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Sheveleva O, Protasova E, Nenasheva T, Butorina N, Melnikova V, Gerasimova T, Sakovnich O, Kurinov A, Grigor’eva E, Medvedev S, Lyadova I. A Model of iPSC-Derived Macrophages with TNFAIP3 Overexpression Reveals the Peculiarities of TNFAIP3 Protein Expression and Function in Human Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12868. [PMID: 37629049 PMCID: PMC10454046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in the development and control of inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms balancing macrophage inflammatory activity is important to develop new strategies for treating inflammation-related diseases. TNF-α-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20) is a negative regulator of intracellular inflammatory cascades; its deficiency induces hyper-inflammatory reactions. Whether A20 overexpression can dampen macrophage inflammatory response remains unclear. Here, we generated human-induced pluripotent stem cells with tetracycline-inducible A20 expression and differentiated them into macrophages (A20-iMacs). A20-iMacs displayed morphology, phenotype, and phagocytic activity typical of macrophages, and they displayed upregulated A20 expression in response to doxycycline. A20 overexpression dampened the A20-iMac response to TNF-α, as shown by a decreased expression of IL1B and IL6 mRNA. A dynamic analysis of A20 expression following the generation of A20-iMacs and control iMacs showed that the expression declined in iMacs and that iMacs expressed a lower molecular weight form of the A20 protein (~70 kDa) compared with less differentiated cells (~90 kDa). A low-level expression of A20 and the predominance of a low-molecular-weight A20 form were also characteristic of monocyte-derived macrophages. The study for the first time developed a model for generating macrophages with an inducible expression of a target gene and identified the peculiarities of A20 expression in macrophages that likely underlie macrophage preparedness for inflammatory reactivity. It also suggested the possibility of mitigating inflammatory macrophage responses via A20 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sheveleva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (E.P.); (T.N.); (N.B.); (T.G.); (O.S.)
| | - Elena Protasova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (E.P.); (T.N.); (N.B.); (T.G.); (O.S.)
| | - Tatiana Nenasheva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (E.P.); (T.N.); (N.B.); (T.G.); (O.S.)
| | - Nina Butorina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (E.P.); (T.N.); (N.B.); (T.G.); (O.S.)
| | - Victoria Melnikova
- Laboratory of Comparative Developmental Physiology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Gerasimova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (E.P.); (T.N.); (N.B.); (T.G.); (O.S.)
| | - Olga Sakovnich
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (E.P.); (T.N.); (N.B.); (T.G.); (O.S.)
| | - Alexander Kurinov
- Laboratory of Regeneration Problems, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Grigor’eva
- Laboratory of Developmental Epigenetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergey Medvedev
- Laboratory of Developmental Epigenetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyev Ave., 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Irina Lyadova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Str., 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.S.); (E.P.); (T.N.); (N.B.); (T.G.); (O.S.)
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Xue D, Lu S, Zhang H, Zhang L, Dai Z, Kaufman DS, Zhang J. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived engineered T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in immunotherapy. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:907-922. [PMID: 36858941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (Macs), and dendritic cells (DCs) are among the most common sources for immune-cell-based therapies for cancer. Antitumor activity can be enhanced in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived immune cells by using iPSCs as a platform for stable genetic modifications that impact immuno-activating or -suppressive signaling pathways, such as transducing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or deletion of immunosuppressive checkpoint molecules. This review outlines the utility of four iPSC-derived immune-cell-based therapies, highlight the latest progress and future trends in the genome-editing strategies designed to improve efficacy, safety, and universality, and provides perspectives that compare different contexts in which each of these iPSC-derived immune cell types can be most effectively used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixuan Xue
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wen Yi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wen Yi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wen Yi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wen Yi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wen Yi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Gene-based delivery of immune-activating cytokines for cancer treatment. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:329-342. [PMID: 36828711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Tumors evolve together with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reshape it towards immunosuppression. Immunostimulating cytokines can be used to revert this state leading to effective antitumor immune responses, but their exploitation as anticancer drugs has been hampered by severe toxicity associated with systemic administration. Local, TME-targeted delivery of immune activating cytokines can deploy their antitumoral function more effectively than systemic administration while, at the same time, avoiding exposure of healthy organs and limiting toxicity. Here, we review different gene and cell therapy platforms developed for tumor-directed cytokine delivery highlighting their potential for clinical translation.
