Long-term clinical experience with PMMA membrane

Clinical Evaluation of Internal Hemodiafiltration (iHDF): A Diffusive-Convective Technique Performed with Internal Filtration Enhanced High-Flux Dialyzers

Aim

Efficiency in removing middle molecules such as ß2-microglobulin (ß2-MG) is one of the main purposes of modern dialytic therapy. In order to achieve this, techniques requiring complex machines and substitution fluid have been developed over recent years. Alternatively, the internal filtration / back filtration phenomenon can be used. The recent development of a so-called “internal filtration enhanced dialyser” prompted us to compare the removal of ß2-MG together with other small molecules when the dialyser was used either in standard hemodiafiltration (HDF) or internal hemodiafiltration (iHDF).

Methods

Ten stable, anuric, hemodialysis (HD) patients treated by thrice weekly standard bicarbonate HD using low-flux synthetic membrane entered the study. A new high-flux polysulfone dialyser designed with the specific aim of enhancing internal filtration (BS-1.6 UL, 1.6 m2, Toray Industries) was used. Post dilution HDF (2.5 l/hour of substitution fluid, dialysate flow 500 ml/min) was compared with iHDF (dialysate flow 750 ml/min), with blood flow at 300 ml/min. Samples were obtained at the start and at the end of the session in order to measure the % removal of urea, creatinine, uric acid, phosphate and ß2-MG (corrected for total protein concentration). In addition, after 20 min of dialysis the clearances of the same molecules were measured. A mathematical model has been developed for the description of the hydrodynamic phenomena taking place within the dialyser and of fluid filtration across the membrane.

Results

No significant differences have been observed in removal rate switching from HDF to iHDF except for ß2-MG removal, which was slightly higher in HDF than in iHDF. Phosphate clearance is significantly higher than those obtained with creatinine in both HDF (p<0.005) and iHDF (p<0.01) modalities. The total convection calculated with the model is reduced with respect to HDF only by 24% (4100 ml/h vs. 5400 ml/h on the average).

Conclusions

iHDF is a high flux dialysis method, which, if performed with a dialyser designed to enhance internal filtration, obtains a much higher removal rate in comparison with dialysers in traditional high flux dialysis, as previously reported in the literature. Provided that the dialyser is used on a dialysis machine working with ultra pure dialysate and UF control, this dialyser line can perform reliable internal HDF without the need for replacement solution. Considering the narrow difference in performance observed between iHDF and HDF, and the increasing number (and age) of patients leading to higher dialysis costs, iHDF represents a cost-effective alternative to other diffusive-convective techniques.

Introduction: beyond toxins removal, towards high-quality dialysis

The choice of dialyzer may affect the dialysis process more than any other single component of the dialysis system. Over the past five decades, membranes used for the treatment of chronic kidney disease have continuously evolved, and the use of classical non-modified cellulose membranes has declined in favor of cellulose-based membranes in which the basic structure has been modified to improve the biocompatibility profile of the material as well as membranes based on synthetic polymers. Dialysis membranes with the best biological properties should be biocompatible, exclude impurities in the dialysate and have a large pore size. A high adsorptive capacity, a main feature of the polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) membranes, is high helpful and may both increase the total amount of solutes removed and removes different kinds of solutes. Moreover, PMMA dialyzer membrane has a good chance to obtain an optimal rather than an adequate dialysis in the field of biocompatibility, immune regulation and inflammation.