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The EZ, Lin NN, Chan CJ, Loon JCW, Tan BYQ, Seet CSR, Teoh HL, Vijayan J, Yeo LLL. Antiplatelets or anticoagulants? Secondary prevention in cervical artery dissection: an updated meta-analysis. Neurol Res Pract 2022; 4:23. [PMID: 35692052 PMCID: PMC9190132 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-022-00188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracranial artery dissection involving either internal carotid artery or vertebral artery is a major cause of stroke in adults under 50 years of age. There is no conclusive evidence whether antiplatelets or anticoagulants are better suited in the treatment of extracranial artery dissection. Objectives To determine whether antiplatelets or anticoagulants have advantage over the other in the treatment of extracranial artery dissection for secondary prevention of recurrent ischemic events or death. Methods Present meta-analysis followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Database search was done in Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to May 2021 using pre-defined search strategy. Additional studies were identified from reference lists from included studies, reviews and previous meta-analyses. Outcome measures were ischaemic stroke, ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA), and death. Results Two RCTs and 64 observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. While the outcome measures of stroke, stroke or TIA and death were numerically higher with antiplatelet use, there were no statistically significant differences between antiplatelets and anticoagulants. Conclusion We found no significant difference between antiplatelet and anticoagulation treatment after extracranial artery dissection. The choice of treatment should be tailored to individual cases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42466-022-00188-7.
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Antiplatelets Versus Anticoagulation in Cervical Artery Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 2064 Patients. Drugs R D 2022; 22:187-203. [PMID: 35922714 PMCID: PMC9433613 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-022-00398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives In young people aged < 50 years, cervical artery dissection (CeAD) is among the most common causes of stroke. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the safest and most effective antithrombotic treatment for CeAD. We aimed to synthesize concrete evidence from studies that compared the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet (AP) versus anticoagulant (AC) therapies for CeAD. Methods We searched major electronic databases/search engines from inception till September 2021. Cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing anticoagulants with antiplatelets for CeAD were included. A meta-analysis was conducted using articles that were obtained and found to be relevant. Mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used for continuous data and odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI for dichotomous data. Results Our analysis included 15 studies involving 2064 patients, 909 (44%) of whom received antiplatelets and 1155 (56%) received anticoagulants. Our analysis showed a non-significant difference in terms of the 3-month mortality (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.03–7.58), > 3-month mortality (OR 1.63, 95% CI 0.40–6.56), recurrent stroke (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.46–2.02), recurrent transient ischaemic attack (TIA) (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.44–1.98), symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.12–1.19), and complete recanalization (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.46–1.06). Regarding primary ischaemic stroke, the results favoured AC over AP among RCTs (OR 6.97, 95% CI 1.25–38.83). Conclusion Our study did not show a considerable difference between the two groups, as all outcomes showed non-significant differences between them, except for primary ischaemic stroke (RCTs) and complete recanalization (observational studies), which showed a significant favour of AC over AP. Even though primary ischaemic stroke is an important outcome, several crucial points that could affect these results should be paid attention to. These include the incomplete adjustment for the confounding effect of AP–AC doses, frequencies, administration compliance, and others. We recommend more well-designed studies to assess if unnecessary anticoagulation can be avoided in CeAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40268-022-00398-z.
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Essibayi MA, Lanzino G, Keser Z. Vitamin K antagonist versus novel oral anticoagulants for management of cervical artery dissection: Interactive systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Stroke J 2022; 7:349-357. [PMID: 36478754 PMCID: PMC9720846 DOI: 10.1177/23969873221111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cervical artery dissection (CAD) represents a unique clinical entity with a high risk of ischemic stroke. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) showed good efficacy in CAD management but are cumbersome to use with potentially higher bleeding rates. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are easier to use and may have similar effects but lower hemorrhagic risk. In this systematic review, we compare the efficacy of NOAC to VKA as a potential alternative treatment. Methods: The literature was searched on Pubmed, PMC, and Embase via API through the Nested Knowledge AutoLit software in February 2022 for studies evaluating both NOAC and VKA. Baseline characteristics, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and hemorrhagic and ischemic complications were collected for single and double-arm studies and analyzed using random-effect subgroup meta-analysis. Findings: Overall, 11 studies were included with 699 patients treated with VKA and 53 treated with NOAC (from three studies; two were head-to-head comparative studies). There was no statistical difference in the baseline characteristics of VKA and NOAC patients. The rates of TIA/stroke in VKA and NOAC groups were 12.3% (95% CI; 0%, 28.6%) and 5.7% (95% CI; 0%, 12.2%), respectively. Major bleeding or intracranial bleeding were comparable between groups. Lesions treated with VKA showed angiographic recanalization with a rate of 51.4% (95% CI; 35.6%, 67.1%) and for those treated with NOAC was 58.4% (95% CI; 23.9%, 93.9%). The rates of good clinical outcomes were 79.9% (95% CI; 67.6%, 92.2%) in the VKA group and 91.4% (95% CI; 78.1%, 100%) in NOAC. No statistical difference was noted among any of the outcomes between the two treatment groups. Discussion and conclusion: We highlighted comparable efficacy and safety of NOAC to VKA for stroke prevention in CAD. Further head-to-head studies are warranted to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Lanzino
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zafer Keser
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Mayer-Suess L, Geiger M, Dejakum B, Boehme C, Domig LM, Komarek S, Toell T, Kiechl S, Knoflach M. Sex-differences in psychosocial sequelae after spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:611. [PMID: 35022509 PMCID: PMC8755839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short- to mid-term functional outcome in spontaneous cervical artery dissection is favorable, but the concomitant psychosocial impact is underreported. We aimed to determine these possible sequelae, with a special focus on sex differences, in our cohort of spontaneous cervical artery dissection subjects. During a standardized prospective in-house follow-up visit we, among other values, evaluated functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS]), psychosocial measures (return to work-, divorce rate) and health-related quality of life (WHO-QoL-BREF and SF-36-questionnaires). 145 patients participated in the long-term prospective follow-up. Median follow-up time was 6.5 years and excellent functional outcome (mRS ≤ 1) was achieved in 89.0% subjects. 87.6% returned to work and 17.6% married patients had a divorce during follow-up. Even though relevant baseline-/discharge characteristics and functional outcome did not differ between the sexes, women were less likely to return to work compared to men (79.7% vs. 93.8%; P = 0.010) and divorce rate was considerably higher in women (30.2% vs. 9.2%; P = 0.022). Health related quality of life did not differ significantly between the sexes, but women consistently reported lower values. Even though functional outcome is beneficial in most patients, measures to prevent poor psychosocial outcome should be considered in the long-term care of patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection, especially women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mayer-Suess
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Moritz Geiger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Benjamin Dejakum
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Boehme
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena M Domig
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silvia Komarek
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Toell
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,VASCage, Research Center on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,VASCage, Research Center on Vascular Ageing and Stroke, Innsbruck, Austria
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Tarsia J, Vidal G, Zweifler RM. Arterial Dissection, Fibromuscular Dysplasia, and Carotid Webs. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ye SL, Wang C, Wang LL, Xu TZ, Li XQ, Tang T. Oral Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Therapy for Cervical Artery Dissection: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2021; 27:10760296211051708. [PMID: 34846211 PMCID: PMC8647220 DOI: 10.1177/10760296211051708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid and vertebral artery dissections are estimated to account for ∼20% of
strokes in patients under 45-years-old. This meta-analysis compared the efficacy
and safety of treatment with anticoagulants versus antiplatelet agents to
determine the optimal therapy. We searched 4 electronic databases for clinical
trials published from January 1, 1980 to August 25, 2021 that included patients
who received anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy for carotid and/or vertebral
artery dissections. The curative effect was judged by recanalization evaluated
by imaging. The primary outcomes were all cause death and ischemic stroke;
secondary outcomes included hemorrhage and transient ischemic attack (TIA).