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Fukushima S, Miyashita A, Kuriyama H, Kimura T, Mizuhashi S, Kubo Y, Nakahara S, Kanemaru H, Tsuchiya N, Mashima H, Zhang R, Uemura Y. Future prospects for cancer immunotherapy using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dendritic cells or macrophages. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:290-296. [PMID: 36529534 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now the first-line treatment for many unresectable cancers. However, it remains far from a complete cure for all patients. Therefore, it is necessary to develop innovative methods for cancer immunotherapy, and immune cell therapy could be an option. Currently, several institutions are attempting to generate immune cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for use in cancer immunotherapy. A method for generating dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MPs) from iPSC has been established. iPSC-derived DCs (iPS-DCs) can activate T cells via antigen presentation, and iPSC-derived macrophages (iPS-MPs) attack cancer. Since iPSCs are used as the source, genetic modification is easy, and various immune functions, such as the production of anti-tumour cytokines, can be added. Furthermore, when iPS-DCs and iPS-MPs are immortalized, cost reduction through mass production is theoretically possible. In this review, the achievements of cancer research using iPS-DCs and iPS-MPs are summarized, and the prospects for the future are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Azusa Miyashita
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Kuriyama
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kimura
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuhashi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kubo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tsuchiya
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mashima
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Tokyo, Japan
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iPSC-Derived Macrophages: The Differentiation Protocol Affects Cell Immune Characteristics and Differentiation Trajectories. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416087. [PMID: 36555728 PMCID: PMC9781144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human macrophages from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMacs) is a rapidly developing approach used to create disease models, screen drugs, study macrophage-pathogen interactions and develop macrophage-based cell therapy. To generate iMacs, different types of protocols have been suggested, all thought to result in the generation of similar iMac populations. However, direct comparison of iMacs generated using different protocols has not been performed. We have compared the productivity, the differentiation trajectories and the characteristics of iMacs generated using two widely used protocols: one based on the formation of embryoid bodies and the induction of myeloid differentiation by only two cytokines, interleukin-3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the other utilizing multiple exogenous factors for iMac generation. We report inter-protocol differences in the following: (i) protocol productivity; (ii) dynamic changes in the expression of genes related to inflammation and lipid homeostasis following iMac differentiation and (iii) the transcriptomic profiles of terminally differentiated iMacs, including the expression of genes involved in inflammatory response, antigen presentation and lipid homeostasis. The results document the dependence of fine iMac characteristics on the type of differentiation protocol, which is important for further development of the field, including the development of iMac-based cell therapy.
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Lyadova I, Vasiliev A. Macrophages derived from pluripotent stem cells: prospective applications and research gaps. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 35725499 PMCID: PMC9207879 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a valuable cell source able to give rise to different cell types of the body. Among the various pathways of iPSC differentiation, the differentiation into macrophages is a recently developed and rapidly growing technique. Macrophages play a key role in the control of host homeostasis. Their dysfunction underlies many diseases, including hereditary, infectious, oncological, metabolic and other disorders. Targeting macrophage activity and developing macrophage-based cell therapy represent promising tools for the treatment of many pathological conditions. Macrophages generated from human iPSCs (iMphs) provide great opportunities in these areas. The generation of iMphs is based on a step-wise differentiation of iPSCs into mesoderm, hematopoietic progenitors, myeloid monocyte-like cells and macrophages. The technique allows to obtain standardizable populations of human macrophages from any individual, scale up macrophage production and introduce genetic modifications, which gives significant advantages over the standard source of human macrophages, monocyte-derived macrophages. The spectrum of iMph applications is rapidly growing. iMphs have been successfully used to model hereditary diseases and macrophage-pathogen interactions, as well as to test drugs. iMph use for cell therapy is another promising and rapidly developing area of research. The principles and the details of iMph generation have recently been reviewed. This review systemizes current and prospective iMph applications and discusses the problem of iMph safety and other issues that need to be explored before iMphs become clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyadova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrei Vasiliev
