Anti-inflammatory activity of a proteolytic enzyme, Prozime-10

Bioprospecting of serratiopeptidase-producing bacteria from different sources

Anti-inflammatory enzymes have wide applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to find new and efficient strains for the commercial production of serratiopeptidase enzyme. Vast number of samples were processed for the isolation of potent strains. The experimental treatment includes processing of twenty soil samples, silkworm gut, and sugarcane stem. The total protein and protease activity was estimated by Lowry's method and casein hydrolysis. The HRBC stabilization assay was performed for finding the anti-inflammatory potential of all strains. The serratiopeptidase production was confirmed by HPLC with the standard. Molecular characterization of selected potent strains was done by 16S rDNA and confirmed the taxonomy. The one step rapid purification of serratiopeptidase was performed by Ultra three phase partitioning method. The clot lysis potential of the Serratia marcescens VS56 was observed by modified Holmstorm method. The results of the study revealed that among the 60 strains, 12 strains were protease-positive on skim milk agar plates and showed significant protease activity. All 12 strains were screened for serratiopeptidase using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and VS56, VS10, VS12 and VS18 showed a similar retention time (4.66 ± 0.10 min) with standard. The selected potent strain, Serratia marcescens VS56 showed a proteolytic activity of 21.30 units/mL and produced a total protein of 102 mg/mL. The HRBC suspension results also showed a percentage of 94.6 ± 1.00 protection, which was compared to the standard diclofenac. The clot lysis potential of Serratia marcescens VS56 was 53% in 4 h. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the protein was identified to confirm the presence of serratiopeptidase. The study hence contributed successfully to isolating, screening, and identifying a potent producer for serratiopeptidase from an environmental source. This inherent advantage of the strain will undoubtedly contribute much to the coco comm commercial production of serratiopeptidase in the near future.

Serratiopeptidase: An integrated View of Multifaceted Therapeutic Enzyme

Microbial products have been used for the treatment of different diseases for many centuries. The serratiopeptidase enzyme provides a new hope for COVID-19-infected patients. Nowadays, anti-inflammatory drugs are easy to obtain at minimal expenditure from microbial sources. Serratia sp. is identified as one of the most efficient bacteria produced from serratiopeptidase. Screening for new and efficient bacterial strains from different sources has been of interest in recent years. Serratiopeptidase remains the most well-known anti-inflammatory drug of choice. Serratiopeptidase is a cheaper and safer anti-inflammatory drug alternative to NSAIDs. The multifaceted properties of serratiopeptidase may lead towards arthritis, diabetes, cancer and thrombolytic treatments. Existing serratiopeptidase treatments in combination with antibiotics are popular in the treatment of postoperative swelling. Although an exclusive number of serratiopeptidase-producing strains have been derived, there is an urge for new recombinant strains to enhance the production of the enzyme. This review explores the properties of serratiopeptidase, different therapeutic aspects, industrial production, and various analytical techniques used in enzyme recovery. In addition, the review highlights the therapeutic and clinical aspects of the serratiopeptidase enzyme to combat COVID-19-induced respiratory syndrome.

Serratiopeptidase: Insights into the therapeutic applications

Therapeutic applications of enzymes have been widely accepted in clinical practices for decades. Proteolytic enzymes in particular, have been used for the treatment of diseases and disorders. Serratiopeptidase is a proteolytic enzyme having immense applications in therapeutic areas which have been validated by several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies as well as through anecdotal evidences. These applications are attributable to its versatile properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-biofilm, analgesic, anti-edemic, and fibrinolytic effects. The significant impact of serratiopeptidase reported needs to be backed by more scientific data. This review encompasses the details of therapeutic applications of serratiopeptidase based on available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. We found some strong evidences regarding the efficacy of serratiopeptidase. However data on safety, tolerability, and its mechanism of action need detailing. This review aims to further explore the available literature on serratiopeptidase as well as provide scientific details for existing applications.

The role of serratiopeptidase in the resolution of inflammation

Inflammation remains a key event during most of the diseases and physiological imbalance. Acute inflammation is an essential physiological event by immune system for a protective measure to remove cause of inflammation and failure of resolution lead to chronic inflammation. Over a period of time, a number of drugs mostly chemical have been deployed to combat acute and chronic inflammation. Recently, enzyme based anti-inflammatory drugs became popular over conventional chemical based drugs. Serratiopeptidase, a proteolytic enzyme from trypsin family, possesses tremendous scope in combating inflammation. Serine protease possesses a higher affinity for cyclooxygenase (COX-I and COX-II), a key enzyme associated with production of different inflammatory mediators including interleukins (IL), prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TXs) etc. Currently, arthritis, sinusitis, bronchitis, fibrocystic breast disease, and carpal tunnel syndrome, etc. are the leading inflammatory disorders that affected the entire the globe. In order to conquer inflammation, both acute and chronic world, physician mostly relies on conventional drugs. The most common drugs to combat acute inflammation are Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone and or in combination with other drugs. However, during chronic inflammation, NSAIDs are often used with steroidal drugs such as autoimmune disorders. These drugs possess several limitations such as side effects, ADR, etc. In order to overcome these limitations and complications, enzyme based drugs (anti-inflammatory) emerged, and aim for a new high since the last decade. Serine protease, the largest proteolytic family has been reported for several therapeutic applications, including anti-inflammatory. Serratiopeptidase is a leading enzyme which has a very long history in medical as an effective anti-inflammatory drug. Current study emphasizes present scenario and future prospect of serratiopeptidase as an anti-inflammatory drug. The study also illustrates a comparative analysis of conventional drugs and enzyme based therapeutic to combat inflammation.

Interactions of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, and alpha-2-macroglobulin with the fungal enzyme, seaprose

The Semi-alkaline proteinase (Seaprose) from Aspergillus melleus has been tested for its ability to either inactivate or form complexes with three human plasma proteinase inhibitors, alpha-2-macroglobulin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor. alpha-2-Macroglobulin was found to inhibit Seaprose, with two mol of enzyme being complexed per mol of inhibitor. However, alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor was rapidly inactivated by the fungal enzyme as a result of cleavage of the inhibitor, primarily at the P1-P'1 reactive site. Curiously, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin was found to form complexes with Seaprose and also be inactivated by this inhibitor. Apparently, the enzyme can recognize two sites within the reactive site loop of the inhibitor, one at the P4-P'5 position, resulting in inactivation, and one presumably at the P1-P'1 reactive site which results in complex formation. The fact that Seaprose can so rapidly inactivate alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor, the primary regulator of neutrophil elastase, indicates that Seaprose would be a rather poor choice for therapy in individuals with bronchial mucus hypersecretion.