Patients who received only a single drug treatment were divided into
antiplatelet or anticoagulant groups; all received conservative treatment
without surgical intervention. For this investigation, we pooled the available
studies to conduct a meta-analysis, which included 7 articles with 1126
patients. The curative effect of vascular recanalization was not significantly
different between the 2 treatment groups (odds ratio [OR] = 0.913, 95%
confidence interval [CI]: 0.611-1.365, P = .657); similarly, no
significant differences were found regarding the primary outcomes all cause
death (OR = 1.747, 95%CI: 0.202-15.079, P = .612) and ischemic
stroke (OR = 2.289, 95%CI: 0.997-5.254, P = .051). Patients
treated with anticoagulants were more likely to experience TIA (OR = 0.517,
95%CI: 0.252-1.060, P = .072) and hemorrhage (OR = 0.468,
95%CI: 0.210-1.042, P = .063), but the differences were not
statistically significant. Overall, there were no statistically significant
differences between anticoagulant therapy and antiplatelet therapy for the
treatment of carotid and vertebral artery dissections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Lin Ye
- 665061Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- 665061Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- 665061Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian-Ze Xu
- 665061Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- 665061Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tang
- 665061Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Sultan S, Hynes N, Acharya Y, Kavanagh E, Jordan F. Systematic review of the effectiveness of carotid surgery and endovascular carotid stenting versus best medical treatment in managing symptomatic acute carotid artery dissection. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1212. [PMID: 34430653 PMCID: PMC8350712 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cervical artery dissection (CeAD) with an intramural haematoma can lead to stroke risk, especially in young patients. We performed comprehensive searches of the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register, the CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE to review the effectiveness of surgical and endovascular interventions versus best medical treatment alone for symptomatic CeAD. Furthermore, we aim to elaborate on the phenotypic individual disease manifestations of spontaneous Cervical Artery Dissection (sCAD) and how they translate into stroke and risk of dissection recurrence. Primary outcomes were ipsilateral stroke and disability. Secondary outcomes were death, any stroke, or transient ischaemic attack, residual stenosis >50%, recurrence of CeAD, expanding pseudo-aneurysm or major bleeding. Our search yielded no randomised controlled trials and/or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) comparing either carotid surgery or endovascular therapy with optimal medical management; thus there was no evidence to support the use of any specific method for management of extracranial CeAD in patients who fail antithrombotic therapy. However, despite the absence of controlled studies to compare surgery or endovascular therapy in patients who fail antithrombotic therapy, carotid surgery in young patients can be justified as a personalized precision approach given the high morbidity and mortality in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Sultan
- Western Vascular Institute, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and National University of Ireland, Galway affiliated Teaching Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niamh Hynes
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and National University of Ireland, Galway affiliated Teaching Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yogesh Acharya
- Western Vascular Institute, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Galway, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and National University of Ireland, Galway affiliated Teaching Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Edel Kavanagh
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Galway Clinic, Doughiska, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and National University of Ireland, Galway affiliated Teaching Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala Jordan
- College of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Bratu IF, Ribigan AC, Stefan D, Davidoiu CR, Badea RS, Antochi FA. Internal Carotid Artery Dissection - A Case for Antithrombotic Therapy in the Era of (Minimally) Invasive Procedures. MÆDICA 2021; 15:536-542. [PMID: 33603914 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2020.15.4.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Carotid artery dissection represents a common cause of stroke among people aged 30-45. We present two clinical cases and a review of the literature concerning the management of internal carotid artery dissections (ICADs). Materials and methods: The two patients are a 54-year-old male and a 40-year-old female. The first patient presented to our Neurology Department for one-week-old intense occipital headache. His clinical examination revealed left-sided miosis and upper eyelid ptosis. He underwent cerebral-cervical computed tomography (CT) and computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans and the latter revealed hemodynamically significant narrowing of both ICAs (right C1-C5 and left C1-C2 segments). Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) of the cervical-cerebral arteries showed right ICA occlusion at its origin (dissection fold and intraluminal thrombosis). Cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed a semilunar-shaped T2-weighted hypersignal present in the walls of the C1-C5 segments of the right ICA and of the C1-C2 segments of the left ICA, with bilaterally reduced intraluminal flow (right more than left). These findings indicated the presence of bilateral ICA intramural hematomas caused by subacute bilateral ICAD. The second patient presented to our Neurology Department for recurrent episodes of headache and lateral cervical pain on both sides. She underwent transcranial DUS and DUS of the cervicalcerebral arteries. They revealed right ICAD fold in its upper cervical segments. The CTA scan of the supra-aortic trunks showed hemodynamically significant narrowing with subsequent diminished blood flow in the upper cervical segments of right ICA. The patient was diagnosed with right ICAD. Results:Both patients were treated using antiplatelet therapy for primary prevention of ischaemic events. Follow-up at seven months and at six months, respectively, by means of CTA of the supra-aortic trunks or MRA of the cervical region, revealed the restoration of arterial patency with subsequent normal blood flow in both cases. Conclusions: The long-term outcomes of ICADs should be kept in mind when assigning medical or endovascular management on a case-by-case basis. Antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy is a safe and effective first-line strategy in such patients, especially in cases that do not warrant particular management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Stefan
- Department of Neurology, Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Wang GM, Xue H, Guo ZJ, Yu JL. Cerebral infarct secondary to traumatic internal carotid artery dissection. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:4773-4784. [PMID: 33195645 PMCID: PMC7642541 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i20.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic internal carotid artery dissection (TICAD) is rare and can result in severe neurological disability and even death. No consensus regarding its diagnostic screening and management has been established.
AIM To investigate the clinical presentation, imaging features, diagnostic workup, and treatment of TICAD.
METHODS In this retrospective case series, emergency admissions for TICAD due to closed head injury were analyzed. The demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were retrieved from patient charts and the picture archiving and communication system.
RESULTS Six patients (five males and one female, age range of 43-62 years, mean age of 52.67 years) presented with TICAD. Traffic accidents (4/6) were the most frequent cause of TICAD. The clinical presentation was always related to brain hypoperfusion. Imaging examination revealed dissection of the affected artery and corresponding brain infarction. All the patients were definitively diagnosed with TICAD. One patient was treated conservatively, one patient underwent anticoagulant therapy, two patients were given both antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs, and two patients underwent decompressive craniectomy. One patient fully recovered, while three patients were disabled at follow-up. Two patients died of refractory brain infarction.
