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Iranparast S, Tayebi S, Ahmadpour F, Yousefi B. Tumor-Induced Metabolism and T Cells Located in Tumor Environment. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:741-756. [PMID: 32691710 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200720010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several subtypes of T cells are located in a tumor environment, each of which supplies their energy using different metabolic mechanisms. Since the cancer cells require high levels of glucose, the conditions of food poverty in the tumor environment can cause inactivation of immune cells, especially the T-effector cells, due to the need for glucose in the early stages of these cells activity. Different signaling pathways, such as PI3K-AKt-mTOR, MAPK, HIF-1α, etc., are activated or inactivated by the amount and type of energy source or oxygen levels that determine the fate of T cells in a cancerous environment. This review describes the metabolites in the tumor environment and their effects on the function of T cells. It also explains the signaling pathway of T cells in the tumor and normal conditions, due to the level of access to available metabolites and subtypes of T cells in the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Iranparast
- Department of Immunology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Tayebi
- Department of Immunology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadpour
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Mota Reyes C, Yurteri Ü, Friess H, Ekin Demir I. Future directions of neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer. Oncoscience 2020; 7:44-46. [PMID: 32923514 PMCID: PMC7458337 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant therapy with conventional chemotherapies have visibly improved the prognosis of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (PCa). However, molecular targeted therapies that have provided durable responses in other tumor entities, have not yet found access into neoadjuvant therapy of PCa. In fact, due to the presence of the tumor burden serving as an antigen source for T cell priming, neoadjuvant chemotherapy may unleash a more potent antitumoral immune response than adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mota Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Ümmügülsüm Yurteri
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Munich, Germany
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3
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Guddati AK, Komiya T, Patel SJ, Sharma N, Powell E. Impact of immunotherapy use in patients with stage IV pancreatic carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 11:654-662. [PMID: 32953149 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most patients with pancreatic cancer have non-resectable disease at the time of diagnosis and usually die within 6-12 months. Despite indications in other solid tumors, the role of immunotherapy (IO) is unknown for late stage, advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), cases of Stage IV pancreatic cancers diagnosed in the period of 2014-2016 with at least 30-day follow up were retrospectively analyzed. The following clinical demographics were included: age (younger than 70 vs. older than 70), sex (male vs. female), race (whites vs. others), insurance (uninsured vs. insured), type of institution (academic vs. nonacademic), liver metastasis (yes vs. no), lung metastasis (yes vs. no), external beam radiation (yes vs. no), systemic chemotherapy (yes vs. no) and IO (yes vs. no). survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank tests. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models and propensity score matching analysis were also utilized. A P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results Among 25,596 eligible cases, 163 patients were treated with IO. A significant association between the use of IO and several clinical demographics (age <70, academic institution, adenocarcinoma, lung metastasis, radiation, chemotherapy) was noted. Chemotherapy was administered in 133 (82%) and 16,342 (64%) of cases in the IO and non-IO groups, respectively. Use of IO was associated with improved overall survival (OS) in both univariate and multivariate analyses (P<0.0001 for each). Median OS (in months) was 12.2 in the IO group vs. 5.8 in the non-IO group. Landmark analysis in the IO group showed 12 and 24-month survival of 51.0% and 20.0% respectively, as compared with 28.2% and 11.9% in the non-IO group. Propensity score matching analysis also demonstrated a trend toward improved OS in IO group (P=0.0753). Median survival was 12.2 and 8.9 months, respectively. Conclusions This retrospective data analysis using a large cancer database suggests that use of IO could improve survival in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. More studies will be needed in the future to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achuta K Guddati
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Takefumi Komiya
- Hematology/Medical Oncology, Parkview Cancer Institute, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Sunny J Patel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Neil Sharma
- Interventional GI Oncology, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
| | - Emily Powell
- Parkview Research Center, Mirro Center for Research and Innovation, Fort Wayne, IN, USA
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Zhou W, Guo S, Liu M, Burow ME, Wang G. Targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis in Tumor Immunotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3026-3041. [PMID: 28875842 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, which have chemotactic abilities, are comprised of a family of small cytokines with 8-10 kilodaltons. Chemokines work in immune cells by trafficking and regulating cell proliferation, migration, activation, differentiation, and homing. CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokine receptor specific for stromal-derived-factor-1 (SDF-1, also known as CXCL12), which has been found to be expressed in more than 23 different types of cancers. Recently, the SDF-1/CXCR-4 signaling pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for human tumor because of its critical role in tumor initiation and progression by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2, ras, p38 MAPK, PLC/ MAPK, and SAPK/ JNK, as well as regulating cancer stem cells. CXCL12/CXCR4 antagonists have been produced, which have shown encouraging results in anti-cancer activity. Here, we provide a brief overview of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as a molecular target for cancer treatment. We also review the potential utility of targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in combination of immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy based on up-to-date literature and ongoing research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No.146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110034, China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States
| | - Mingli Liu
- Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, United States
