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Brouillard P, Boon LM, Mulliken JB, Enjolras O, Ghassibé M, Warman ML, Tan OT, Olsen BR, Vikkula M. Mutations in a novel factor, glomulin, are responsible for glomuvenous malformations ("glomangiomas"). Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:866-74. [PMID: 11845407 PMCID: PMC379115 DOI: 10.1086/339492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2001] [Accepted: 01/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomuvenous malformations (GVMs) are cutaneous venous lesions characterized by the presence of smooth-muscle--like glomus cells in the media surrounding distended vascular lumens. We have shown that heritable GVMs link to a 4--6-cM region in chromosome 1p21-22. We also identified linkage disequilibrium that allowed a narrowing of this VMGLOM locus to 1.48 Mb. Herein, we report the identification of the mutated gene, glomulin, localized on the basis of the YAC and PAC maps. An incomplete cDNA sequence for glomulin had previously been designated "FAP48," for "FKBP-associated protein of 48 kD." The complete cDNA for glomulin contains an open reading frame of 1,785 nt encoding a predicted protein of 68 kD. The gene consists of 19 exons in which we identified 14 different germline mutations in patients with GVM. In addition, we found a somatic "second hit" mutation in affected tissue of a patient with an inherited genomic deletion. Since all but one of the mutations result in premature stop codons, and since the localized nature of the lesions could be explained by Knudson's two-hit model, GVMs are likely caused by complete loss of function of glomulin. The abnormal phenotype of vascular smooth-muscle cells (VSMCs) in GVMs suggests that glomulin plays an important role in differentiation of these cells--and, thereby, in vascular morphogenesis--especially in cutaneous veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Brouillard
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - Laurence M. Boon
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - John B. Mulliken
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - Odile Enjolras
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - Michella Ghassibé
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - Matthew L. Warman
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - O. T. Tan
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - Bjorn R. Olsen
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Université catholique de Louvain, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels; Division of Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard-Forsyth Department of Oral Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Boston; Consultation des Angiomes, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris; and Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland
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