CONCLUSION TICAD can cause catastrophic outcomes and even refractory brain hernia. Early and efficient diagnosis of TICAD is essential for initiating appropriate treatment. The treatment of TICAD is challenging and variable and is based on clinician discretion on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhen-Jie Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jin-Lu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Chaibi A, Russell MB. A risk-benefit assessment strategy to exclude cervical artery dissection in spinal manual-therapy: a comprehensive review. Ann Med 2019; 51:118-127. [PMID: 30889367 PMCID: PMC7857472 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2019.1590627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical artery dissection refers to a tear in the internal carotid or the vertebral artery that results in an intramural haematoma and/or an aneurysmal dilatation. Although cervical artery dissection is thought to occur spontaneously, physical trauma to the neck, especially hyperextension and rotation, has been reported as a trigger. Headache and/or neck pain is the most common initial symptom of cervical artery dissection. Other symptoms include Horner's syndrome and lower cranial nerve palsy. Both headache and/or neck pain are common symptoms and leading causes of disability, while cervical artery dissection is rare. Patients often consult their general practitioner for headache and/or neck pain, and because manual-therapy interventions can alleviate headache and/or neck pain, many patients seek manual therapists, such as chiropractors and physiotherapists. Cervical mobilization and manipulation are two interventions that manual therapists use. Both interventions have been suspected of being able to trigger cervical artery dissection as an adverse event. The aim of this review is to provide an updated step-by-step risk-benefit assessment strategy regarding manual therapy and to provide tools for clinicians to exclude cervical artery dissection. Key messages Cervical mobilization and/or manipulation have been suspected to be able to trigger cervical artery dissection (CAD). However, these assumptions are based on case studies which are unable to established direct causality. The concern relates to the chicken and the egg discussion, i.e. whether the CAD symptoms lead the patient to seek cervical manual-therapy or whether the cervical manual-therapy provoked CAD along with the non-CAD presenting complaint. Thus, instead of proving a nearly impossible causality hypothesis, this study provide clinicians with an updated step-by-step risk-benefit assessment strategy tool to (a) facilitate clinicians understanding of CAD, (b) appraise the risk and applicability of cervical manual-therapy, and (c) provide clinicians with adequate tools to better detect and exclude CAD in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Chaibi
- a Head and Neck Research Group, Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo , Nordbyhagen , Norway
| | - Michael Bjørn Russell
- a Head and Neck Research Group, Research Centre, Akershus University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.,b Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo , Nordbyhagen , Norway
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11
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Kloss M, Grond-Ginsbach C, Ringleb P, Hausser I, Hacke W, Brandt T. Recurrence of cervical artery dissection. Neurology 2018; 90:e1372-e1378. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo explore the recurrence of cervical artery dissection (CeAD).MethodsA single-center consecutive series of 282 CeAD patients was prospectively recruited during first admission from 1995 to 2012. Patients with a follow-up of at least 1 year (n = 238) were eligible for the current analysis. All patients with clinical symptoms or signs of recurrent CeAD on ultrasound were examined by MRI. Dermal connective tissue morphology was studied in 108 (45.4%) patients.ResultsMedian follow-up was 52 months (range 12–204 months). In all, 221 (92.8%) patients presented with monophasic CeAD, including 188 (79.0%) patients with a single CeAD event, 11 (4.6%) with simultaneous dissections in multiple cervical arteries, and 22 (9.2%) with subsequent events within a single phase of 4 weeks. Seventeen patients (7.1%) had late (>1 month after the initial event) recurrent CeAD events, including 5 (2.1%) with multiple recurrences. Patients with late recurrences were younger (37.5 ± 6.9 years) than those without (43.8 ± 9.9; p = 0.011). Ischemic stroke occurred in 164 (68.9%) patients at first diagnosis, but only 4 of 46 (8.7%) subsequent events caused stroke (p < 0.0001), while 19 (41.3%) were asymptomatic. Connective tissue abnormalities were found in 54 (56.3%) patients with monophasic and 8 (66.7%) with late recurrent dissections (p = 0.494).ConclusionTwenty-two (9.2%) patients had new CeAD events within 1 month and 17 (7.1%) later recurrences. The risk for new events was significantly higher (about 60-fold) during the acute phase than during later follow-up. Connective tissue abnormalities were not more frequent in patients with late recurrent events than in those with monophasic CeAD.
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12
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Daou B, Hammer C, Mouchtouris N, Starke RM, Koduri S, Yang S, Jabbour P, Rosenwasser R, Tjoumakaris S. Anticoagulation vs Antiplatelet Treatment in Patients with Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection: A Study of 370 Patients and Literature Review. Neurosurgery 2017; 80:368-379. [PMID: 28362967 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries is an important cause of stroke in young patients. Objective The objective of this study is to compare antithrombotic treatments in patients with carotid and vertebral dissections. Methods Three hundred seventy patients with carotid and vertebral artery dissections were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to analyze the association between treatment and new or recurrent events and clinical outcome. Results Mean follow-up was 24.3 months. In patients with spontaneous dissection, 55% received antiplatelets, 29.4% anticoagulation, and 12.6% combined treatment. New or recurrent ischemic and hemorrhagic events occurred in 9.6% of patients on antiplatelets, 10.4% on anticoagulation, and 13.3% on combined treatment. For traumatic dissection, 58.3% received antiplatelets, 26.9% anticoagulation, and 10.2% combined treatment. New or recurrent ischemic and hemorrhagic events occurred in 6.9% on antiplatelets, 11.1% on anticoagulation, and 20% on combined treatment. In patients with intracranial dissection, 63.1% were started on antiplatelets, 19.7% on anticoagulation, and 14.5% on combined treatment. Ischemic and hemorrhagic events occurred in 8.5% on antiplatelet treatment, 15.4% on anticoagulation, and 18.2% on combined treatment. In patients with extracranial dissection, 54.4% were on antiplatelets, 28.9% on anticoagulation, and 11.2% on combined treatment. Ischemic and hemorrhagic events occurred in 10.1% on antiplatelet treatment, 9.3% on anticoagulation, and 13.8% on combined treatment. The association between antithrombotic treatment and ischemic/hemorrhagic events and clinical outcome was not significant for all subtypes of dissection. Conclusion The rate of new or recurrent events is similar with antiplatelet and anticoagulation treatment in treating intracranial and extracranial carotid and vertebral artery dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badih Daou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christine Hammer
- Department of Emergency Surgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Mouchtouris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert M Starke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sravanthi Koduri
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Yang
- The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pascal Jabbour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Rosenwasser
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stavropoula Tjoumakaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ramchand P, Mullen MT, Bress A, Hurst R, Kasner SE, Cucchiara BL, Messé SR. Recanalization after Extracranial Dissection: Effect of Antiplatelet Compared with Anticoagulant Therapy. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 27:438-444. [PMID: 29100856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical arterial dissection is a leading cause of stroke in young patients, yet optimal management remains controversial. Existing studies focusing on recurrent stroke were underpowered to demonstrate differences between antithrombotic strategies. Vessel recanalization is a more prevalent outcome and is potentially clinically important. We aimed to assess recanalization rates with anticoagulation compared with antiplatelet therapy. METHODS We studied a single-center retrospective cohort of patients with extracranial carotid or vertebral artery dissection. Subjects with baseline and follow-up imaging between 1999 and 2013 were included. Stenosis was measured using North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial methodology. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine factors associated with recanalization, defined as ≥50% relative improvement in stenosis from baseline to follow-up imaging. Secondary analyses assessed absolute and relative stenosis change and limited the cohort to >50% stenosis at diagnosis. RESULTS We identified 75 patients with 84 dissections, mean age 47 years, 43% female, 39% non-white. Patients treated with anticoagulation had worse stenosis at baseline (median 99% versus 50%, P = .02). Comparing anticoagulation with antiplatelet therapy in the first month, there were no differences in the rates of ≥50% relative improvement in stenosis (50% versus 48%, P = .84) nor in absolute (median 16% versus 7%, P = .34) or relative (median 48% versus 43%, P = .92) change in stenosis from baseline to follow-up. In multivariable analysis, anticoagulation was not associated with recanalization (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .5-4.1, P = .52), whereas hypertension was negatively associated (OR .26, 95% CI: .09-.72, P = .009). CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulation was not associated with greater likelihood of recanalization compared with antiplatelet medication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Ramchand
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael T Mullen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron Bress
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Hurst
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott E Kasner
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brett L Cucchiara
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven R Messé
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Ansari SA, Kühn AL, Honarmand AR, Khan M, Hurley MC, Potts MB, Jahromi BS, Shaibani A, Gounis MJ, Wakhloo AK, Puri AS. Emergent Endovascular Management of Long-Segment and Flow-Limiting Carotid Artery Dissections in Acute Ischemic Stroke Intervention with Multiple Tandem Stents. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 38:97-104. [PMID: 28059705 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although most cervical dissections are managed medically, emergent endovascular treatment may become necessary in the presence of intracranial large-vessel occlusions, flow-limiting and long-segment dissections with impending occlusion, and/or hypoperfusion-related ischemia at risk of infarction. We investigated the role of emergent endovascular stenting of long-segment carotid dissections in the acute ischemic stroke setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied long-segment carotid dissections requiring stent reconstruction with multiple tandem stents (≥3 stents) and presenting with acute (<12 hours) ischemic stroke symptoms (NIHSS score, ≥4). We analyzed patient demographics, vascular risk factors, clinical presentations, imaging/angiographic findings, technical procedures/complications, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Fifteen patients (mean age, 51.5 years) with acute ischemic stroke (mean NIHSS score, 15) underwent endovascular stent reconstruction for vessel and/or ischemic tissue salvage. All carotid dissections presented with >70% flow limiting stenosis and involved the distal cervical ICA with a minimum length of 3.5 cm. Carotid stent reconstruction was successful in all patients with no residual stenosis or flow limitation. Nine patients (60%) harbored intracranial occlusions, and 6 patients (40%) required intra-arterial thrombolysis/thrombectomy, achieving 100% TICI 2b-3 reperfusion. Two procedural complications were limited to thromboembolic infarcts from in-stent thrombus and asymptomatic hemorrhagic infarct transformation (7% morbidity, 0% mortality). Angiographic and ultrasound follow-up confirmed normal carotid caliber and stent patency, with 2 cases of <20% in-stent stenosis. Early clinical improvement resulted in a mean discharge NIHSS score of 6, and 9/15 (60%) patients achieved a 90-day mRS of ≤2. CONCLUSIONS Emergent stent reconstruction of long-segment and flow-limiting carotid dissections in acute ischemic stroke intervention is safe and effective, with favorable clinical outcomes, allowing successful thrombectomy, vessel salvage, restoration of cerebral perfusion, and/or prevention of recurrent thromboembolic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ansari