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Neoptolemos JP, Kleeff J, Michl P, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Palmer DH. Therapeutic developments in pancreatic cancer: current and future perspectives. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:333-348. [PMID: 29717230 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The overall 5-year survival for pancreatic cancer has changed little over the past few decades, and pancreatic cancer is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the next decade in Western countries. The past few years, however, have seen improvements in first-line and second-line palliative therapies and considerable progress in increasing survival with adjuvant treatment. The use of biomarkers to help define treatment and the potential of neoadjuvant therapies also offer opportunities to improve outcomes. This Review brings together information on achievements to date, what is working currently and where successes are likely to be achieved in the future. Furthermore, we address the questions of how we should approach the development of pancreatic cancer treatments, including those for patients with metastatic, locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, as well as for patients with resected tumours. In addition to embracing newer strategies comprising genomics, stromal therapies and immunotherapies, conventional approaches using chemotherapy and radiotherapy still offer considerable prospects for greater traction and synergy with evolving concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Neoptolemos
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany. .,Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Patrick Michl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eithne Costello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - William Greenhalf
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel H Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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6
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Emerging trends in the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:35-46. [PMID: 29242097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S., claiming approximately 43,000 lives every year. Much like other solid tumors, PC evades the host immune surveillance by manipulating immune cells to establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, targeting and reinstating the patient's immune system could serve as a powerful therapeutic tool. Indeed, immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as a potential adjunct treatment for solid tumors including PC. Immunotherapy modulates the host's immune response to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), eradicates cancer cells by reducing host tolerance to TAAs and provides both short- and long-term protection against the disease. Passive immunotherapies like monoclonal antibodies or engineered T-cell based therapies directly target tumor cells by recognizing TAAs. Active immunotherapies, like cancer vaccines, on the other hand elicit a long-lasting immune response via activation of the patient's immune cells against cancer cells. Several immunotherapy strategies have been tested for anti-tumor responses alone and in combination with standard care in multiple preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss various immunotherapy strategies used currently and their efficacy in abrogating self-antigen tolerance and immunosuppression, as well as their ability to eradicate PC.
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Interleukin-27 inhibits malignant behaviors of pancreatic cancer cells by targeting M2 polarized tumor associated macrophages. Cytokine 2017; 89:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Bailey P, Chang DK, Forget MA, Lucas FAS, Alvarez HA, Haymaker C, Chattopadhyay C, Kim SH, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA, Biankin AV, Hwu P, Maitra A, Roszik J. Exploiting the neoantigen landscape for immunotherapy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35848. [PMID: 27762323 PMCID: PMC5071896 DOI: 10.1038/srep35848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have met with limited success. It has been postulated that a low mutation load may lead to a paucity of T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, it is also possible that while neoantigens are present, an effective immune response cannot be generated due to an immune suppressive TME. To discern whether targetable neoantigens exist in PDAC, we performed a comprehensive study using genomic profiles of 221 PDAC cases extracted from public databases. Our findings reveal that: (a) nearly all PDAC samples harbor potentially targetable neoantigens; (b) T cells are present but generally show a reduced activation signature; and (c) markers of efficient antigen presentation are associated with a reduced signature of markers characterizing cytotoxic T cells. These findings suggest that despite the presence of tumor specific neoepitopes, T cell activation is actively suppressed in PDAC. Further, we identify iNOS as a potential mediator of immune suppression that might be actionable using pharmacological avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David K. Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - Marie-Andrée Forget
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Francis A. San Lucas
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hector A. Alvarez
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chandrani Chattopadhyay
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sun-Hee Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales 2200, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, Ahmed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Riese MJ, Moon EK, Johnson BD, Albelda SM. Diacylglycerol Kinases (DGKs): Novel Targets for Improving T Cell Activity in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:108. [PMID: 27800476 PMCID: PMC5065962 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of diacylglycerol (DAG). Two isoforms of DGK, DGKα, and DGKζ, specifically regulate the pool of DAG that is generated as a second messenger after stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR). Deletion of either isoform in mouse models results in T cells bearing a hyperresponsive phenotype and enhanced T cell activity against malignancy. Whereas, DGKζ appears to be the dominant isoform in T cells, rationale exists for targeting both isoforms individually or coordinately. Additional work is needed to rigorously identify the molecular changes that result from deletion of DGKs in order to understand how DAG contributes to T cell activation, the effect of DGK inhibition in human T cells, and to rationally develop combined immunotherapeutic strategies that target DGKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Riese
