Complication rate of endosonography (endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound): a systematic review

Improved Accuracy and Sensitivity in Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer with Systematic and Combined Endobronchial and Endoscopic Ultrasound (EBUS-EUS): Experience from a Tertiary Center

BACKGROUND

Combined endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) are accurate procedures for the diagnosis and staging of mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs) in lung cancer. However, the respective contribution of separate and combined procedures in diagnosis and staging has not been fully studied. The aim of this study was to assess their respective performances.

METHODS

Patients with suspected malignant MLNs in lung cancer or recurrence identified by PET-CT who underwent combined EBUS-TBNA and EUS-TA were retrospectively reviewed.

RESULTS

A total of 141 patients underwent both procedures. Correct diagnosis was obtained in 82% with EBUS-TBNA, 91% with EUS-TA, and 94% with the combined procedure. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of EBUS-TBNA, EUS-TA, and the combined procedure for diagnosing malignancy were [75%, 100%, 100%, 58%], [87%, 100%, 100%, 75%], and [93%, 100%, 100%, 80%], respectively, with a significantly better sensitivity of the combined procedure (p < 0.0001). Staging (82/141 patients) was correctly assessed in 74% with EBUS-TBNA, 68% with EUS-TA, and 85% with the combined procedure. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of EBUS-TBNA, EUS-TA, and the combined procedure for lung cancer staging were [62%, 100%, 100%, 55%], [54%, 100%, 100%, 50%], and [79%, 100%, 100%, 68%], respectively, significantly better in terms of sensitivity for the combined procedure (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The combined EBUS-EUS approach in lung cancer patients showed better accuracy and sensitivity in diagnosis and staging when compared with EBUS-TBNA and EUS-TA alone.

Enhancing Patient Selection in Stage IIIA-IIIB NSCLC: Invasive Lymph Node Restaging after Neoadjuvant Therapy

Restaging of mediastinal lymph nodes plays a crucial role in the multimodal treatment of stage IIIA Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to assess the impact of restaging using endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), endoesophageal ultrasound (EUS), and transcervical extended mediastinal lymphadenectomy (TEMLA) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CHT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) on the 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients with NSCLC diagnosed with clinical stage IIIA-IIIB and metastatic ipsilateral mediastinal nodes (N2) who underwent radical pulmonary resections. Patients diagnosed with stage IIIA-IIIB NSCLC and N2 mediastinal nodes were included in this study. Restaging of mediastinal lymph nodes was performed using EBUS, EUS, and TEMLA. The patients were divided into two groups based on the restaging method: the TEMLA restaging group and the chest CT scan-only group. The primary outcome measure was the 5-year OS rate, and the secondary outcome measures included median OS and survival percentages. Statistical analysis, including the log-rank test, was conducted to assess the differences between the two groups. The TEMLA restaging group demonstrated significantly better overall survival compared to the chest CT scan-only group (log-rank test, p = 0.02). This was evident through a four-fold increase in median OS (59 vs. 14 months) and a higher 5-year OS rate of 55.9% (95% CI: 40.6-71.1) compared to 25.0% (95% CI: 13.7-36.3) in the chest CT scan-only group (p = 0.003). Invasive restaging of mediastinal lymph nodes improves the selection of patients with stage IIIA-IIIB (N2) NSCLC after neoadjuvant therapy. The use of EBUS, EUS, and TEMLA provides valuable information for identifying patients who may benefit from surgery by identifying N2 to N0-1 downstaging. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating restaging procedures into the treatment decision-making process for NSCLC patients with mediastinal lymph node involvement.

Comparison of cryobiopsy and forceps biopsy for the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions: A randomised clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is the standard approach for lung cancer staging. However, its diagnostic utility for other mediastinal diseases might be hampered by the limited tissue retrieved. Recent evidence suggests the novel sampling strategies of forceps biopsy and cryobiopsy as auxiliary techniques to EBUS-TBNA, considering their capacity for larger diagnostic samples.