- From the Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery (S.A.A., A.R.H., M.C.H., M.B.P., B.S.J., A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - A L Kühn
- Division of Neuroimaging and Intervention (A.L.K., M.J.G., A.K.W., A.S.P.), Department of Radiology and New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - A R Honarmand
- From the Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery (S.A.A., A.R.H., M.C.H., M.B.P., B.S.J., A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M Khan
- Department of Neurology (M.K.), Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - M C Hurley
- From the Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery (S.A.A., A.R.H., M.C.H., M.B.P., B.S.J., A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M B Potts
- From the Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery (S.A.A., A.R.H., M.C.H., M.B.P., B.S.J., A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - B S Jahromi
- From the Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery (S.A.A., A.R.H., M.C.H., M.B.P., B.S.J., A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - A Shaibani
- From the Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery (S.A.A., A.R.H., M.C.H., M.B.P., B.S.J., A.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - M J Gounis
- Division of Neuroimaging and Intervention (A.L.K., M.J.G., A.K.W., A.S.P.), Department of Radiology and New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - A K Wakhloo
- Division of Neuroimaging and Intervention (A.L.K., M.J.G., A.K.W., A.S.P.), Department of Radiology and New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - A S Puri
- Division of Neuroimaging and Intervention (A.L.K., M.J.G., A.K.W., A.S.P.), Department of Radiology and New England Center for Stroke Research, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts
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15
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Abstract
Cervical artery dissection (CAD) is a major cause of stroke in the young. A mural hematoma is detected in most CAD patients. The intramural blood accumulation should not be considered a reason to withhold intravenous thrombolysis in patients with CAD-related stroke. Because intravenous-thrombolyzed CAD patients might not recover as well as other stroke patients, acute endovascular treatment is an alternative. Regarding the choice of antithrombotic agents, this article discusses the findings of 4 meta-analyses across observational data, the current status of 3 randomized controlled trials, and arguments and counterarguments favoring anticoagulants over antiplatelets. Furthermore, the role of stenting and surgery is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel CH - 4031, Switzerland; Neurorehabilitation Unit, Felix Platter Hospital, University Center for Medicine of Aging and Rehabilitation, Burgfelderstrasse 101, Basel CH - 4012, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher Traenka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel CH - 4031, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Von Hessling
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel CH - 4031, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel CH - 4031, Switzerland
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Chowdhury MM, Sabbagh CN, Jackson D, Coughlin PA, Ghosh J. Antithrombotic treatment for acute extracranial carotid artery dissections: a meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015; 50:148-56. [PMID: 26109428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carotid artery dissection is a leading cause of stroke in younger patients, with an associated prevalence of 2.6-3.0 per 100,000 population. This meta-analysis aims to determine whether in patients managed medically, treatment with anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents was associated with a better outcome with respect to mortality, ischaemic stroke, and major bleeding episodes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was employed of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2015), and EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2015) databases. Primary outcomes were death (all causes) or disability. Secondary outcomes were ischaemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and major extracranial haemorrhage during the reported follow-up period. RESULTS No completed randomized trials were found. Comparing antiplatelets with anticoagulants across 38 studies (1,398 patients), there were no significant differences in the odds of death (effects size, ES, -0.007, p = .871), nor in the death and disability comparison or across any secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION There were no randomised trials comparing either anticoagulants or antiplatelets with control, thus there is no level 1 evidence to support their routine use for the treatment of carotid artery dissection. Also, there were no randomised trials that directly compared anticoagulants with antiplatelet drugs, and the reported non-randomised studies did not show any evidence of a significant difference between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Chowdhury
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - C N Sabbagh
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Jackson
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK
| | - P A Coughlin
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospital Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Ghosh
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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18
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Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, Fang MC, Fisher M, Furie KL, Heck DV, Johnston SCC, Kasner SE, Kittner SJ, Mitchell PH, Rich MW, Richardson D, Schwamm LH, Wilson JA. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45:2160-236. [PMID: 24788967 DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2819] [Impact Index Per Article: 281.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this updated guideline is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based recommendations on the prevention of future stroke among survivors of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. The guideline is addressed to all clinicians who manage secondary prevention for these patients. Evidence-based recommendations are provided for control of risk factors, intervention for vascular obstruction, antithrombotic therapy for cardioembolism, and antiplatelet therapy for noncardioembolic stroke. Recommendations are also provided for the prevention of recurrent stroke in a variety of specific circumstances, including aortic arch atherosclerosis, arterial dissection, patent foramen ovale, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypercoagulable states, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, sickle cell disease, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and pregnancy. Special sections address use of antithrombotic and anticoagulation therapy after an intracranial hemorrhage and implementation of guidelines.
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19
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Sarikaya H, da Costa BR, Baumgartner RW, Duclos K, Touzé E, de Bray JM, Metso A, Metso T, Arnold M, Arauz A, Zwahlen M, Jüni P. Antiplatelets versus anticoagulants for the treatment of cervical artery dissection: Bayesian meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72697. [PMID: 24039795 PMCID: PMC3764185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of antiplatelets and anticoagulants on stroke and death in patients with acute cervical artery dissection. DESIGN Systematic review with Bayesian meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES The reviewers searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to November 2012, checked reference lists, and contacted authors. STUDY SELECTION Studies were eligible if they were randomised, quasi-randomised or observational comparisons of antiplatelets and anticoagulants in patients with cervical artery dissection. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by another. Bayesian techniques were used to appropriately account for studies with scarce event data and imbalances in the size of comparison groups. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirty-seven studies (1991 patients) were included. We found no randomised trial. The primary analysis revealed a large treatment effect in favour of antiplatelets for preventing the primary composite outcome of ischaemic stroke, intracranial haemorrhage or death within the first 3 months after treatment initiation (relative risk 0.32, 95% credibility interval 0.12 to 0.63), while the degree of between-study heterogeneity was moderate (τ(2) = 0.18). In an analysis restricted to studies of higher methodological quality, the possible advantage of antiplatelets over anticoagulants was less obvious than in the main analysis (relative risk 0.73, 95% credibility interval 0.17 to 2.30). CONCLUSION In view of these results and the safety advantages, easier usage and lower cost of antiplatelets, we conclude that antiplatelets should be given precedence over anticoagulants as a first line treatment in patients with cervical artery dissection unless results of an adequately powered randomised trial suggest the opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Sarikaya
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bruno R. da Costa
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- CTU Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Kathleen Duclos
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- CTU Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Touzé
- Department of Neurology, Paris Descartes University, INSERM UMR S894, and Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Jean M. de Bray
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Angers, Angers, France
| | - Antti Metso
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Metso
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Arnold
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Arauz
- Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Jüni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- CTU Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Cohen JE, Gomori JM, Leker RR, Ben-Hur T, Grigoriadis S, Rajz G. Recanalization of symptomatic carotid artery dissections causing occlusion with multiple stents: the use of delayed double-contrast road map. Neurol Res 2013; 32:293-6. [DOI: 10.1179/174313209x382467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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21
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Stevic I, Chan HH, Chan AK. Carotid artery dissections: Thrombosis of the false lumen. Thromb Res 2011; 128:317-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Schirmer CM, Atalay B, Malek AM. Endovascular recanalization of symptomatic flow-limiting cervical carotid dissection in an isolated hemisphere. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 30:E16. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.2.focus1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Object
Internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) is a common cause of stroke in young patients, which may lead to major transient or permanent disability. Internal carotid artery dissection may occur spontaneously or after trauma and may present with a rapid neurological deterioration or with hemodynamic compromise and a delayed and unstable neurological deficit. Endovascular intervention using stent angioplasty can be used as an alternative to anticoagulation and open surgical therapy in this setting to restore blood flow through the affected carotid artery.
