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Steinberg ER, Bressa MJ, Mudry MD. Sex chromosome systems in Neotropical Primates: What have we learnt so far from cytogenetics and genomics? J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1589-1600. [PMID: 35731796 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical Primates (Platyrrhini) show great diversity in their life histories, ecology, behaviour and genetics. This diversity extends to their chromosome complements, both to autosomes and to sex chromosomes. In this contribution, we will review what is currently known about sex chromosomes in this group, both from cytogenetic and from genomic evidence. The X and Y chromosomes in Neotropical Primates, also known as New World Monkeys, have striking structural differences compared with Old World Monkeys when Catarrhini sex chromosomes are considered. The XY bivalent displays a different meiotic behaviour in prophase I, and their Y chromosome shows extensive genomic differences. Even though the most widespread sex chromosome system is the XX/XY and thus considered the ancestral one for Platyrrhini, modifications of this sexual system are observed within this group. Multiple sex chromosome systems originated from Y-autosome translocations were described in several genera (Aotus, Callimico and Alouatta). In the howler monkeys, genus Alouatta, an independent origin of the sexual systems in South American and Mesoamerican species was postulated. All the above-mentioned evidence suggests that the Y chromosome of Platyrrhini has a different evolutionary history compared with the Catarrhini Y. There is still much to understand regarding their sex chromosome systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Ruth Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Bressa
- Grupo de Citogenética de Insectos. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta Dolores Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE). Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución (EGE), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Steinberg ER, Nieves M, Fantini L, Mudry MD. Primates karyological diagnosis and management programs applications. J Med Primatol 2014; 43:455-67. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana R. Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mariela Nieves
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Lucía Fantini
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marta D. Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE); Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Universidad de Buenos Aires; IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA); Ciudad Universitaria; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Ruiz-García M, Castillo MI, Lichilín-Ortiz N, Pinedo-Castro M. Molecular relationships and classification of several tufted capuchin lineages (Cebus apella, Cebus xanthosternos and Cebus nigritus, Cebidae), by means of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 83:100-25. [PMID: 23128150 DOI: 10.1159/000342832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The morphological systematics of the tufted capuchins is confusing. In an attempt to clarify the complex systematics and phylogeography of this taxon, we provide a first molecular analysis. We obtained mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II (mtCOII) gene sequences from 49 tufted capuchins that had exact geographic origins from diverse lineages in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, French Guyana, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay and that belonged to clearly recognized morphological taxa. This project had 4 main findings: (1) we determined 2 established and related taxa in the northern Amazon River area, which we named C. a. apella and C. a. fatuellus. C. a. apella is distributed from French Guyana until, at least, the Negro River in the northern Brazilian Amazon, whereas C. a. fatuellus is distributed throughout the Colombian Eastern Llanos and the northern Colombian Amazon. We also determined 2 other southern C. apella taxa, which we named C. a. macrodon and C. a. cay. C. a. macrodon has a western and southern Amazon distribution, while C. a. cay has a more southern distribution outside the Amazon basin. (2) In the upper Amazon basin, there is a unique lineage (C. a. macrocephalus) with 1 widely distributed haplotype. The 4 morphological subspecies (C. a. maranonis, C. a. macrocephalus, C. a. peruanus, C. a. pallidus), and maybe a fifth unknown subspecies, described in this area were molecularly undifferentiated at least for the mitochondrial gene analyzed. (3) Our molecular analysis determined that 1 individual of C. robustus fell into the lineage of C. a. macrocephalus. Therefore, this form does not receive any specific name. (4) The animals classified a priori as C. nigritus and C. xanthosternos (because of their morphological phenotypes and by their geographical origins) were clearly differentiated from the other specimens analyzed with the molecular marker employed. Therefore, we consider that these 2 lineages could be assigned the status of full species following the biological species definition. (5) In 2001, Groves described 4 tufted capuchin species (C. apella, C. libidinosus, C. nigritus and C. xanthosternos), while Silva Jr. determined 7 species (C. apella, C. macrocephalus, C. libidinosus, C. cay, C. nigritus, C. robustus and C. xanthosternos). The tests of Swofford-Olsen-Waddell-Hillis, of Shimodaira and Hasegawa and of Templeton did not fit with either of these two classificatory schemes, although Groves' scheme was better with regard to our data than that of Silva Jr. (6) All the temporal splits among the tufted capuchin taxa studied were estimated to have occurred during the last phase of the Pleistocene by using the ρ statistic applied to the median joining haplotype network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-García
- Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular y Biología Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Garcia-Cruz R, Pacheco S, Brieño MA, Steinberg ER, Mudry MD, Ruiz-Herrera A, Garcia-Caldés M. A comparative study of the recombination pattern in three species of Platyrrhini monkeys (primates). Chromosoma 2011; 120:521-30. [PMID: 21735165 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information through recombination during meiotic synapsis, a process that increases genetic diversity and is fundamental to sexual reproduction. Meiotic studies in mammalian species are scarce and mainly focused on human and mouse. Here, the meiotic recombination events were determined in three species of Platyrrhini monkeys (Cebus libidinosus, Cebus nigritus and Alouatta caraya) by analysing the distribution of MLH1 foci at the stage of pachytene. Moreover, the combination of immunofluorescence and fluorescent in situ hybridisation has enabled us to construct recombination maps of primate chromosomes that are homologous to human chromosomes 13 and 21. Our results show that (a) the overall number of MLH1 foci varies among all three species, (b) the presence of heterochromatin blocks does not have a major influence on the distribution of MLH1 foci and (c) the distribution of crossovers in the homologous chromosomes to human chromosomes 13 and 21 are conserved between species of the same genus (C. libidinosus and C. nigritus) but are significantly different between Cebus and Alouatta. This heterogeneity in recombination behaviour among Ceboidea species may reflect differences in genetic diversity and genome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Garcia-Cruz
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB Campus, Bellaterra, Spain
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Garcia-Cruz R, Robles P, Steinberg ER, Camats N, Brieño MA, Garcia-Caldés M, Mudry MD. Pairing and recombination features during meiosis in Cebus paraguayanus (Primates: Platyrrhini). BMC Genet 2009; 10:25. [PMID: 19500368 PMCID: PMC2702343 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among neotropical Primates, the Cai monkey Cebus paraguayanus (CPA) presents long, conserved chromosome syntenies with the human karyotype (HSA) as well as numerous C+ blocks in different chromosome pairs.In this study, immunofluorescence (IF) against two proteins of the Synaptonemal Complex (SC), namely REC8 and SYCP1, two recombination protein markers (RPA and MLH1), and one protein involved in the pachytene checkpoint machinery (BRCA1) was performed in CPA spermatocytes in order to analyze chromosome meiotic behavior in detail. RESULTS Although in the vast majority of pachytene cells all autosomes were paired and synapsed, in a small number of nuclei the heterochromatic C-positive terminal region of bivalent 11 remained unpaired. The analysis of 75 CPA cells at pachytene revealed a mean of 43.22 MLH1 foci per nucleus and 1.07 MLH1 foci in each CPA bivalent 11, always positioned in the region homologous to HSA chromosome 21. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that C blocks undergo delayed pairing and synapsis, although they do not interfere with the general progress of pairing and synapsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Garcia-Cruz
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Robles
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana R Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), CONICET, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nuria Camats
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Brieño
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Caldés
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, UBA, Cdad, Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to Piso, Lab 46 (1428 EHA), Cdad, Autónoma de Bs As, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marta D Mudry
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), CONICET, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEyN, UBA, Cdad, Universitaria, Pabellón II, 4to Piso, Lab 46 (1428 EHA), Cdad, Autónoma de Bs As, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Steinberg ER, Nieves M, Mudry MD. Meiotic characterization and sex determination system of neotropical primates: Bolivian squirrel monkey Saimiri boliviensis (primates: Cebidae). Am J Primatol 2007; 69:1236-41. [PMID: 17387714 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal sex determination system differs among platyrrhine monkeys more than any other group of primates. Although a number of studies have investigated mitotic chromosomes across platyrrhine species, the meiotic chromosomes of many genera have not yet been described. The goal of this study was to characterize the sex determination system of Saimiri boliviensis. We described for the first time the meiotic cycle, confirming the sexual system in germ cells from testicular biopsies of four adult male S. boliviensis. All specimens were weighed and testicular volume was measured. We observed 22 bivalents corresponding to 2N = 44, and a "human-like" XY bivalent was found in diakinesis/metaphase I. In addition, mitotic studies from blood samples of both sexes were performed and G- and C-banding patterns agreed with previously reported karylogy of S. boliviensis boliviensis. Further meiotic studies should be performed in New World primates based on the great value of those studies for systematic evolutionary biology and conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana R Steinberg