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research InstituteMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Edmund K. Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryon D. Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Steven M. Albelda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Abdelhamed S, Ogura K, Yokoyama S, Saiki I, Hayakawa Y. AKT-STAT3 Pathway as a Downstream Target of EGFR Signaling to Regulate PD-L1 Expression on NSCLC cells. J Cancer 2016; 7:1579-1586. [PMID: 27698894 PMCID: PMC5039378 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While cancer development and progression can be controlled by cytotoxic T cells, it is also known that tumor-specific CD8+T cells become functionally impaired by acquiring a group of inhibitory receptors known as immune checkpoints. Amongst those, programmed death-1 (PD-1) is one of the most recognized negative regulators of T cell function. In non-small lung cancers (NSCLCs), the aberrant activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to induce PD-L1 expression and further the treatment with gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for EGFR, decrease the expression of PD-L1 on NSCLC. Given the acquired resistance to gefitinib treatment frequently observed by developing secondary-site mutations limiting its efficacy, it is important to understand the downstream mechanism of activated-EGFR signaling for regulating PD-L1 in NSCLC. In this study, we demonstrated that AKT-STAT3 pathway could be a potential target for regulating the surface expression of PD-L1 on NSCLCs with aberrant EGFR activity and, further, the inhibition of AKT or STAT3 activity could down-regulate the expression of PD-L1 even in gefitinib-resistant NSCLCs. These results highlight an importance of AKT-STAT3 pathway as a promising target for potentiating anti-tumor immune responses by regulating PD-L1 expression on cancer cells with aberrant EGFR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
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11
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Kouidhi S, Noman MZ, Kieda C, Elgaaied AB, Chouaib S. Intrinsic and Tumor Microenvironment-Induced Metabolism Adaptations of T Cells and Impact on Their Differentiation and Function. Front Immunol 2016; 7:114. [PMID: 27066006 PMCID: PMC4810024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that the immune system and metabolism are highly integrated. In this context, multilevel interactions between metabolic system and T lymphocyte signaling and fate exist. This review will discuss different potential cell metabolism pathways involved in shaping T lymphocyte function and differentiation. We will also provide a general framework for understanding how tumor microenvironmental metabolism, associated with hypoxic stress, interferes with T-cell priming and expansion. How T-cell metabolism drives T-cell-mediated immunity and how the manipulation of metabolic programing for therapeutic purposes will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Kouidhi
- Laboratory BVBGR, LR11ES31, ISBST, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia; Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Muhammad Zaeem Noman
- Laboratory «Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology» Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2015, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1186, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301 , Orléans , France
| | - Amel Benammar Elgaaied
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Salem Chouaib
- Laboratory «Integrative Tumor Immunology and Genetic Oncology» Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2015, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1186, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Gustave Roussy, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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12
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Prell RA, Halpern WG, Rao GK. Perspective on a Modified Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Testing Strategy for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:263-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581815625596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intent of cancer immunotherapy (CIT) is to generate and enhance T-cell responses against tumors. The tumor microenvironment establishes several inhibitory pathways that lead to suppression of the local immune response, which is permissive for tumor growth. The efficacy of different CITs, alone and in combination, stems from reinvigorating the tumor immune response via several mechanisms, including costimulatory agonists, checkpoint inhibitors, and vaccines. However, immune responses to other antigens (self and foreign) may also be enhanced, resulting in potentially undesired effects. In outbred mammalian pregnancies, the fetus expresses paternally derived alloantigens that are recognized as foreign by the maternal immune system. If unchecked or enhanced, maternal immunity to these alloantigens represents a developmental and reproductive risk and thus is a general liability for cancer immunotherapeutic molecules. We propose a tiered approach to confirm this mechanistic reproductive liability for CIT molecules. A rodent allopregnancy model is based on breeding 2 different strains of mice so that paternally derived alloantigens are expressed by the fetus. When tested with a cross-reactive biotherapeutic, small molecule drug, or surrogate molecule, this model should reveal on-target reproductive liabilities if the pathway is involved in maintaining pregnancy. Alternatively, allopregnancy models with genetically modified mice can be interrogated for exquisitely specific biotherapeutics with restricted species reactivity. The allopregnancy model represents a relatively straightforward approach to confirm an expected on-target reproductive risk for CIT molecules. For biotherapeutics, it could potentially replace more complex developmental and reproductive toxicity testing in nonhuman primates when a pregnancy hazard is confirmed or expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A. Prell
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy G. Halpern
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gautham K. Rao
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Ibrahim AM, Wang YH. Viro-immune therapy: A new strategy for treatment of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:748-763. [PMID: 26811622 PMCID: PMC4716074 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an almost uniformly lethal disease with less than 5% survival at five years. This is largely due to metastatic disease, which is already present in the majority of patients when diagnosed. Even when the primary cancer can be removed by radical surgery, local recurrence occurs within one year in 50%-80% of cases. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new approaches for the treatment of advanced cancer and the prevention of recurrence after surgery. Tumour-targeted oncolytic viruses (TOVs) have become an attractive therapeutic agent as TOVs can kill cancer cells through multiple mechanisms of action, especially via virus-induced engagement of the immune response specifically against tumour cells. To attack tumour cells effectively, tumour-specific T cells need to overcome negative regulatory signals that suppress their activation or that induce tolerance programmes such as anergy or exhaustion in the tumour microenvironment. In this regard, the recent breakthrough in immunotherapy achieved with immune checkpoint blockade agents, such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associate protein 4, programmed death 1 (PD-1) or PD-L1 antibodies, has demonstrated the possibility of relieving immune suppression in PDAC. Therefore, the combination of oncolytic virotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade agents may synergistically function to enhance the antitumour response, lending the opportunity to be the future for treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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