Methods
The authors present the cases of 2 patients with flow-limiting symptomatic ICAD leading to near-complete occlusion and without sufficient collateral supply. Both patients had isolated cerebral hemispheres without significant blood flow from the anterior or posterior communicating arteries. In both cases, the patients demonstrated blood pressure–dependent subacute unstable neurological deficits as a result of the hemodynamic compromise resulting from the dissection.
Results
Both patients underwent careful microwire-based selection of the true lumen followed by confirmatory microinjection and subsequent exchange-length microwire-based recanalization using tandem telescoping endovascular stenting. In both cases the neurological state improved, and no permanent neurological deficit ensued.
Conclusions
The treatment of ICAD may be difficult in patients with subacute unstable neurological deficits related to symptomatic hypoperfusion, especially in the setting of a hemodynamically isolated hemisphere. Anticoagulation alone may be insufficient in these patients. Although there is no widely accepted guideline for the treatment of ICAD, the authors recommend stent-mediated endovascular recanalization in cases of symptomatic flow-limiting hemodynamic compromise, especially in cases of an isolated hemisphere lacking sufficient communicating artery compensatory perfusion.
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23
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Manjila S, Masri T, Shams T, Chowdhry SA, Sila C, Selman WR. Evidence-based review of primary and secondary ischemic stroke prevention in adults: a neurosurgical perspective. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 30:E1. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.2.focus1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the authors' aim is to provide an evidence-based review of primary and secondary ischemic stroke prevention guidelines covering most of the common risk factors and stroke etiologies for the practicing neurosurgeon. The key to stroke prevention is in the identification and treatment of the major risk factors for stroke. These include hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and tobacco smoking. An updated approach to secondary prevention of stroke in the setting of intracranial and extracranial large vessel atherosclerosis and cardioembolism is provided along with a brief overview of pertinent clinical trials. Novel pharmacological options for prevention of cardioembolic strokes, such as new alternatives to warfarin, are addressed with recommendations for interruption of therapy for elective surgical procedures. In addition, the authors have reviewed the anticoagulation guidelines and the risk of thromboembolic complications of such therapies in the perioperative period, which is an invaluable piece of information for neurosurgeons. Less common etiologies such as arterial dissections and patent foramen ovale are also briefly discussed. Finally, the authors have outlined the quality measures in the Medicare Physician Quality Reporting System and essential guidelines for Primary Stroke Center certification, which have implications for day-to-day neurosurgical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tony Masri
- 2Neurology, The Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tanzila Shams
- 2Neurology, The Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Cathy Sila
- 2Neurology, The Neurological Institute, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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Zweifler RM, Silverboard G. Arterial Dissections and Fibromuscular Dysplasia. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fusco MR, Harrigan MR. Cerebrovascular Dissections—A Review Part I: Spontaneous Dissections. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:242-57; discussion 257. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3182012323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
abstract
Spontaneous cerebrovascular dissections are subintimal or subadventitial cervical carotid and vertebral artery wall injuries and are the cause of as many as 2% of all ischemic strokes. Spontaneous dissections are the leading cause of stroke in patients younger than 45 years of age, accounting for almost one fourth of strokes in this population. A history of some degree of trivial trauma is present in nearly one fourth of cases. Subsequent mortality or neurological morbidity is usually the result of distal ischemia produced by emboli released from the injury site, although local mass effect produced by arterial dilation or aneurysm formation also can occur. The gold standard for diagnosis remains digital subtraction angiography. Computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and ultrasonography are complementary means o evaluation, particularly for injury screening or treatment follow-up. The annual rate of stroke after injury is approximately 1% or less per year. The currently accepted method of therapy remains antithrombotic medication, either in the form of anticoagulation or antiplatelet agents; however, no class I medical evidence exists to guide therapy. Other options for treatment include thrombolysis and endovascular therapy, although the efficacy and indications for these methods remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Fusco
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mark R. Harrigan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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26
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Vicenzini E, Ricciardi MC, Sirimarco G, Di Piero V, Lenzi GL. Bilateral spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection with both early and very late recanalization: A case report. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2011; 39:48-53. [PMID: 21136581 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous bilateral internal carotid artery dissection has frequently been described in the literature as a cause of stroke. In more than half of the patients with internal carotid artery dissection, recanalization occurs early after the event and is unusual later than 6 months after onset of the dissection. We describe a patient with ischemic stroke due to left internal carotid artery occlusion in the extracranial segment. The patient was treated with anticoagulants and early vessel recanalization did not occur. Ten months later, he developed contralateral internal carotid occlusion in the intracranial tract, which was followed by early complete recanalization. Anticoagulation therapy was continued and, 16 months after the initial event, the left internal carotid artery unexpectedly also reopened.
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MESH Headings
- Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
- Carotid Artery Diseases/complications
- Carotid Artery Diseases/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery, Internal/diagnostic imaging
- Carotid Artery, Internal/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection/diagnostic imaging
- Carotid Artery, Internal, Dissection/pathology
- Cerebral Angiography/methods
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Recurrence
- Stroke/drug therapy
- Stroke/etiology
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Vicenzini
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Stroke Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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27
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Hinson HE, Stallmeyer MJ, Furuno JP, Yarbrough KL, Cole JW. Antithrombotic therapy and outcomes of cervical arterial dissection in the trauma patient: a case series. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2010; 4:13. [PMID: 21144045 PMCID: PMC3012017 DOI: 10.1186/1752-2897-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of antithrombotic therapy (anticoagulants and/or antiplatelets) in the setting of traumatic cervical arterial dissection (CAD) for the prevention of stroke remains controversial. This issue is further complicated by the frequent co-existence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and other intracranial injuries, and also the wide variability in treatment due to a lack of evidence-based guidance. To address these controversies, a registry in a major Level I trauma center was created. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the safety of antithrombotic therapy in post-traumatic CAD. Analysis from the first year is presented. METHODS All cervical dissections from the year 2005 were identified in patients at least 18 years of age by diagnosis code from radiology and trauma databases. Presence of arterial injury and grade, and other intracranial disease or injury such as stroke was diagnosed by a trauma radiologist and adjudicated by a neuroradiologist. RESULTS Fifty-five patients with cervical artery dissection were identified. Fourteen patients presented with a total of 20 acute, post-traumatic intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). Seven of the 14 patients with ICH were treated with antithrombotic therapy, and none extended their intracranial hemorrhages. Of the 41 patients without pre-existing ICH, 28 were treated with antithrombotic therapy and only one developed an interval hematoma. Among all 55 cases, two patients developed an acute ischemic stroke in the territory of the dissected artery after admission; both patients were in the untreated group. CONCLUSION In so far as antithrombotic therapy may offer benefit in preventing early ischemic stroke following cervical artery dissection, these data suggest withholding antiplatelet or other antithrombotics following trauma may not be warranted, even in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage. From a safety perspective, this registry-based case series indicates antithrombotic management of arterial injury did not contribute to development or progression of ICH, even in patients with pre-existing ICH. This data suggest that instituting early antithrombotic therapy presents a low risk of ICH or hemorrhage extension among traumatic cervical dissection patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Hinson
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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28