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Lyadova I, Gerasimova T, Nenasheva T. Macrophages Derived From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Diversity of Protocols, Future Prospects, and Outstanding Questions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640703. [PMID: 34150747 PMCID: PMC8207294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφ) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMphs) represent a novel and promising model for studying human Mφ function and differentiation and developing new therapeutic strategies based on or oriented at Mφs. iMphs have several advantages over the traditionally used human Mφ models, such as immortalized cell lines and monocyte-derived Mφs. The advantages include the possibility of obtaining genetically identical and editable cells in a potentially scalable way. Various applications of iMphs are being developed, and their number is rapidly growing. However, the protocols of iMph differentiation that are currently used vary substantially, which may lead to differences in iMph differentiation trajectories and properties. Standardization of the protocols and identification of minimum required conditions that would allow obtaining iMphs in a large-scale, inexpensive, and clinically suitable mode are needed for future iMph applications. As a first step in this direction, the current review discusses the fundamental basis for the generation of human iMphs, performs a detailed analysis of the generalities and the differences between iMph differentiation protocols currently employed, and discusses the prospects of iMph applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Lyadova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Gerasimova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Nenasheva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Mizuhashi S, Kubo Y, Fukushima S, Kanemaru H, Nakahara S, Miyasita A, Ishibashi T, Kuriyama H, Kimura T, Masuguchi S, Zhang R, Iwama T, Nakatsura T, Uemura Y, Senju S, Ihn H. Immune cell therapy against disseminated melanoma by utilizing induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid cell lines producing interferon-beta or interleukin-15/interleukin-15 receptor alpha. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 102:133-136. [PMID: 33836927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Mizuhashi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kubo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Azusa Miyasita
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishibashi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Kuriyama
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kimura
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichi Masuguchi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Ueda N, Cahen M, Danger Y, Moreaux J, Sirac C, Cogné M. Immunotherapy perspectives in the new era of B-cell editing. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1770-1779. [PMID: 33755093 PMCID: PMC7993091 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early days of vaccination, targeted immunotherapy has gone through multiple conceptual changes and challenges. It now provides the most efficient and up-to-date strategies for either preventing or treating infections and cancer. Its most recent and successful weapons are autologous T cells carrying chimeric antigen receptors, engineered purposely for binding cancer-specific antigens and therefore used for so-called adoptive immunotherapy. We now face the merger of such achievements in cell therapy: using lymphocytes redirected on purpose to bind specific antigens and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) revolution, which conferred genome-editing methodologies with both safety and efficacy. This unique affiliation will soon and considerably expand the scope of diseases susceptible to adoptive immunotherapy and of immune cells available for being reshaped as therapeutic tools, including B cells. Following the monumental success story of passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), we are thus entering into a new era, where a combination of gene therapy/cell therapy will enable reprogramming of the patient's immune system and notably endow his B cells with the ability to produce therapeutic mAbs on their own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Ueda
- INSERM U1236, University of Rennes 1, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France
| | - Marine Cahen
- INSERM U1262, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276, Limoges University, Limoges, France; and
| | - Yannic Danger
- INSERM U1236, University of Rennes 1, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- CNRS UMR 9002, Institute of Human Genetics, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Sirac
- INSERM U1262, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276, Limoges University, Limoges, France; and
| | - Michel Cogné
- INSERM U1236, University of Rennes 1, Etablissement Français du Sang, Rennes, France
- INSERM U1262, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276, Limoges University, Limoges, France; and
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Immunotherapy with 4-1BBL-Expressing iPS Cell-Derived Myeloid Lines Amplifies Antigen-Specific T Cell Infiltration in Advanced Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041958. [PMID: 33669419 PMCID: PMC7920470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established an immune cell therapy with immortalized induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived myeloid lines (iPS-ML). The benefits of using iPS-ML are the infinite proliferative capacity and ease of genetic modification. In this study, we introduced 4-1BBL gene to iPS-ML (iPS-ML-41BBL). The analysis of the cell-surface molecules showed that the expression of CD86 was upregulated in iPS-ML-41BBL more than that in control iPS-ML. Cytokine array analysis was performed using supernatants of the spleen cells that were cocultured with iPS-ML or iPS-ML-41BBL. Multiple cytokines that are beneficial to cancer immunotherapy were upregulated. Peritoneal injections of iPS-ML-41BBL inhibited tumor growth of peritoneally disseminated mouse melanoma and prolonged survival of mice compared to that of iPS-ML. Furthermore, the numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in the spleen and tumor tissues treated with epitope peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-41BBL compared to those treated with control iPS-ML. The number of CXCR6-positive T cells were increased in the tumor tissues after treatment with iPS-ML-41BBL compared to that with control iPS-ML. These results suggest that iPS-ML-41BBL could activate antigen-specific T cells and promote their infiltration into the tumor tissues. Thus, iPS-ML-41BBL may be a candidate for future immune cell therapy aiming to change immunological "cold tumor" to "hot tumor".