METHODS

This study determined the added value of forceps biopsy and cryobiopsy for the diagnosis of mediastinal diseases. Consecutive patients with mediastinal lesions of 1 cm or more in the short axis were enrolled. Following completion of needle aspiration, three forceps biopsies and one cryobiopsy were performed in a randomised pattern. Primary endpoints included diagnostic yield defined as the percentage of patients for whom mediastinal biopsy led to a definite diagnosis, and procedure-related complications.

RESULTS

In total, 155 patients were recruited and randomly assigned. Supplementing EBUS-TBNA with either forceps biopsy or cryobiopsy increased diagnostic yield, with no significant difference between EBUS-TBNA plus forceps biopsy and EBUS-TBNA plus cryobiopsy (85.7 % versus 91.6 %, P = 0.106). Yet, samples obtained by additional cryobiopsies were more qualified for lung cancer molecular testing than those from forceps biopsies (100.0 % versus 89.5 %, P = 0.036). When compared directly, the overall diagnostic yield of cryobiopsy was superior to forceps biopsy (85.7 % versus 70.8 %, P = 0.001). Cryobiopsies produced greater samples in shorter procedural time than forceps biopsies. Two (1.3 %) cases of postprocedural pneumothorax were detected.

CONCLUSIONS

Transbronchial mediastinal cryobiopsy might be a promising complementary tool to supplement traditional needle biopsy for increased diagnostic yield and tissue harvesting.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ChiCTR2000030373.

Mediastinal Abscess Formation after EUS-Guided Sampling in a Young Patient with Sarcoidosis: Be Aware of the Increased Risk!

International guidelines establish EUS-guided sampling as safe and accurate for the evaluation of mediastinal solid lesions, such as lymphadenopathies of unknown origin, and point out an increased risk of severe infectious complications induced by needle puncture in mediastinal cystic lesions. A retrospective case series and a systematic review documented an increased risk of mediastinal abscess formation after EUS-guided lymph nodes sampling in patients with sarcoidosis. The authors describe a case of a 38-year-old male patient with a final diagnosis of sarcoidosis, who developed a large mediastinal abscess after EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy of mediastinal lymphadenopathies. Endoscopists should be aware of the potential increased risk of severe infectious complications when sampling mediastinal lymph nodes in suspected sarcoidosis, and a strategy to minimize such risk should be pursued.

Thirty-Day Complications, Unplanned Hospital Encounters, and Mortality after Endosonography and/or Guided Bronchoscopy: A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Limited data exist regarding the adverse events of advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy, with most of the available information derived from retrospective datasets that primarily focus on early complications.

METHODS

We conducted a 15-month prospective cohort study among consecutive patients undergoing endosonography and/or guided bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. We evaluated the 30-day incidence of severe complications, any complication, unplanned hospital encounters, and deaths. Additionally, we analyzed the time of onset (immediate, within 1 h of the procedure; early, 1 h-24 h; late, 24 h-30 days) and identified risk factors associated with these events.

RESULTS

Thirty-day data were available for 697 out of 701 (99.4%) enrolled patients, with 85.6% having suspected malignancy and multiple comorbidities (median Charlson Comorbidity Index (IQR): 4 (2-5)). Severe complications occurred in only 17 (2.4%) patients, but among them, 10 (58.8%) had unplanned hospital encounters and 2 (11.7%) died within 30 days. A significant proportion of procedure-related severe complications (8/17, 47.1%); unplanned hospital encounters (8/11, 72.7%); and the two deaths occurred days or weeks after the procedure. Low-dose attenuation in the biopsy site on computed tomography was independently associated with any complication (OR: 1.87; 95% CI 1.13-3.09); unplanned hospital encounters (OR: 2.17; 95% CI 1.10-4.30); and mortality (OR: 4.19; 95% CI 1.74-10.11).