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Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, Albers GW, Bush RL, Fagan SC, Halperin JL, Johnston SC, Katzan I, Kernan WN, Mitchell PH, Ovbiagele B, Palesch YY, Sacco RL, Schwamm LH, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Turan TN, Wentworth D. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the american heart association/american stroke association. Stroke 2010; 42:227-76. [PMID: 20966421 DOI: 10.1161/str.0b013e3181f7d043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1266] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this updated statement is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based recommendations on the prevention of ischemic stroke among survivors of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Evidence-based recommendations are included for the control of risk factors, interventional approaches for atherosclerotic disease, antithrombotic treatments for cardioembolism, and the use of antiplatelet agents for noncardioembolic stroke. Further recommendations are provided for the prevention of recurrent stroke in a variety of other specific circumstances, including arterial dissections; patent foramen ovale; hyperhomocysteinemia; hypercoagulable states; sickle cell disease; cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; stroke among women, particularly with regard to pregnancy and the use of postmenopausal hormones; the use of anticoagulation after cerebral hemorrhage; and special approaches to the implementation of guidelines and their use in high-risk populations.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracranial internal carotid artery dissection (eICAD) is a leading cause of stroke in younger patients. OBJECTIVES 1. To determine whether, in patients with eICAD, treatment with anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents or control was associated with a better functional outcome. 2. To compare, among patients treated with either anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents, the risk of ischaemic strokes and major bleeding episodes. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 3 October 2009). In addition, we performed comprehensive searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2009), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November 2009) and EMBASE (January 1980 to November 2009), checked all relevant papers for additional eligible studies and contacted authors and researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and non-randomised studies (if they reported on outcome stratified by antithrombotic treatment and included at least four patients) of anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents for the treatment of extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. Two review authors independently extracted data. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Primary outcomes were death (all causes) and death or disability. Secondary outcomes were ischaemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and major extracranial haemorrhage during the reported follow-up period. The first choice treatment was taken for analyses. MAIN RESULTS We did not find any completed randomised trials. Comparing antiplatelets with anticoagulants across 36 observational studies (1285 patients), there were no significant differences in the odds of death (Peto odds ratio (Peto OR) 2.02, 95% CI 0.62 to 6.60), or the occurrence of ischaemic stroke (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.86) (34 studies, 1262 patients). For the outcome of death or disability, there was a non-significant trend in favour of anticoagulants (OR 1.77, 95% CI 0.98 to 3.22; P = 0.06) (26 studies, 463 patients). Symptomatic intracranial haemorrhages (5/627; 0.8%) and major extracranial haemorrhages (7/425; 1.6%) occurred only in the anticoagulation group; however, for both these outcomes, the estimates were imprecise and indicated no significant difference between the two treatment modalities. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There were no randomised trials comparing either anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs with control, thus there is no evidence to support their routine use for the treatment of extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. There were also no randomised trials that directly compared anticoagulants with antiplatelet drugs and the reported non-randomised studies did not show any evidence of a significant difference between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel, Switzerland, 4031
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Engelter ST, Rutgers MP, Hatz F, Georgiadis D, Fluri F, Sekoranja L, Schwegler G, Müller F, Weder B, Sarikaya H, Lüthy R, Arnold M, Nedeltchev K, Reichhart M, Mattle HP, Tettenborn B, Hungerbühler HJ, Sztajzel R, Baumgartner RW, Michel P, Lyrer PA. Intravenous Thrombolysis in Stroke Attributable to Cervical Artery Dissection. Stroke 2009; 40:3772-6. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.555953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T. Engelter
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Matthieu P. Rutgers
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Florian Hatz
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Georgiadis
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Lucka Sekoranja
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Guido Schwegler
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Felix Müller
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Bruno Weder
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Hakan Sarikaya
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Regina Lüthy
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Marcel Arnold
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Krassen Nedeltchev
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Marc Reichhart
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Heinrich P. Mattle
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Barbara Tettenborn
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg J. Hungerbühler
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Roman Sztajzel
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Ralf W. Baumgartner
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Patrik Michel
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
| | - Philippe A. Lyrer
- From the Stroke Units and Departments of Neurology, University Hospitals Basel (S.T.E., F.H., F.F., P.A.L.), Bern (M.A., K.N., H.P.M.), Geneva (L.S., R.S.), Lausanne (M.P.R., M.R., P.M.), and Zurich (D.G., H.S., R.W.B.), Cantonal Hospitals Aarau (G.S., H.J.H.), Thurgau (Muensterlingen; F.M.), St Gallen (B.W., B.T.), and the Department of Internal Medicine Triemli Hospital (Zurich; R.L.), Switzerland
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Bonati LH, Wetzel SG, Kessel-Schaefer A, Buser P, Lyrer PA, Engelter ST. Diffusion-weighted imaging findings differ between stroke attributable to spontaneous cervical artery dissection and patent foramen ovale. Eur J Neurol 2009; 17:307-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Cervical-artery dissection (CAD) is a major cause of cerebral ischaemia in young adults and can lead to various clinical symptoms, some of which are benign (eg, headache, neck pain, Horner's syndrome, and cranial-nerve palsy), but most patients have a stroke or transient ischaemic attack. In addition to trauma to the neck, other risk factors have been suggested, such as infection, migraine, hyperhomocysteinaemia, and the 677TT genotype of the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR 677TT), although evidence is sparse. An underlying arteriopathy, which could in part be genetically determined, is believed to have a role in the development of CAD. Importantly, both research on and optimum management of CAD strongly rely on diagnostic accuracy. Although the functional outcome of CAD is good in most patients, socioprofessional effects can be important. Incidence of the disorder in the general population is underestimated. Mortality and short-term recurrence rates are low but possibly also underestimated. Further research is warranted to improve our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, to assess the long-term outcome, and ultimately to provide treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Debette
- Université Lille II (EA 2691), Department of Neurology, Stroke Department, F-59037 Lille, France
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De Reuck J, Van Maele G. Seizures in patients with symptomatic cervical artery occlusion by dissection and by atherosclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:608-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nedeltchev K, Bickel S, Arnold M, Sarikaya H, Georgiadis D, Sturzenegger M, Mattle HP, Baumgartner RW. Recanalization of Spontaneous Carotid Artery Dissection. Stroke 2009; 40:499-504. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.519694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
We set out to investigate the predictors and time course for recanalization of spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (SICAD).
Methods—
We prospectively included 249 consecutive patients (mean age, 45±11 years) with 268 SICAD. Ultrasound examinations were performed at presentation, during the first month, and then at 3, 6, and 12 months, and clinical follow-ups after 3, 6, and 12 months.
Results—
Of 268 SICADs, 20 (7.5%) presented with ≤50% stenosis, 31 (11.6%) with 51% to 80% stenosis, 92 (34.3%) with 81% to 99% stenosis, and 125 (46.6%) with an occlusion. Antithrombotic treatment included anticoagulation in 174 (67%) patients, aspirin in 64 (24%) patients, and aspirin followed by anticoagulation or vice versa in 22 (8%) patients. Follow-up ultrasound showed normal findings in 160 (60%), ≤50% stenosis in 27 (10%), 51% to 80% stenosis in 4 (1%), 81% to 99% stenosis in 26 (10%), and occlusion in 51 (19%) vessels. The rate of complete recanalization was 16% at 1 month, 50% at 3 months, and 60% at 6 and 12 months. Initial occlusion of the dissected vessels reduced the odds of recanalization (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.2–7.3;
P
<0.001), whereas the occurrence of local symptoms and signs only at presentation were independently associated with complete recanalization (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2–0.8;
P
=0.048).
Conclusions—
These results suggest that recanalization of SICAD occurs mainly within the first 6 months after the onset of symptoms. Initial occlusion reduces the likelihood of complete recanalization, whereas presentation with local symptoms and signs only increases it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krassen Nedeltchev
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
| | - Stefan Bickel
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
| | - Marcel Arnold
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
| | - Hakan Sarikaya
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Georgiadis
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
| | - Matthias Sturzenegger
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
| | - Heinrich P. Mattle
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
| | - Ralf W. Baumgartner
- From Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Berne (K.N., M.A., M.S., H.P.M.) and Zurich (S.B., H.S., D.G., R.W.B.), Switzerland
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Bonati LH, Wetzel SG, Gandjour J, Baumgartner RW, Lyrer PA, Engelter ST. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Stroke Attributable to Internal Carotid Artery Dissection. Stroke 2008; 39:483-5. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.496760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
In stroke attributable to spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery (sICAD), arterial patency may influence the pattern and extent of cerebral ischemia.
Methods—
In 40 consecutive patients with stroke caused by sICAD, we compared the number, size and pattern of cerebral diffusion-weighted imaging lesions between patients with stenotic sICAD (n=15) and occlusive sICAD (n=25).
