Guh JY, Chuang TD, Chen HC, Hung WC, Lai YH, Shin SJ, Chuang LY. Beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced growth inhibition and collagen production in HK-2 cells are dependent on TGF-beta and Smad3.
Kidney Int 2004;
64:2041-51. [PMID:
14633126 DOI:
10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00330.x]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Ketonuria is common in diabetes. The major form of ketone body is beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HB), which is metabolized by the proximal tubule. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and tubulopathy are important in diabetic nephropathy. Thus, the role of TGF-beta and the downstream Smad3 in beta-HB-induced effects in the human proximal tubule (HK-2 cell) was studied.
METHODS
Effects of beta-HB (0.1 to 10 mmol/L) on HK-2 cells were determined for: proliferation, cell cycle distribution, collagen production, tubular transdifferentiation [expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) protein], TGF-beta, Smad2/3, p21WAF1, and p27kip1.
RESULTS
Beta-HB (0.1 to 10 mmol/L) dose dependently decreased proliferation, arrested the cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and increased p21WAF1/p27kip1 protein expression at 48 hours (without affecting p21WAF1/p27kip1 mRNA and transcription). beta-HB (1 mmol/L) increased p21WAF1/p27kip1 protein half-lives. Beta-HB (1 mmol/L) increased TGF-beta transcription at 24 hours and TGF-beta1 mRNA/bioactivity at 48 hours. Beta-HB (1 mmol/L) increased nuclear Smad2/3 protein expression and increased collagen production (without affecting tubular transdifferentiation), which were reversed by Smad7, dominant-negative Smad3, and N-acetylcysteine. Dominant-negative Smad3 reversed beta-HB-induced TGF-beta transcription at 24 hours, and reversed TGF-beta1 bioactivity at 48 hours. Dominant-negative Smad3 reversed beta-HB-induced p21WAF1/p27kip1 protein expression at 48 hours. Finally, N-acetylcysteine, TGF-beta antibody, Smad7, and dominant-negative Smad3 reversed beta-HB (1 mmol/L)-induced growth inhibition at 48 hours.
CONCLUSION
Beta-HB activated Smad 2/3 by oxidative stress. TGF-beta and Smad3 mediate beta-HB-induced cell cycle-dependent growth inhibition while Smad3 mediate beta-HB-induced collagen production and p21WAF1/p27kip1 protein expression in HK-2 cells. Moreover, beta-HB increased p21WAF1/p27kip1 protein expression by increasing p21WAF1/p27kip1 protein stability.
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