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Salah A, Li Y, Wang H, Qi N, Wu Y. Macrophages as a Double-Edged Weapon: The Use of Macrophages in Cancer Immunotherapy and Understanding the Cross-Talk Between Macrophages and Cancer. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:429-440. [PMID: 33481665 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕs) play an essential role in maintaining body homeostasis. They perform dual functions produced by different subtypes. Mϕs not only fight against pathogens and foreign bodies such as bacteria or cancer cells but also participate in healing and repairing damaged tissue since they maintain both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects sequentially. Tumors possess the ability to polarize Mϕs from proinflammatory M1 subtype to anti-inflammatory M2-like Mϕs called tumor-associated macrophages, which, in turn, help the tumors to acquire cancer hallmarks. Consequently, this polarization allows tumors to grow and spread. In this light, Mϕs have been a subject of intense study, and researchers have developed protocols to derive different Mϕs subtypes either as a new state-of-the-art therapeutic approach or to understand the cross-talk between cancer and Mϕs. In this review, we present the use of primary Mϕs in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer, illustrate the reciprocating interplay between cancer and Mϕs, and the resulting structural and functional change on both cell types. Furthermore, we summarize the recent cutting-edge approaches of using Mϕs in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Salah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanqin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hangzhou Biaomo Biosciences Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Asia Stem Cell Therapies Co., Limited, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nianmin Qi
- Hangzhou Biaomo Biosciences Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Asia Stem Cell Therapies Co., Limited, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Tsuchiya N, Zhang R, Iwama T, Ueda N, Liu T, Tatsumi M, Sasaki Y, Shimoda R, Osako Y, Sawada Y, Kubo Y, Miyashita A, Fukushima S, Cheng Z, Nakaki R, Takubo K, Okada S, Kaneko S, Ihn H, Kaisho T, Nishimura Y, Senju S, Endo I, Nakatsura T, Uemura Y. Type I Interferon Delivery by iPSC-Derived Myeloid Cells Elicits Antitumor Immunity via XCR1 + Dendritic Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 29:162-175.e9. [PMID: 31577946 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) play important roles in antitumor immunity. We generated IFN-α-producing cells by genetically engineered induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived proliferating myeloid cells (iPSC-pMCs). Local administration of IFN-α-producing iPSC-pMCs (IFN-α-iPSC-pMCs) alters the tumor microenvironment and propagates the molecular signature associated with type I IFN. The gene-modified cell actively influences host XCR1+ dendritic cells to enhance CD8+ T cell priming, resulting in CXCR3-dependent and STING-IRF3 pathway-independent systemic tumor control. Administration of IFN-α-iPSC-pMCs in combination with immune checkpoint blockade overcomes resistance to single-treatment modalities and generates long-lasting antitumor immunity. These preclinical data suggest that IFN-α-iPSC-pMCs might constitute effective immune-stimulating agents for cancer that are refractory to checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Tsuchiya
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan; Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ueda
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Minako Tatsumi
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | | | | | - Yu Sawada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kubo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Azusa Miyashita
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Zhao Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Molecular Hematology, The Second Xiang-ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | | | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan; Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan.
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Kimura T, Fukushima S, Okada E, Kuriyama H, Kanemaru H, Kadohisa-Tsuruta M, Kubo Y, Nakahara S, Tokuzumi A, Kajihara I, Makino K, Miyashita A, Aoi J, Makino T, Tsukamoto H, Nishimura Y, Inozume T, Zhang R, Uemura Y, Senju S, Ihn H. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid cells expressing OX40 ligand amplify antigen-specific T cells in advanced melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:744-755. [PMID: 32353897 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors improved the survival rate of patients with unresectable melanoma. However, some patients do not respond, and variable immune-related adverse events have been reported. Therefore, more effective and antigen-specific immune therapies are urgently needed. We previously reported the efficacy of an immune cell therapy with immortalized myeloid cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS-ML). In this study, we generated OX40L-overexpressing iPS-ML (iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L) and investigated their characteristics and in vivo efficacy against mouse melanoma. We found that iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L suppressed the progression of B16-BL6 melanoma, and prolonged survival of mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-expressing B16 melanoma (MO4). The number of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells was higher in spleen cells treated with OVA peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L than in those without OX40L. The OVA peptide-pulsed iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L significantly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in MO4 tumor. Flow cytometry showed decreased regulatory T cells but increased effector and effector memory T cells among the TILs. Although we plan to use allogeneic iPS-ML in the clinical applications, iPS-ML showed the tumorgenicity in the syngeneic mice model. Incorporating the suicide gene is necessary to ensure the safety in the future study. Collectively, these results indicate that iPS-ML-Zsgreen-OX40L therapy might be a new method for antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kimura
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Etsuko Okada
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Kuriyama