Results—
Patients with stenotic sICAD had more ischemic lesions (median 5, interquartile range 1 to 10) than patients with occlusive sICAD (2, 1 to 3;
P
=0.014). Lesion diameters were larger in occlusive sICAD (62, 50 to 99 mm) than in stenotic sICAD (25, 10 to 50 mm;
P
=0.007). Border-zone infarction occurred only in stenotic sICAD (7/15, 47%). Most patients with occlusive sICAD had territorial infarcts (22/25, 88%).
Conclusions—
In stroke attributable to sICAD, diffusion-weighted imaging characteristics may be influenced by the patency of the carotid artery. Differences in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia might exist between patients with stenotic and those with occlusive sICAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo H. Bonati
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (L.H.B., P.A.L., S.T.E.) and Department of Radiology (S.G.W.), University Hospital Basel, and Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (J.G., R.W.B.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan G. Wetzel
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (L.H.B., P.A.L., S.T.E.) and Department of Radiology (S.G.W.), University Hospital Basel, and Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (J.G., R.W.B.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joubin Gandjour
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (L.H.B., P.A.L., S.T.E.) and Department of Radiology (S.G.W.), University Hospital Basel, and Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (J.G., R.W.B.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralf W. Baumgartner
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (L.H.B., P.A.L., S.T.E.) and Department of Radiology (S.G.W.), University Hospital Basel, and Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (J.G., R.W.B.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A. Lyrer
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (L.H.B., P.A.L., S.T.E.) and Department of Radiology (S.G.W.), University Hospital Basel, and Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (J.G., R.W.B.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan T. Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (L.H.B., P.A.L., S.T.E.) and Department of Radiology (S.G.W.), University Hospital Basel, and Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (J.G., R.W.B.), University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland
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Caplan LR. Dissections of brain-supplying arteries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:34-42. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Engelter ST, Brandt T, Debette S, Caso V, Lichy C, Pezzini A, Abboud S, Bersano A, Dittrich R, Grond-Ginsbach C, Hausser I, Kloss M, Grau AJ, Tatlisumak T, Leys D, Lyrer PA. Antiplatelets Versus Anticoagulation in Cervical Artery Dissection. Stroke 2007; 38:2605-11. [PMID: 17656656 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.489666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
The widespread preference of anticoagulants over antiplatelets in patients with cervical artery dissection (CAD) is empirical rather than evidence-based.
Summary of Review—
This article summarizes pathophysiological considerations, clinical experiences, and the findings of a systematic metaanalysis about antithrombotic agents in CAD patients. As a result, there are several putative arguments in favor as well as against immediate anticoagulation in CAD patients.
Conclusions—
A randomized controlled trial comparing antiplatelets with anticoagulation is needed and ethically justified. However, attributable to the large sample size which is required to gather meaningful results, such a trial represents a huge venture. This comprehensive overview may be helpful for the design and the promotion of such a trial. In addition, it could be used to encourage both participation of centers and randomization of CAD patients. Alternatively, antithrombotic treatment decisions can be customized based on clinical and paraclinical characteristics of individual CAD patients. Stroke severity with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≥15, accompanying intracranial dissection, local compression syndromes without ischemic events, or concomitant diseases with increased bleeding risk are features in which antiplatelets seem preferable. In turn, in CAD patients with (pseudo)occlusion of the dissected artery, high intensity transient signals in transcranial ultrasound studies despite (dual) antiplatelets, multiple ischemic events in the same circulation, or with free-floating thrombus immediate anticoagulation is favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T Engelter
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel, Switzerland.
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38
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Arauz A, Hoyos L, Cantú C, Jara A, Martínez L, García I, Fernández MDLA, Alonso E. Mild Hyperhomocysteinemia and Low Folate Concentrations as Risk Factors for Cervical Arterial Dissection. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 24:210-4. [PMID: 17596690 DOI: 10.1159/000104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) plasma levels are associated with an increased risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD). We examined the potential association between Hcy, folate, vitamin B(12) levels and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms in patients with cerebral infarct caused by sCAD. PATIENTS AND METHODS 39 patients who survived a cerebral infarct caused by sCAD [20 (51%) women; 24 (61.5%) vertebral and 15 (38.5%) internal carotid arteries], and 76 healthy control subjects were included. Hcy plasma levels (fasting and after methionine load), folate and vitamin B(12) levels were measured. We also performed polymorphisms of MTHFR. Hcy, vitamin B(12), folates and polymorphisms of MTHFR were assessed and any associations were analyzed using multivariate statistics. RESULTS Mean plasma fasting Hcy level was 9.81 mumol/l for cases and 6.38 for controls (p = 0.001). The occurrence of sCAD was associated with elevated fasting Hcy levels (>95th percentile over the control group) with an adjusted odds ratio of 7.9 (95% CI 1.66-35). The association between low plasma folate values (<5th percentile) and the presence of CAD was 7.9 (95% CI 1.6-31) after adjusting for confounding variables. The distribution of the MTHFR genotype showed a higher TT mutant frequency among CAD patients (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS High plasma concentrations of Hcy and low plasma levels of folate were associated with an increased risk of sCAD in the sample studied. We conclude that deficiencies in nutritional status may contribute to the relatively high incidence of CAD in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arauz
- Stroke Clinic, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico.
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39
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Martin JJ, Hausser I, Lyrer P, Busse O, Schwarz R, Schneider R, Brandt T, Kloss M, Schwaninger M, Engelter S, Grond-Ginsbach C. Familial Cervical Artery Dissections. Stroke 2006; 37:2924-9. [PMID: 17053184 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000248916.52976.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Genetic risk factors are thought to play a role in the etiology of spontaneous cervical artery dissections (CAD). However, familial CAD is extremely rare. In this study we analyzed patients with familial CAD and asked the question whether familial CAD has particular features.
Methods—
Seven families with 15 CAD patients were recruited. All patients were carefully investigated by a neurologist, a neuroradiologist, and a dermatologist for clinical characteristics. From 11 patients a skin biopsy was performed to study the morphology of the connective tissue and to analyze the coding sequences of COL3A1, COL5A1, COL5A2, and part of COL1A1.
Results—
The mean age of the patients (n=15, 9 women) at their first dissection was 36.2 years (median age 32 years, range 18 to 59). Two patients had bilateral CAD. One patient had a right and a left internal carotid artery dissection in successive weeks, another patient had 5 dissections over a period of 8 years. A high intrafamilial correlation was found between the affected vessels (ie, the carotid and the vertebral arteries) and between ages at the first dissection. In 1 patient we found clear and reproducible ultrastructural abnormalities in the skin biopsy, but the second patient from the family was not studied, because he died as a result of CAD before this study. The dermal connective tissue aberrations in the examined patient were similar to mild findings in patients with vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS type IV), but might be iatrogenic and related to long-term corticosteroid inhalation therapy. All other analyzed patients showed normal connective tissue morphology. In patients from 6 families we analyzed the whole coding sequence of COL3A1, COL5A1, and COL5A2, and from part of COL1A1. A missense mutation in the COL3A1 gene (leading to a G157S substitution in type III procollagen) was detected in both patients from 1e family. Two patients from another family carried a rare nonsynonymous coding polymorphism in COL5A1 (D192N); 1 of them carried also a rare variant in COL5A2 (T12337).
Conclusions—
Familial CAD patients are young and probably are at high risk for recurrent or multiple CAD. Ultrastructural alterations of the dermal connective tissue might not be an important risk factor for familial CAD. However, the finding of a COL3A1 mutation revealed the presence of an inherited connective tissue disorder in 1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Martin
- Department of Neurology, Sanatorio Allende, Hipólito Irigoyen 384, CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentine.
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40
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Arnold M, Bousser MG, Fahrni G, Fischer U, Georgiadis D, Gandjour J, Benninger D, Sturzenegger M, Mattle HP, Baumgartner RW. Vertebral Artery Dissection. Stroke 2006; 37:2499-503. [PMID: 16960096 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000240493.88473.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Few data exist about clinical, radiologic findings, clinical outcome, and its predictors in patients with spontaneous vertebral artery dissection (sVAD).
Methods—
Clinical characteristics, imaging findings, 3-month outcomes, and its predictors were investigated in consecutive patients with sVAD.
