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Eswarachari V, Kadam P, Movva S, Lingaiah S, Akther RM, Kidangan FX, Gowda KC, Golakoti RRK, Lall M, Mahajan S, Saviour P, Puri R, Verma IC, Vedam RL. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) detects variant of Turner syndrome not detectable by fluorescent in situ hybridization. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:4177-4180. [PMID: 29793366 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1481383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a reliable screening method for fetal aneuploidy detection of trisomy 18, 13, 21 along with few sex chromosome abnormalities monosomy X, XXX, XXY (Klinefelter), XYY (Jacob) syndromes and certain microdeletions which include cri-du-chat, DiGeorge, 1p36, Angelman, and Prader-Willi syndromes in comparison to the available screening methods. Prenatal screening of Turners syndrome is possible by ultrasound in certain conditions only. Recently benefits of early detection and treatment of Turners syndrome has been emphasized, enforcing on accurate and early screening prenatally.Case details: The current case emphasizes on the reliability of NIPT testing which comes with an advantage of early screening. A 24-year-old primi gravida was referred for NIPT as she tested for high risk on biochemical screening. The Panorama™ NIPT results showed low risk for trisomies, 21, 18, and 13 but high risk of monosomy X and was advised confirmatory amniocentesis. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) report revealed no numerical abnormality detected for any of the five chromosomes tested. On receiving this discordant report, the sample was rerun for NIPT, to rule out any laboratory-related issues. The result obtained on a rerun was consistent with the first report and showed monosomy X again. The karyotype report was available three weeks later and a rare variant of Turners syndrome was identified.Discussion: Panorama™ NIPT considers single nucleotide polymorphisms spread across the chromosomes for analysis, different variants of aneuploidy can be picked up in comparison to FISH, similar to the current case wherein it could not as it was a centromeric probe. Reported first case of X chromosome variant detected by NIPT confirmed by karyotyping, missed by FISH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Kadam
- Medgenome Labs Ltd., Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Sireesha Movva
- Medgenome Labs Ltd., Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Riyaz M Akther
- Medgenome Labs Ltd., Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Kiran C Gowda
- Medgenome Labs Ltd., Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Meena Lall
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Surbhi Mahajan
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pushpa Saviour
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratna Puri
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ishwar C Verma
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Hu L, Yin X, Sun J, Zetterberg A, Miao W, Cheng T. A molecular pathology method for sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization for multi-gene analysis at the single-cell level. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50534-50541. [PMID: 28881581 PMCID: PMC5584163 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-gene detection at the single-cell level is desirable to enable more precise genotyping of heterogeneous hematology and oncology samples. This study aimed to establish a single-cell multi-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method for use in molecular pathology analyses. Five fluorochromes were used to label different FISH gene probes, and 5 genes were detected using a five-color FISH protocol. After the first hybridization, the previous FISH probe set was stripped, and a second set of five-color FISH probes was used for rehybridization. After each hybridization, the fluorescence signals were recorded in 6 fluorescence filter channels that included DAPI, Spectrum Green™, Cy3™ v1, Texas Red, Cy5, and PF-415. A digital automatic relocation procedure was used to ensure that exactly the same microscopic field was studied in each stripping and hybridization cycle. By using this sequential stripping and rehybridization strategy, up to 20 genes can be detected within a single nucleus. In conclusion, a practical molecular pathology method was developed for analyzing multiple genes at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin China
| | - Xiuxiu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin China
| | - Jiangman Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin China
| | - Anders Zetterberg
- The Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Cancer Institute, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weimin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin China.,Union Stem Cell and Gene Engineering Co. Ltd, Tianjin China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin China
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Abstract
The field of cytogenetics has focused on studying the number, structure, function and origin of chromosomal abnormalities and the evolution of chromosomes. The development of fluorescent molecules that either directly or via an intermediate molecule bind to DNA has led to the development of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), a technology linking cytogenetics to molecular genetics. This technique has a wide range of applications that increased the dimension of chromosome analysis. The field of cytogenetics is particularly important for medical diagnostics and research as well as for gene ordering and mapping. Furthermore, the increased application of molecular biology techniques, such as array-based technologies, has led to improved resolution, extending the recognized range of microdeletion/microduplication syndromes and genomic disorders. In adopting these newly expanded methods, cytogeneticists have used a range of technologies to study the association between visible chromosome rearrangements and defects at the single nucleotide level. Overall, molecular cytogenetic techniques offer a remarkable number of potential applications, ranging from physical mapping to clinical and evolutionary studies, making a powerful and informative complement to other molecular and genomic approaches. This manuscript does not present a detailed history of the development of molecular cytogenetics; however, references to historical reviews and experiments have been provided whenever possible. Herein, the basic principles of molecular cytogenetics, the technologies used to identify chromosomal rearrangements and copy number changes, and the applications for cytogenetics in biomedical diagnosis and research are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariluce Riegel