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mina Kadohisa-Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kubo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakahara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Aki Tokuzumi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ikko Kajihara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsunari Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Azusa Miyashita
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Aoi
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Nishimura Project Laboratory, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Inozume
- Department of Dermatology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center (NCC), Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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14
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Bernareggi D, Pouyanfard S, Kaufman DS. Development of innate immune cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Hematol 2019; 71:13-23. [PMID: 30611869 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse and human pluripotent stem cells have been widely used to study the development of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Although not all cells can be derived with the same efficiency, immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages can be easily produced from PSCs to enable development of new cell-based therapies. NK cells and macrophages are part of the innate immune system, the first line of defense against malignancies and infectious disease. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)- and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NK cells can be produced at a clinical scale suitable for translation into clinical trials. Additionally, PSCs can be genetically modified to produce hESC/iPSC-derived human NK cells with enhanced antitumor activity. These engineered NK cells can express a stabilized version of the high-affinity Fc receptor CD16, chimeric antigen receptors, or other strategies to enable more potent and targeted cellular immunotherapies. Moreover, macrophages can also be routinely and efficiently produced from hESCs and iPSCs as a tool to expand our knowledge of the basic biology of these cells. hESC- and iPSC-derived macrophages can also be employed as a novel approach for cancer immunotherapy, as well as a strategy to repair or regenerate diseased and damaged tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bernareggi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Somayeh Pouyanfard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA
| | - Dan S Kaufman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, CA.
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15
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Zhang H, Reilly MP. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Macrophages for Unraveling Human Macrophage Biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2000-2006. [PMID: 28982665 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite a substantial appreciation for the critical role of macrophages in cardiometabolic diseases, understanding of human macrophage biology has been hampered by the lack of reliable and scalable models for cellular and genetic studies. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived macrophages (IPSDM), as an unlimited source of subject genotype-specific cells, will undoubtedly play an important role in advancing our understanding of the role of macrophages in human diseases. In this review, we summarize current literature in the differentiation and characterization of IPSDM at phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic levels. We emphasize the progress in differentiating iPSC to tissue resident macrophages, and in understanding the ontogeny of in vitro differentiated IPSDM that resembles primitive hematopoiesis, rather than adult definitive hematopoiesis. We review the application of IPSDM in modeling both Mendelian genetic disorders and host-pathogen interactions. Finally, we highlighted the potential areas of research using IPSDM in functional validation of coronary artery disease loci in genome-wide association studies, functional genomic analyses, drug testing, and cell therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Zhang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.Z., M.P.R.) and Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (H.Z., M.P.R.) and Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (M.P.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
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16
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Kim SY, Noh YW, Kang TH, Kim JE, Kim S, Um SH, Oh DB, Park YM, Lim YT. Synthetic vaccine nanoparticles target to lymph node triggering enhanced innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Biomaterials 2017; 130:56-66. [PMID: 28364631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, synthetic vaccine nanoparticles (SVNPs) that efficiently targeted lymph nodes, where immune responses against foreign antigens are primed, were developed to enhance antitumor immunity. The size (20-70 nm) and surface character (amination) of poly(γ-glutamic acid)-based SVNPs were selected for effective loading and delivery (i.e., migration and retention) of model tumor antigen (OVA) and toll-like receptor 3 agonist (poly (I:C)) to immune cells in lymph nodes. Antigen-presenting cells treated with SVNP-OVA and SVNP-IC showed higher uptake of OVA and poly (I:C) and higher secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and type I interferon (IFN-α, IFN-β) than those treated with OVA and poly (I:C) alone. In vivo analysis revealed higher levels of activation markers, inflammatory cytokines, and type I IFNs in the lymph nodes of mice immunized with SVNP-IC compared to those of mice in other groups. SVNP-IC-treated mice showed significantly greater in vivo natural killer cell expansion/activation (NK1.1+ cells) and CD8+ T cell response (CD8+ INF-γ+ cells) in innate and adaptive immunity, respectively. Both preventive and therapeutic vaccination of EG7-OVA tumor-bearing mice using the simultaneous injection of both SVNP-OVA and SVNP-IC induced higher antitumor immunity and inhibited tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woock Noh
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Heung Kang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Soong Ho Um
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 268, Chungwondaero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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