CONCLUSIONS

Severe complications arising from endosonography and guided bronchoscopy, although uncommon, have significant clinical consequences. A substantial proportion of adverse events occur days after the procedure, potentially going unnoticed and exerting a negative clinical impact if a proactive surveillance program is not implemented.

Prediction Models for Mediastinal Metastasis and Its Detection by Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration in Potentially Operable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND

Prediction models for mediastinal metastasis and its detection by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) have not been developed using a prospective cohort of potentially operable patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

RESEARCH QUESTION

Can mediastinal metastasis and its detection by EBUS-TBNA be predicted with prediction models in NSCLC?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

For the prospective development cohort, 589 potentially operable patients with NSCLC were evaluated (July 2016-June 2019) from five Korean teaching hospitals. Mediastinal staging was performed using EBUS-TBNA (with or without the transesophageal approach). Surgery was performed for patients without clinical N (cN) 2-3 disease by endoscopic staging. The prediction model for lung cancer staging-mediastinal metastasis (PLUS-M) and a model for mediastinal metastasis detection by EBUS-TBNA (PLUS-E) were developed using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Validation was performed using a retrospective cohort (n = 309) from a different period (June 2019-August 2021).

RESULTS

The prevalence of mediastinal metastasis diagnosed by EBUS-TBNA or surgery and the sensitivity of EBUS-TBNA in the development cohort were 35.3% and 87.0%, respectively. In PLUS-M, younger age (< 60 years and 60-70 years compared with ≥ 70 years), nonsquamous histology (adenocarcinoma and others), central tumor location, tumor size (> 3-5 cm), cN1 or cN2-3 stage by CT, and cN1 or cN2-3 stage by PET-CT were significant risk factors for N2-3 disease. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for PLUS-M and PLUS-E were 0.876 (95% CI, 0.845-0.906) and 0.889 (95% CI, 0.859-0.918), respectively. Model fit was good (PLUS-M: Hosmer-Lemeshow P = .658, Brier score = 0.129; PLUS-E: Hosmer-Lemeshow P = .569, Brier score = 0.118). In the validation cohort, PLUS-M (AUC, 0.859 [95% CI, 0.817-0.902], Hosmer-Lemeshow P = .609, Brier score = 0.144) and PLUS-E (AUC, 0.900 [95% CI, 0.865-0.936], Hosmer-Lemeshow P = .361, Brier score = 0.112) showed good discrimination ability and calibration.

INTERPRETATION

PLUS-M and PLUS-E can be used effectively for decision-making for invasive mediastinal staging in NSCLC.

TRIAL REGISTRY

ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT02991924; URL: www.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov.

Proposed quality indicators and recommended standard reporting items in performance of EBUS bronchoscopy: An official World Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology Expert Panel consensus statement

BACKGROUND

Since their introduction, both linear and radial endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) have become an integral component of the practice of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology. The quality of health care can be measured by comparing the performance of an individual or a health service with an ideal threshold or benchmark. The taskforce sought to evaluate quality indicators in EBUS bronchoscopy based on clinical relevance/importance and on the basis that observed significant variation in outcomes indicates potential for improvement in health care outcomes.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature review informed the composition of a comprehensive list of candidate quality indicators in EBUS. A multiple-round modified Delphi consensus process was subsequently performed with the aim of reaching consensus over a final list of quality indicators and performance targets for these indicators. Standard reporting items were developed, with a strong preference for items where evidence demonstrates a relationship with quality indicator outcomes.

RESULTS

Twelve quality Indicators are proposed, with performance targets supported by evidence from the literature. Standardized reporting items for both radial and linear EBUS are recommended, with evidence supporting their utility in assessing procedural outcomes presented.

CONCLUSION

This statement is intended to provide a framework for individual proceduralists to assess the quality of EBUS they provide their patients through the identification of clinically relevant, feasible quality measures. Emphasis is placed on outcome measures, with a preference for consistent terminology to allow communication and benchmarking between centres.