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil . ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Hu L, Ru K, Zhang L, Huang Y, Zhu X, Liu H, Zetterberg A, Cheng T, Miao W. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): an increasingly demanded tool for biomarker research and personalized medicine. Biomark Res 2014; 2:3. [PMID: 24499728 PMCID: PMC3917523 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies of the genetic aberrations related to human diseases conducted over the last two decades have identified recurrent genomic abnormalities as potential driving factors underlying a variety of cancers. Over the time, a series of cutting-edge high-throughput genetic tests, such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing, have been developed and incorporated into routine clinical practice. Although it is a classical low-throughput cytogenetic test, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) does not show signs of fading; on the contrary, it plays an increasingly important role in detecting specific biomarkers in solid and hematologic neoplasms and has therefore become an indispensable part of the rapidly developing field of personalized medicine. In this article, we have summarized the recent advances in FISH application for both de novo discovery and routine detection of chromosomal rearrangements, amplifications, and deletions that are associated with the pathogenesis of various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic malignancies. In addition, we have reviewed the recent developments in FISH methodology as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Kun Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pathology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuting Huang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Hanzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Anders Zetterberg
- Department of Oncology-Pathology and Karolinska Cancer Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing Road 288, Tianjin 300020, P.R. China
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Weise A, Liehr T. Fluorescencein situhybridization for prenatal screening of chromosomal aneuploidies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:355-7. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stumm M, Boger E, Gaissmaier CG, Oßwald C, Blankenburg M, Wegner RD, Mollenhauer JA. Genomic chondrocyte culture profiling by array-CGH, interphase-FISH and RT-PCR. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:1039-45. [PMID: 22698443 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vitro expansion is an important step to acquire sufficient cells in human tissue engineering technologies. The high number of chondrocytes needed for human articular cartilage implants requires in vitro expansion of the primary cells, bearing a theoretical risk of in vitro induced changes in the genomes. To gain more insights into this situation, model cultures were prepared and analyzed. DESIGN 25 chondrocyte cell DNA samples from nine donors were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on whole genome level and 28 chondrocyte cell samples from 16 individuals were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on single cell level. The expanded cells were further characterized upon the chondrocytic mRNA phenotype by reverse-transciptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The molecular karyotyping results revealed autosomal stability, but all male samples analyzed by aCGH displayed a variable loss of the Y-chromosome. These data were confirmed by FISH-experiments and suggest an age dependant effect toward the loss of the Y-chromosome in cultured chondrocytes. RT-PCR data for the mRNAs from collagen types I, II, and aggrecan and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) did not reveal any correlation of transcriptional activity in cultures with Y-chromosome losses, nor were there statistically significant differences between cells from female and male donors. CONCLUSIONS While cells of male origin may suffer from an age-related loss of the Y-chromosome, there was no indication of a functional impairment. The data suggest some caution toward applying proliferative steps when considering chondrocytes from elderly male patients for tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stumm
- BG Berlin-Genetics GmbH, MDC-Buch, Berlin, Germany.
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FISHprep: A Novel Integrated Device for Metaphase FISH Sample Preparation. MICROMACHINES 2011. [DOI: 10.3390/mi2020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB, Iourov IY. Human interphase chromosomes: a review of available molecular cytogenetic technologies. Mol Cytogenet 2010; 3:1. [PMID: 20180947 PMCID: PMC2830939 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human karyotype is usually studied by classical cytogenetic (banding) techniques. To perform it, one has to obtain metaphase chromosomes of mitotic cells. This leads to the impossibility of analyzing all the cell types, to moderate cell scoring, and to the extrapolation of cytogenetic data retrieved from a couple of tens of mitotic cells to the whole organism, suggesting that all the remaining cells possess these genomes. However, this is far from being the case inasmuch as chromosome abnormalities can occur in any cell along ontogeny. Since somatic cells of eukaryotes are more likely to be in interphase, the solution of the problem concerning studying postmitotic cells and larger cell populations is interphase cytogenetics, which has become more or less applicable for specific biomedical tasks due to achievements in molecular cytogenetics (i.e. developments of fluorescence in situ hybridization -- FISH, and multicolor banding -- MCB). Numerous interphase molecular cytogenetic approaches are restricted to studying specific genomic loci (regions) being, however, useful for identification of chromosome abnormalities (aneuploidy, polyploidy, deletions, inversions, duplications, translocations). Moreover, these techniques are the unique possibility to establish biological role and patterns of nuclear genome organization at suprachromosomal level in a given cell. Here, it is to note that this issue is incompletely worked out due to technical limitations. Nonetheless, a number of state-of-the-art molecular cytogenetic techniques (i.e multicolor interphase FISH or interpahase chromosome-specific MCB) allow visualization of interphase chromosomes in their integrity at molecular resolutions. Thus, regardless numerous difficulties encountered during studying human interphase chromosomes, molecular cytogenetics does provide for high-resolution single-cell analysis of genome organization, structure and behavior at all stages of cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii, Moscow, 127412, Russia
