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Monnard CR, Dulloo AG. Polyunsaturated fatty acids as modulators of fat mass and lean mass in human body composition regulation and cardiometabolic health. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 2:e13197. [PMID: 33471425 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that the amount and type of dietary fat consumed play an important role in metabolic health. In humans, high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, improvements in glucose homeostasis, and changes in body composition that involve reductions in central adiposity and, more recently, increases in lean body mass. There is also emerging evidence, which suggests that high intakes of the plant-based essential fatty acids (ePUFAs)-n-6 linoleic acid (LA) and n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA)-have a greater impact on body composition (fat mass and lean mass) and on glucose homeostasis than the marine-derived long-chain n-3 PUFA-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, high intake of both ePUFAs (LA and ALA) may also have anti-inflammatory effects in humans. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence, from both epidemiological prospective studies and clinical intervention trials, of a role for PUFA, in particular ePUFA, in the long-term regulation of body weight and body composition, and their impact on cardiometabolic health. It also discusses current notions about the mechanisms by which PUFAs modulate fat mass and lean mass through altered control of energy intake, thermogenesis, or lean-fat partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona R Monnard
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Higher erythrocyte n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid were associated with a better profile of DXA-derived body fat and fat distribution in adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1884-1892. [PMID: 32203113 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported that high-dose supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce the risk of metabolic diseases, but there is limited evidence of an effect on body fat. We examined the associations of erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs with body fat and fat distribution in a general population consuming a normal diet. METHODS This community-based cross-sectional study included 3075 Chinese (68% women, 40-75 years) recruited between 2008 and 2013. We collected general information and measured anthropometric indices; erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs (including α-C18:3, C20:5, C22:5 and C22:6) by gas-chromatography, and fat mass (FM) and %FM at the total body (TB), android (A) and gynoid (G) regions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Both minimally and maximally adjusted models showed dose-dependent inverse associations of total and individual levels of erythrocyte n-3 PUFAs (except C20:5 n-3[EPA]) with adiposity indices. In the full model, the mean differences between quartiles 4 and 1 of total n-3 PUFAs were -1.60% (BMI), -4.06% (TB FM), -5.38% (A FM), -2.05% (G FM), -2.05% (TB %FM), -3.39% (A %FM) and -2.50% (% A/G); the ORs (95% CI) of %FM-derived obesity (≥25% for men, ≥35% for women) for the highest (vs. lowest) quartile were 0.70 (0.57, 0.86) for total n-3 PUFAs and 0.71 (0.58, 0.87), 0.96(0.78, 1.18), 0.82(0.67, 1.00), 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) for α-C18:3/C20:5/C22:5/C22:6 n-3, respectively. The favourable associations were more pronounced for the DXA-derived FM indices, measurements at the android region and for C22:6 n-3. No significant associations between C20:5 n-3 and the adiposity indices were observed. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of circulating n-3 PUFAs were dose-dependently associated with better profiles of body fat and fat distribution, particularly in the abdominal regions in this population.
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Du S, Jin J, Fang W, Su Q. Does Fish Oil Have an Anti-Obesity Effect in Overweight/Obese Adults? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142652. [PMID: 26571503 PMCID: PMC4646500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Accumulating evidence has suggested favorable effects of fish oil on weight loss in animal experiments; however, findings remain inconsistent in humans. Objects The meta-analysis was performed to investigate the influence of fish oil on some parameters of body composition in overweight/obese adults. Design Human randomized, placebo-controlled trials were identified by a systematic search of Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, web of science and reference lists of related reviews and articles. The random-effects model was used to estimate the calculated results. Results In total, 21 studies with 30 study arms were included in this analysis. Calculated results of the meta-analysis demonstrated that fish oil had no effect on reducing body weight (overall SMD = -0.07, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.07, P = 0.31) and BMI (overall SMD = -0.09, 95% CI -0.22 to 0.03, P = 0.14) whether alone or combined with life modification intervention in overweight/obese subjects. However, waist circumference was significantly reduced (SMD = -0.23, 95% CI -0.40 to -0.06, P = 0.008) in those with fish oil supplementation combined with life modification intervention. Waist hip ratio (WHR) was significantly reduced (overall SMD = -0.52 95% CI -0.76 to -0.27, P < 0.0005) in fish oil supplemented individuals with or without combination life modification intervention. Conclusion Current evidence cannot support an exact anti-obesity role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in overweight/obese subjects. However, these subjects may benefit from reducing abdominal fat with fish oil supplementation especially when combined with life modification intervention. Further large-scale and long-term clinical trials are needed to gain definite conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichun Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chajès V, Biessy C, Ferrari P, Romieu I, Freisling H, Huybrechts I, Scalbert A, Bueno de Mesquita B, Romaguera D, Gunter MJ, Vineis P, Hansen CP, Jakobsen MU, Clavel-Chapelon F, Fagherazzi G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Katzke V, Neamat-Allah J, Boeing H, Bachlechner U, Trichopoulou A, Naska A, Orfanos P, Pala V, Masala G, Mattiello A, Skeie G, Weiderpass E, Agudo A, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Sánchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Quirós JR, Johansson I, Winkvist A, Sonested E, Key T, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Peeters PH, Slimani N. Plasma elaidic acid level as biomarker of industrial trans fatty acids and risk of weight change: report from the EPIC study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118206. [PMID: 25675445 PMCID: PMC4326417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few epidemiological studies have examined the association between dietary trans fatty acids and weight gain, and the evidence remains inconsistent. The main objective of the study was to investigate the prospective association between biomarker of industrial trans fatty acids and change in weight within the large study European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. METHODS Baseline plasma fatty acid concentrations were determined in a representative EPIC sample from the 23 participating EPIC centers. A total of 1,945 individuals were followed for a median of 4.9 years to monitor weight change. The association between elaidic acid level and percent change of weight was investigated using a multinomial logistic regression model, adjusted by length of follow-up, age, energy, alcohol, smoking status, physical activity, and region. RESULTS In women, doubling elaidic acid was associated with a decreased risk of weight loss (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.55-0.88, p = 0.002) and a trend was observed with an increased risk of weight gain during the 5-year follow-up (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.97-1.56, p = 0.082) (p-trend<.0001). In men, a trend was observed for doubling elaidic acid level and risk of weight loss (OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.66-1.01, p = 0.062) while no significant association was found with risk of weight gain during the 5-year follow-up (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.88-1.33, p = 0.454). No association was found for saturated and cis-monounsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a high intake of industrial trans fatty acids may decrease the risk of weight loss, particularly in women. Prevention of obesity should consider limiting the consumption of highly processed foods, the main source of industrially-produced trans fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Chajès
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Carine Biessy
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Pietro Ferrari
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Heinz Freisling
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Bas Bueno de Mesquita
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department For Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dora Romaguera
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa) and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Spain
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marianne Uhre Jakobsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women’s Health team, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women’s Health team, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- INSERM, Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Nutrition, Hormones and Women’s Health team, Villejuif, France
- University Paris Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
- Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Verana Katzke
- The German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heildelberg, Germany
| | | | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ursula Bachlechner
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Naska
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Philippos Orfanos
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Foundation, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment, and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Maria Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Spain
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health CIBERESP, Spain
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Public health Direction and Biodonostia- CIBERESP, Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | - Anna Winkvist
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emily Sonested
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Nutrition Epidemiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tim Key
- The Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Petra H.M. Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Slimani
- Nutrition and Metabolism Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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