Guidelines for endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA): Joint Indian Chest Society (ICS)/Indian Association for Bronchology (IAB) recommendations

Over the past decade, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has become an indispensable tool in the diagnostic armamentarium of the pulmonologist. As the expertise with EBUS-TBNA has evolved and several innovations have occurred, the indications for its use have expanded. However, several aspects of EBUS-TBNA are still not standardized. Hence, evidence-based guidelines are needed to optimize the diagnostic yield and safety of EBUS-TBNA. For this purpose, a working group of experts from India was constituted. A detailed and systematic search was performed to extract relevant literature pertaining to various aspects of EBUS-TBNA. The modified GRADE system was used for evaluating the level of evidence and assigning the strength of recommendations. The final recommendations were framed with the consensus of the working group after several rounds of online discussions and a two-day in-person meeting. These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations encompassing indications of EBUS-TBNA, pre-procedure evaluation, sedation and anesthesia, technical and procedural aspects, sample processing, EBUS-TBNA in special situations, and training for EBUS-TBNA.

A valuable endobronchial ultrasound scoring system predicting malignant lymph nodes

Background

This study aims to determine the sonographic criteria of lymph nodes to predict malignancy with endobronchial ultrasound.

Methods

A total of 1,987 lymph nodes of 967 patients (666 males, 301 females; mean age: 62.1±11.9 years; range, 21 to 90 years) between May 2016 and July 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The endobronchial ultrasound images of lymph nodes were evaluated according to the following criteria: size (short axis >1 cm), shape (round or oval), margin (distinct or indistinct), coagulation necrosis sign (present or absent), central hilar structure (present or absent) and echogenicity (homogeneous or heterogeneous). A scoring system was developed for predicting malignancy.

Results

A total of 765 (38.5%) of the lymph nodes were malignant. In the univariate analysis, size >1 cm, round shape, distinct margin, absence of central hilar structure, presence of coagulation necrosis sign, and heterogeneity were significant predictors of malignancy (p<0.001 for all). In the multivariate analysis, the main independent predictors were heterogeneity and presence of coagulation necrosis sign (odds ratio=5.9, 95% confidence interval: 4.2-8.2 vs. odds ratio=3.1 95% confidence interval: 2.2-4.5, respectively). A cut-off value for endobronchial ultrasound score of ≥4 increased the malignancy risk 30 times with a sensitivity of 84.7%, and specificity of 84.5%.

Conclusion

Our study results show that endobronchial ultrasound scoring system with six criteria has a high sensitivity and specificity for predicting malignant lymph nodes.

Safety and utility of Endoscopic Ultrasound with Bronchoscope-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-B-FNA) in suspected lung cancer patients with poor respiratory or general conditions: a prospective three-center observational study

BACKGROUND

Although transbronchial diagnostic procedures are sometimes difficult to perform because of the patient's respiratory or general conditions, endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA), a known transesophageal diagnostic procedure, might be useful for such cases. We conducted this prospective three-center observational study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EUS-B-FNA in suspected lung cancer patients with poor respiratory or general conditions.

METHODS

Patients with suspected lung cancer with respiratory failure, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or higher, or severe respiratory symptoms, were enrolled. The primary endpoints were the diagnostic yield of lung cancer and its safety, and the secondary endpoints were the success rate of molecular and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) analyses, and the 6-month survival rate in patients with lung cancer.

RESULTS

We enrolled 30 patients, of which 29 were included in the analysis. Among them, 26 were eventually diagnosed with lung cancer. The diagnostic yield for lung cancer was 100% (26/26). There were no adverse events associated with EUS-B-FNA requiring procedure discontinuation. The success rates of molecular analysis for EGFR, ALK, ROS-1, and BRAF were 100% (14/14), 100% (11/11), 100% (9/9), and 75% (6/8), respectively. The success rate of the PD-L1 analysis was 100% (15/15). The 6-month survival rate in patients with lung cancer was 53.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 33.4-76.4), and the median overall survival (OS) was 196 days (95% CI: 142-446).

