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Alhasaniah AH. l-carnitine: Nutrition, pathology, and health benefits. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103555. [PMID: 36632072 PMCID: PMC9827390 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine is a medically needful nutrient that contributes in the production of energy and the metabolism of fatty acids. Bioavailability is higher in vegetarians than in people who eat meat. Deficits in carnitine transporters occur as a result of genetic mutations or in combination with other illnesses such like hepatic or renal disease. Carnitine deficit can arise in diseases such endocrine maladies, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, malnutrition, aging, sepsis, and cirrhosis due to abnormalities in carnitine regulation. The exogenously provided molecule is obviously useful in people with primary carnitine deficits, which can be life-threatening, and also some secondary deficiencies, including such organic acidurias: by eradicating hypotonia, muscle weakness, motor skills, and wasting are all improved l-carnitine (LC) have reported to improve myocardial functionality and metabolism in ischemic heart disease patients, as well as athletic performance in individuals with angina pectoris. Furthermore, although some intriguing data indicates that LC could be useful in a variety of conditions, including carnitine deficiency caused by long-term total parenteral supplementation or chronic hemodialysis, hyperlipidemias, and the prevention of anthracyclines and valproate-induced toxicity, such findings must be viewed with caution.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AIF, Apoptosis-inducing factor
- Anti-wasting effect
- BBB, Blood–brain barrier
- CC, Cancer cachexia
- CHF, Chronic heart failure
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- ESRD, End-stage renal disease
- GOT, Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HFD, High-Fat Diet
- HOI, Highest observed intake
- Health benefits
- LC, l-carnitine
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MTX, Methotrexate
- NF-kB, Nuclear factor-kB
- Nutrition
- OSL, Observed safe level
- PCD, Primary carnitine deficiency
- Pathology
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SCD, Secondary carnitine deficiency
- TLE, Temporal lobe epilepsy
- VD, Vascular dementia
- l-carnitine
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Hassan Alhasaniah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
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Shahouzehi B, Fallah H, Masoumi-Ardakani YI. L-carnitine administration effects on AMPK, APPL1 and PPAR? genes expression in the liver and serum adiponectin levels and HOMA-IR in type 2 diabetes rat model induced by STZ and nicotinamide. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Intravenous lipid emulsions are an integral part of nutrition therapy in the intestinal failure patient. In addition to being a concentrated source of non-protein calories, they provide the essential fatty acids necessary for growth and development. Depending upon the oil source used in these products, complications such as intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) can occur. This review will discuss the risks and benefits associated with these products, especially as they relate to the pediatric intestinal failure patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Gura
- Clinical Research, Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacist GI/Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - McGreggor Crowley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Gura K, Strijbosch R, Arnold S, McPherson C, Puder M. The Role of an Intravenous Fat Emulsion Composed of Fish Oil in a Parenteral Nutrition-Dependent Patient With Hypertriglyceridemia. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 22:664-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0115426507022006664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Gura
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robbert Strijbosch
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Arnold
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher McPherson
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark Puder
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Salamzadeh J, Rezaee H, Khalili H, Jafari S, Abdollahi A. Evaluation of serum level of carnitine in HIV-positive individuals and its possible explanatory factors. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This cross-sectional study evaluated the status of serum carnitine level and its possible explanatory factors in Iranian HIV-positive patients. Materials & methods: During a 1-year period, 210 HIV-positive patients older than 18 years of age were enrolled in the study. Serum carnitine concentrations of the patients were measured using radioimmunoassay kits. Probable correlations between the patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics with their serum levels of carnitine were determined in this study. Results: In comparison with normal serum concentration of carnitine in a healthy population, 63.45% of the patients had carnitine deficiency. Receiving antiretroviral regimen, duration of HIV infection, receiving fibrate drugs, serum total cholesterol, fasting blood sugar and serum triglyceride had significant correlations with serum level of carnitine of the patients. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that carnitine deficiency is prevalent in Iranian HIV/AIDS patients. Nutritional risk assessment of HIV-positive individuals at first visit and in the follow-up is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Salamzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Rezaee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khalili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Jafari
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abdollahi
- Department Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Modeling the time evolution of the nanoparticle-protein corona in a body fluid. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10949. [PMID: 20532175 PMCID: PMC2880601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanoparticles in contact with biological fluids interact with proteins and other biomolecules, thus forming a dynamic corona whose composition varies over time due to continuous protein association and dissociation events. Eventually equilibrium is reached, at which point the continued exchange will not affect the composition of the corona. Results We developed a simple and effective dynamic model of the nanoparticle protein corona in a body fluid, namely human plasma. The model predicts the time evolution and equilibrium composition of the corona based on affinities, stoichiometries and rate constants. An application to the interaction of human serum albumin, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and fibrinogen with 70 nm N-iso-propylacrylamide/N-tert-butylacrylamide copolymer nanoparticles is presented, including novel experimental data for HDL. Conclusions The simple model presented here can easily be modified to mimic the interaction of the nanoparticle protein corona with a novel biological fluid or compartment once new data will be available, thus opening novel applications in nanotoxicity and nanomedicine.
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Flanagan JL, Simmons PA, Vehige J, Willcox MD, Garrett Q. Role of carnitine in disease. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:30. [PMID: 20398344 PMCID: PMC2861661 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient that plays a vital role in energy production and fatty acid metabolism. Vegetarians possess a greater bioavailability than meat eaters. Distinct deficiencies arise either from genetic mutation of carnitine transporters or in association with other disorders such as liver or kidney disease. Carnitine deficiency occurs in aberrations of carnitine regulation in disorders such as diabetes, sepsis, cardiomyopathy, malnutrition, cirrhosis, endocrine disorders and with aging. Nutritional supplementation of L-carnitine, the biologically active form of carnitine, is ameliorative for uremic patients, and can improve nerve conduction, neuropathic pain and immune function in diabetes patients while it is life-saving for patients suffering primary carnitine deficiency. Clinical application of carnitine holds much promise in a range of neural disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hepatic encephalopathy and other painful neuropathies. Topical application in dry eye offers osmoprotection and modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Carnitine has been recognized as a nutritional supplement in cardiovascular disease and there is increasing evidence that carnitine supplementation may be beneficial in treating obesity, improving glucose intolerance and total energy expenditure.
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l-Carnitine–supplemented parenteral nutrition improves fat metabolism but fails to support compensatory growth in premature Korean infants. Nutr Res 2010; 30:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sarafoglou K, Tridgell AHC, Bentler K, Redlinger-Grosse K, Berry SA, Schimmenti LA. Cardiac conduction improvement in two heterozygotes for primary carnitine deficiency on L-carnitine supplementation. Clin Genet 2010; 78:191-4. [PMID: 20095986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Expanded newborn screening (NBS) for free carnitine levels has led to the identification of a larger number of heterozygous infants of undiagnosed mothers affected with systemic primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), which in turn leads to the identification of other undiagnosed heterozygous family members. There is an increasing recognition that individuals heterozygous for mutations of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) may become symptomatic under environmental stress (fasting, prolonged exercise and illness). Considering the importance of carnitine in FAO, its role in heart and bowel function and in lipid metabolism, what is still little known is the phenotypic variability, biochemical parameters and clinical course of PCD heterozygotes with consistently low-to-normal levels to low levels of carnitine over a lifetime. We report on three generations of a family--an asymptomatic PCD heterozygous infant identified through NBS that led to the diagnosis of her asymptomatic PCD-affected mother and the heterozygous status of the maternal grandparents who report some cardiac symptoms that overlap with PCD that improved with L-carnitine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sarafoglou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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