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva (GIBE), CONICET, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 4 degrees piso, Lab 46, (1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ponsà M, García M, Borell A, Garcia F, Egozcue J, Gorostiaga MA, Delprat A, Mudry M. Heterochromatin and cytogenetic polymorphisms in Cebus apella (Cebidae, Platyrrhini). Am J Primatol 1995; 37:325-331. [PMID: 31936957 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350370407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/1994] [Accepted: 03/13/1995] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies have been carried out in 39 specimens of C. apella of different origins. Three different morphologies, one affecting the long arm of chromosome 4 and two affecting pair 17, have been detected. In each case, they can be related by paracentric inversions. Heterochromatin polymorphisms affecting terminal or interstitial C+ regions have also been observed. The length of the terminal heterochromatic region in the long arms of chromosome 11 is variable in C. apella sp., in C. a. paraguayanus and absent in the C. a. nigritus specimens studied. Interstitial C + bands can be observed in the long arms of the biarmed chromosomes 4 and 6, and in the long arms of the acrocentric pairs 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21. Interstitial C + bands in the long arms of chromosomes 4, 12, 17, and 19 are present in all animals studied, although their size is variable, especially in the case of chromosomes 17 and 19. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ponsà
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Fisiologia, Institut de Biologia Fonamental V. Villar Palasí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M García
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Fisiologia, Institut de Biologia Fonamental V. Villar Palasí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Borell
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Fisiologia, Institut de Biologia Fonamental V. Villar Palasí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Garcia
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Fisiologia, Institut de Biologia Fonamental V. Villar Palasí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Egozcue
- Departament de Biologia Cellular i Fisiologia, Institut de Biologia Fonamental V. Villar Palasí, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Gorostiaga
- GIBE (Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Delprat
- GIBE (Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Mudry
- GIBE (Grupo de Investigación en Biología Evolutiva), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lange R, Michelmann HW, Paufler SK. Meioseuntersuchungen bei Rind, Schaf, Ziege und Schwein im Stadium der späten Prophase und Metaphase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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de Pargament MM, Slavutsky IR. Banding patterns of the chromosomes ofCebus apella: Comparative studies between specimens from Paraguay and Argentina. Primates 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02382188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chandley AC. A model for effective pairing and recombination at meiosis based on early replicating sites (R-bands) along chromosomes. Hum Genet 1986; 72:50-7. [PMID: 3943864 DOI: 10.1007/bf00278817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A model for meiotic pairing is proposed in which early replicating sites (R-band equivalent) along chromosomes are envisaged as sites for synaptic initiation. Only within such sites will "effective" pairing for recombination be established. Pairing in later replicating (G- and C-band equivalent) regions will be "ineffective" and will not provide for the stringent requirements of the crossover process. Exchange events might be predetermined at S-phase, and possibly at junctions between early and later replicating sequences, these being seen as vulnerable sites for breakage. Temporal shifts in replication from early to late S, are postulated to produce localized pairing disruption and lowering of crossover values as regions of chromatin shift from being effectively to ineffectively paired.
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Seuénez HN, Armada JL, Freitas L, Silva RRE, Pissinatti A, Coimbra-Filho A. Intraspecific chromosome variation inCebus apella (cebidae, platyrrhini): The chromosomes of the yellow breasted capuchinCebus apella xanthosternos wied, 1820. Am J Primatol 1986; 10:237-247. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mudry de Pargament M, Labal de Vinuesa M, Brieux de Salum S. Quantitative estimation of heteromorphism in C-bands of Cebus apella. J Hum Evol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0047-2484(85)80051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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