CONCLUSIONS

EUS-B-FNA is a safe and effective diagnostic method, even in patients with suspected lung cancer with poor respiratory or general conditions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This clinical trial was registered at https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm (UMIN000041235, approved on 28/07/2020).

Incidence and Risk Factors for Infectious Complications of EBUS-TBNA: Prospective Multicenter Study

The aim of our study was to describe the incidence of infectious complications of endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and to analyze the potential risk factors in a prospective cohort of patients.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective multicenter study, with all consecutive patients referred for an EBUS-TBNA with patients at risk of developing an infectious complication (considering>10 nodal samplings, known immunosuppression, bronchial colonization and cavitated or necrotic lesions) and a second group without any risk factor.

RESULTS

Three hundred seventy patients were included: 245 with risk factors and 125 without risk factors (as the control group). Overall, 15 patients (4.05%) presented an acute infectious complication: fourteen in cases (5.7%) and 1 in controls (0.8%). Of these, 4 patients presented pneumonia, 1 mediastinitis, 4 obstructive pneumonitis and 6 mild complications (respiratory tract infection that resolved with antibiotic). Also 7 (1.9%) patients had self-limited fever. One-month follow-up showed 1 mediastinitis at sixteenth day post-EBUS, which required surgical treatment, and 3 pneumonias and 3 respiratory tract infections at nineteenth day (1.9%). All patients had a good evolution and there were no deaths related with infectious complication. We observed an increased risk of complication in patients with risk factors and in patients with necrosis (p=0.018).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of infectious complications in a subgroup of patients with risk factors was higher than in patients without risk factors. Nevertheless, it remains low, and no fatal complication occurred, which reinforces the idea that EBUS-TBNA is a safe technique for the assessment of the mediastinum. Necrotic lesions are a risk factor of post-EBUS infection, and their puncture should be avoided.

Interventional Pulmonology and Esophagus: Combined Endobronchial Ultrasound and Endoscopic Ultrasound for Mediastinal Staging

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) techniques in addition to endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) can lead to diagnosis and complete accurate staging of the mediastinum in a single session. This allows for decreased health care costs, less delay in diagnosis and treatment, reduced patient discomfort, and decreased morbidity compared with invasive surgical staging techniques. In comparison to conventional mediastinoscopy, the cost-effectiveness and reduced complication profile of the endoscopic approach has made this a superior initial step in the staging and diagnosis of lung cancer. Moreover, compared with EBUS alone, combined EUS and EBUS has significantly increased yield, as well as diagnostic sensitivity making a combined approach preferable as the emerging gold-standard technique for initial minimally invasive mediastinal staging. We discuss the advantage of using EUS in combination with EBUS and highlight techniques, lymph node landmarks, utility in staging and restaging of the mediastinum, roles in diagnosing mediastinal infections and granulomatous lesions, and future directions in endosonography.

Pneumomediastinum: A Rare Complication of Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Fine Needle Aspiration

Endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a commonly performed outpatient procedure used for the diagnosis, staging of lung cancer, and the evaluation of thoracic lymphadenopathy of unknown origin. With the advent of this minimally invasive technology, mediastinoscopy, once the gold standard, has fallen out of favour. Pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of EBUS-TBNA and can often be managed conservatively. We present a case of a 52-year-old female who developed pneumomediastinum following EBUS-TBNA and improved with expectant management in the emergency department. We discuss the proposed pathophysiology of this rare occurrence that usually follows a benign course. Severe complications, such as mediastinitis and tracheal tear, need to be excluded promptly.

