of GLD was 77.7% (CI 95% 71.7-82.1%); moderate and severe categories of GLD occurred in 56.5% (CI 95% 48.9-62.5%) of the sample. An impact on the quality of life was identified in 39.7% of the girls. GLD was independently associated with higher body mass index, early menarche, higher carbohydrate intake, lower water consumption, menstrual irregularity, familial report of GLD, and less exercise practice. CONCLUSION Gynoid lipodystrophy is a multifactorial disorder; its onset in adolescent girls is associated with familial occurrence, body composition, diet habits, exercise, and hormonal factors. These results support further interventions for GLD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana Sanudo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Amante Miot
- Departamento de Dermatologia e Radioterapia, FMB-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ediléia Bagatin
- Departamento de Dermatologia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Nam S, Chang HR, Jung HR, Gim Y, Kim NY, Grailhe R, Seo HR, Park HS, Balch C, Lee J, Park I, Jung SY, Jeong KC, Powis G, Liang H, Lee ES, Ro J, Kim YH. A pathway-based approach for identifying biomarkers of tumor progression to trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:880-90. [PMID: 25449779 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although trastuzumab is a successful targeted therapy for breast cancer patients with tumors expressing HER2 (ERBB2), many patients eventually progress to drug resistance. Here, we identified subpathways differentially expressed between trastuzumab-resistant vs. -sensitive breast cancer cells, in conjunction with additional transcriptomic preclinical and clinical gene datasets, to rigorously identify overexpressed, resistance-associated genes. From this approach, we identified 32 genes reproducibly upregulated in trastuzumab resistance. 25 genes were upregulated in drug-resistant JIMT-1 cells, which also downregulated HER2 protein by >80% in the presence of trastuzumab. 24 genes were downregulated in trastuzumab-sensitive SKBR3 cells. Trastuzumab sensitivity was restored by siRNA knockdown of these genes in the resistant cells, and overexpression of 5 of the 25 genes was found in at least one of five refractory HER2 + breast cancer. In summary, our rigorous computational approach, followed by experimental validation, significantly implicate ATF4, CHEK2, ENAH, ICOSLG, and RAD51 as potential biomarkers of trastuzumab resistance. These results provide further proof-of-concept of our methodology for successfully identifying potential biomarkers and druggable signal pathways involved in tumor progression to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoon Nam
- New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Ryung Chang
- New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Rim Jung
- New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Youme Gim
- New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Youl Kim
- Core Technology, Institut Pasteur Korea, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Regis Grailhe
- Core Technology, Institut Pasteur Korea, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Seo
- Functional Morphometry II, Institut Pasteur Korea, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seo Park
- Animal Sciences Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Curt Balch
- Bioscience Advising, Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Korean Bioinformation Center (KOBIC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhae Park
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center of Korea, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Jung
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center of Korea, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chae Jeong
- Biomolecular Function Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Garth Powis
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsil Ro
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center of Korea, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon Hui Kim
- New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea.
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Chi Y, Huang S, Wang L, Zhou R, Wang L, Xiao X, Li D, Cai Y, Zhou X, Wu J. CDK11p58 inhibits ERα-positive breast cancer invasion by targeting integrin β3 via the repression of ERα signaling. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:577. [PMID: 25106495 PMCID: PMC4138392 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CDK11p58, a Ser/Thr kinase that belongs to the cell division cycle 2-like 1 (CDC2L1) subfamily, is associated with cell cycle progression, tumorigenesis and apoptotic signaling. CDK11p58 is also involved in the regulation of steroid receptors, such as androgen and estrogen receptors. We previously found that CDK11p58 was abnormally expressed in prostate cancer. However, its role in breast cancer remains unclear. Methods CDK11p58 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining in a tissue array. A Transwell assay was used to detect invasion and metastasis in breast cancer cells. The TaqMan® Metastasis Gene Expression Assay was used to search for potential downstream factors in the CDK11p58 signaling pathway. qRT-PCR was used to evaluate mRNA levels, and the dual luciferase array was used to analyze promoter activity. Western blotting was used to detect the protein level. Results CDK11p58 expression was negatively correlated with node status (P = 0.012), relapse status (P = 0.002) and metastasis status (P = 0.023). Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that the disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly poor in breast cancer patients with low CDK11 expression. Interestingly, using the breast cancer cell lines ZR-75-30 and MDA-MB-231, we found that CDK11p58 was capable of repressing the migration and invasion of ERα-positive breast cancer cells, but not ERα-negative breast cancer cells, in a kinase-dependent manner. Gene expression assays demonstrated that integrin β3 mRNA was dramatically repressed by CDK11p58, and luciferase results confirmed that the integrin β3 promoter was inhibited by CDK11p58 through ERα repression. The expression of integrin β3 was highly related to ERα signaling; ERα overexpression stimulated integrin β3 expression, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERα attenuated integrin β3 expression. Conclusions These data indicate that CDK11p58 is an anti-metastatic gene in ERα-positive breast cancer and that the regulation of integrin β3 by CDK11p58 via the repression of ERα signaling may constitute part of a signaling pathway underlying breast cancer invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiong Wu
- Breast Cancer Institute; Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Building 7, No, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Agarwal E, Brattain MG, Chowdhury S. Cell survival and metastasis regulation by Akt signaling in colorectal cancer. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1711-9. [PMID: 23603750 PMCID: PMC3686084 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dissemination of cancer cells to distant organ sites is the leading cause of death due to treatment failure in different types of cancer. Mehlen and Puisieux have reviewed the importance of the development of inappropriate cell survival signaling for various steps in the metastatic process and have noted the particular importance of aberrant cell survival to successful colonization at the metastatic site. Therefore, the understanding of mechanisms that govern cell survival fate of these metastatic cells could lead to the understanding of a new paradigm for the control of metastatic potential and could provide the basis for developing novel strategies for the treatment of metastases. Numerous studies have documented the widespread role of Akt in cell survival and metastasis in colorectal cancer, as well as many other types of cancer. Akt acts as a key signaling node that bridges the link between oncogenic receptors to many essential pro-survival cellular functions, and is perhaps the most commonly activated signaling pathway in human cancer. In recent years, Akt2 and Akt3 have emerged as significant contributors to malignancy alongside the well-characterized Akt1 isoform, with distinct non-overlapping functions. This review is aimed at gaining a better understanding of the Akt-driven cell survival mechanisms that contribute to cancer progression and metastasis and the pharmacological inhibitors in clinical trials designed to counter the Akt-driven cell survival responses in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael G. Brattain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sanjib Chowdhury
- Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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