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii, Moscow, 127412, Russia
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
| | - Ivan Y Iourov
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii, Moscow, 127412, Russia
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
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Lu CM, Kwan J, Baumgartner A, Weier JF, Wang M, Escudero T, Munné S, Zitzelsberger HF, Weier HUG. DNA probe pooling for rapid delineation of chromosomal breakpoints. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:587-97. [PMID: 19223294 PMCID: PMC2690410 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.953638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural chromosome aberrations are hallmarks of many human genetic diseases. The precise mapping of translocation breakpoints in tumors is important for identification of genes with altered levels of expression, prediction of tumor progression, therapy response, or length of disease-free survival, as well as the preparation of probes for detection of tumor cells in peripheral blood. Similarly, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for carriers of balanced, reciprocal translocations benefit from accurate breakpoint maps in the preparation of patient-specific DNA probes followed by a selection of normal or balanced oocytes or embryos. We expedited the process of breakpoint mapping and preparation of case-specific probes by utilizing physically mapped bacterial artificial chromosome clones. Historically, breakpoint mapping is based on the definition of the smallest interval between proximal and distal probes. Thus, many of the DNA probes prepared for multiclone and multicolor mapping experiments do not generate additional information. Our pooling protocol, described here with examples from thyroid cancer research and PGD, accelerates the delineation of translocation breakpoints without sacrificing resolution. The turnaround time from clone selection to mapping results using tumor or IVF patient samples can be as short as 3 to 4 days.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Cloning, Molecular
- Contig Mapping
- DNA Probes
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Metaphase
- Pregnancy
- Preimplantation Diagnosis
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiping City, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lu CM, Kwan J, Weier JF, Baumgartner A, Wang M, Escudero T, Munné S, Weier HUG. Rapid mapping of chromosomal breakpoints: from blood to BAC in 20 days. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2009; 47:367-75. [PMID: 20164020 PMCID: PMC3033341 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-009-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural chromosome aberrations and associated segmental or chromosomal aneusomies are major causes of reproductive failure in humans. Despite the fact that carriers of reciprocal balanced translocation often have no other clinical symptoms or disease, impaired chromosome homologue pairing in meiosis and karyokinesis errors lead to over-representation of translocations carriers in the infertile population and in recurrent pregnancy loss patients. At present, clinicians have no means to select healthy germ cells or balanced zygotes in vivo, but in vitro fertilization (IVF) followed by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) offers translocation carriers a chance to select balanced or normal embryos for transfer. Although a combination of telomeric and centromeric probes can differentiate embryos that are unbalanced from normal or unbalanced ones, a seemingly random position of breakpoints in these IVF-patients poses a serious obstacle to differentiating between normal and balanced embryos, which for most translocation couples, is desirable. Using a carrier with reciprocal translocation t(4;13) as an example, we describe our state-of-the-art approach to the preparation of patient-specific DNA probes that span or 'extent' the breakpoints. With the techniques and resources described here, most breakpoints can be accurately mapped in a matter of days using carrier lymphocytes, and a few extra days are allowed for PGD-probe optimization. The optimized probes will then be suitable for interphase cell analysis, a prerequisite for PGD since blastomeres are biopsied from normally growing day 3--embryos regardless of their position in the mitotic cell cycle. Furthermore, routine application of these rapid methods should make PGD even more affordable for translocation carriers enrolled in IVF programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taiping City, Taichung 411, Taiwan
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Stumm M, Tönnies H. Fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques in medical diagnostics. EXPERT OPINION ON MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2008; 2:1381-1390. [PMID: 23496784 DOI: 10.1517/17530050802558899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has become a well-established method in medical diagnostics. FISH methods complement conventional cytogenetic banding techniques and offer extra clinical applications. FISH is based on the binding of complementary, single-stranded fluorescence-labeled nucleic acid sequences to the fixed and denatured target DNA of metaphases, interphase nuclei or isolated DNA sequences (BACs, oligonucleotides). OBJECTIVE The intent of this article is to review the development of molecular cytogenetic techniques available at present and to summarize the most efficient and appropriate use of these techniques in medical diagnostics. The technical aspects and most important applications of FISH assays are described. CONCLUSION FISH is bridging the gap between conventional cytogenetic banding analysis and molecular genetic DNA studies. The use of FISH techniques enhances the correct interpretation of numerical and structural chromosome aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stumm
- Centre for Prenatal Diagnosis, Kudamm 199, Berlin 10719, Germany
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LANDWEHR C, MONTAG M, VANDERVEN K, WEBER R. Rapid comparative genomic hybridization protocol for prenatal diagnosis and its application to aneuploidy screening of human polar bodies. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:488-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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