Results—
One hundred sixty-nine patients with 195 sVAD were identified. Brain ischemia occurred in 131 patients (77%; ischemic stroke, n=114, 67%; transient ischemic attack, n=17, 10%). Three patients with ischemic stroke showed also signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH); 3 (2%) had SAH without ischemia. The 134 patients with brain ischemia or SAH had head and/or neck pain in 118 (88%) and pulsatile tinnitus in seven (5%) patients. The remaining 35 patients (21%) had isolated head and/or neck pain in 21 (12%) cases, asymptomatic sVAD in 13 (8%), and cervical radiculopathy in one case (1%). Location of sVAD was more often in the pars transversaria (V2; 35%) or atlas loop (V3; 34%) than in the prevertebral (V1; 20%) or intracranial (V4; 11%) segment (
P
=0.0001). Outcome was favorable (modified Rankin scale score 0 or 1) in 88 (82%) of 107 ischemic stroke patients with follow up. Two (2%) patients died. Low baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (
P
<0.0001) and younger age (
P
=0.007) were independent predictors of favorable outcome.
Conclusions—
sVAD is predominantly located in the pars transversaria (V2) or the atlas loop (V3). Most patients show posterior circulation ischemia. Favorable outcome is observed in most ischemic strokes and independently predicted by low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Arnold
- Department of Neurology, Assistance Publique, Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière, Paris, France
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41
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Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, Alberts MJ, Benavente O, Furie K, Goldstein LB, Gorelick P, Halperin J, Harbaugh R, Johnston SC, Katzan I, Kelly-Hayes M, Kenton EJ, Marks M, Schwamm LH, Tomsick T. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. Circulation 2006. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.113.10.e409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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42
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Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, Alberts MJ, Benavente O, Furie K, Goldstein LB, Gorelick P, Halperin J, Harbaugh R, Johnston SC, Katzan I, Kelly-Hayes M, Kenton EJ, Marks M, Schwamm LH, Tomsick T. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. Stroke 2006; 37:577-617. [PMID: 16432246 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000199147.30016.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1153] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this new statement is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based recommendations on the prevention of ischemic stroke among survivors of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Evidence-based recommendations are included for the control of risk factors, interventional approaches for atherosclerotic disease, antithrombotic treatments for cardioembolism, and the use of antiplatelet agents for noncardioembolic stroke. Further recommendations are provided for the prevention of recurrent stroke in a variety of other specific circumstances, including arterial dissections; patent foramen ovale; hyperhomocysteinemia; hypercoagulable states; sickle cell disease; cerebral venous sinus thrombosis; stroke among women, particularly with regard to pregnancy and the use of postmenopausal hormones; the use of anticoagulation after cerebral hemorrhage; and special approaches for the implementation of guidelines and their use in high-risk populations.
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Abstract
There are a large variety of non-atherosclerotic causes of ischemic stroke in the young. Arterial dissection, most commonly associated with non-traumatic causes, is among the most common. Both the carotid and vertebrobasilar circulations can be affected. The vasculitidies represent a rare, but potentially treatable series of conditions that can lead to stroke through diverse mechanisms. Moyamoya is a nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory, nonamyloid vasculopathy characterized by chronic progressive stenosis or occlusion of the distal internal carotid arteries and/or proximal portions of the middle and/or anterior cerebral arteries. Moyamoya can be idiopathic (moyamoya disease) or the result of other conditions. An appreciation of the unusual causes of stroke in the young is important when considering secondary prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Camilo
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke Center for Cerebrovascular Disease, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lyrer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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Townend BS, Traves L, Crimmins D. Bilateral spontaneous carotid artery dissection. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12:592-4. [PMID: 16051100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral internal carotid artery dissections have been reported, but spontaneous bilateral dissections are rare. Internal carotid artery dissection can present with a spectrum of symptoms ranging from headache to completed stroke. Two cases of spontaneous bilateral carotid artery dissection are presented, one with headache and minimal symptoms and the other with a stroke syndrome. No cause could be found in either case, making the dissections completely spontaneous. Bilateral internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) should be considered in young patients with unexplained head and neck pain with or without focal neurological symptoms and signs. The increasing availability of imaging would sustain the higher index of suspicion.
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46
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Yakushiji Y, Yasaka M, Takada T, Minematsu K. Serial transoral carotid ultrasonographic findings in extracranial internal carotid artery dissection. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2005; 24:877-80. [PMID: 15914695 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2005.24.6.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yakushiji
- The Cerebrovascular Division, Department of Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Dreier JP, Lurtzing F, Kappmeier M, Bohner G, Klingebiel R, Leistner S, Einhaupl KM, Schielke E, Valdueza JM. Delayed Occlusion after Internal Carotid Artery Dissection under Heparin. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 18:296-303. [PMID: 15331876 DOI: 10.1159/000080355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD) is a frequent etiology of stroke in the young. Immediate anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin is the most frequent treatment. A theoretical side effect of unfractionated heparin is an increase in the intramural hematoma resulting in hemodynamic cerebral infarction. We studied 20 patients with ICAD. All patients were immediately treated with unfractionated heparin. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ratios were measured twice daily. We prospectively monitored the course of ICAD with repeated ultrasound in hospital. Unexpectedly, delayed ICA occlusion was noted in 5 patients under treatment. One of these developed a watershed infarct. We then analyzed the aPTT ratios over the first 6 days after diagnosis. Patients with delayed occlusion had significantly higher aPTT ratios (2.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.5, p < 0.05). Within the limits of a partially retrospective design, our study seems to support the notion that unfractionated heparin can increase the intramural hematoma. Our findings further justify a randomized clinical trial to resolve the anticoagulant/antiplatelet debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens P Dreier
- Department of Neurology, Campus Mitte, Charité University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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48
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Assadian A, Senekowitsch C, Rotter R, Zölss C, Strassegger J, Hagmüller GW. Long-term results of covered stent repair of internal carotid artery dissections. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40:484-7. [PMID: 15337877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic and spontaneous dissections of internal carotid arteries (ICA) are rare conditions. So far, these pathologies are primarily treated conservatively, surgical revascularization being an option only after recurrent thromboembolic neurologic episodes or continuous aneurysm growth. Successful endovascular treatment strategies with covered stents have been reported in patients with ICA dissections. However, no long-term results are published so far. Herein, we report our experience of a combined conventional and endovascular repair of ICA dissections under reversed flow and their respective long-term results. METHODS In a prospective evaluation of clinical and morphologic outcome of 6 patients with carotid artery dissections, 2 patients were treated for continuous aneurysm growth and 4 patients for high-grade ICA stenoses with recurrent thromboembolic episodes during a 6-month follow-up period. A 6-mm polytetrafluoroethylene Hemobahn endoprosthesis was inserted under reversed flow of the internal carotid artery. RESULTS No perioperative strokes were observed; one TIA occurred, lasting less than 3 hours; no peripheral cranial nerve injuries or deaths were observed. No occlusions, hemodynamically significant stenosis, or recurrent neurologic symptoms were seen during follow-up, which ranged from 6 to 54 months (mean, 38.3 months). CONCLUSION Open endovascular repair of the ICA of symptomatic patients with dissections with a 6-mm covered endoprosthesis is a safe alternative to conventional surgery, with excellent long-term patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Assadian
- Chriurgie mit Gefässchirurgie, Wilhelminespital Wien, Vienna, Austria.
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Touzé E, Arquizan C, Mas JL. Que reste-t-il de l’héparine à la phase aiguë de l’ischémie cérébrale ? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2004; 160:728-35. [PMID: 15247866 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(04)71027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Touzé
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris.
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50
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Abstract
Dissection of the carotid artery in the neck is a relatively common condition. Most dissections are spontaneous, likely related to activities that cause sudden stretch of the pharyngeal portion of the carotid artery. Many patients do not develop brain ischemia but have a triad of neck and head pain, Horner's syndrome, and pulsatile tinnitus. Others present with transient or persistent brain ischemia. Strokes are due to the embolization of thrombus material from the lumen of the dissected artery to the intracranial arteries, most often the middle cerebral artery. Although there have been no randomized therapeutic trials in patients with carotid artery dissection, experience shows that standard anticoagulants in the form of heparin followed by Coumadin (Du Pont Pharma, Wilmington, DE) are effective in preventing further artery-to-artery emboli.
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