Contribution of aspiration to the diagnosis of lung cancer in endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy

OBJECTIVE

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration has been successfully applied in both diagnosis and staging of mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathies and masses, especially in malignant cases. However, the optimal procedure of Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration to further increase diagnostic yield and minimize processing complexity remains controversial. This study aims to compare aspiration biopsy (Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration) and non-aspiration biopsy (Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle capillary sampling) in terms of sample adequacy, diagnosis, and quality in malignant cases.

METHODS

Between March 2018 and June 2020, Endobronchial ultrasound-guided was performed sequentially on patients with mediastinal and/or hilar lymph nodes that were considered malignant. Each lymphadenopathy was sampled with and without aspiration. A single-blinded pathologist evaluated the samples.

RESULTS

A total of 84 lymph nodes evaluations of 51 patients were included. Most samples were taken from the right lower paratracheal lymph nodes (n=27, 32.2%) and subcarinal LN (n=21, 25%). The mean size of the lymph nodes was 21.21±8.257 (8-40) mm. The agreement between the two procedures in terms of sample adequacy and diagnostic yield was 69.1% (95%CI 58-78.7, p=0.076). In addition, according to the goodness-of-fit statistics, the kappa values were 0.255 (p=0.015) and 0.302 (p=0.004) for sample adequacy and diagnostic yield, respectively. There was no difference between the two procedures in relation to complications.

CONCLUSION

Although the agreement between the two procedures is weak, Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle capillary sampling can be performed with less personnel, without reducing diagnostic yield and tissue adequacy. These findings can assist clinicians in determining the optimal procedure for Endobronchial ultrasound-guided.

Infectious complications of EBUS-TBNA: A nested case-control study using 10-year registry data

OBJECTIVES

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has become a standard procedure, but little is known about its infectious complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of infectious complications of EBUS-TBNA and its clinical course, including effects on anti-cancer treatment.

METHODS

This is a nested case-control study of patients who received EBUS-TBNA and were followed for at least 2 months at Samsung Medical Center from August 2009 to April 2019. Patients with clinical symptoms of infection and correlating chest images were defined as the infection group (n = 33). The controls were randomly selected from patients without infectious complication. Multivariate logistic regression with backward selection was used to identify the risk factors of infectious complications.

RESULTS

Of the 6826 patients, 33 (0.48%) infectious complications were identified, comprising pneumonia (n = 20) and mediastinal infections (n = 13). Target lesions with necrotic features on chest computed tomography (CT) scan (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-6.40; P = 0.002) and procedures that were performed via the esophagus (aOR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.47-6.88; P = 0.003) were independently associated with infectious complications. Among patients ultimately diagnosed with cancer, the infection group tended to refuse anti-cancer treatment compared to controls (32/459, 7.0% vs. 5/30, 16.7%; P = 0.066). However, among the patients who received anti-cancer treatment, there was no delay in onset of treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Infectious complications of EBUS-TBNA are rare; however, attention should be paid if the target lesion appears necrotic on chest CT or if the procedure is performed via the esophagus. Although it was not conclusive due to its rarity, patients with infectious complications tended not to receive anti-cancer treatment.

The Value of a Systematic Protocol Using Endobronchial Ultrasound and Endoscopic Ultrasound in Staging of Lung Cancer for Patients with Imaging iN0–N1 Disease

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> We hypothesize that systematic, combined, and multidisciplinary study of the mediastinum (endobronchial ultrasound [EBUS] and endoscopic ultrasound [EUS]) in patients with NSCLC with radiologically normal mediastinum improves the results of mediastinal staging obtained with EBUS alone. <b><i>Material and Methods:</i></b> A retrospective study of the prospective database collected on the patients with NSCLC with a radiologically normal mediastinum and an indication for systematic staging with EBUS and EUS. EBUS staging was followed by EUS in patients in which the results from the pathological analysis of EBUS were negative. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Forty-five patients were included in the analysis. The combination of EBUS followed by EUS provided better results than EBUS alone: sensitivity (S) 95% versus 80%, negative predictive value (NPV) 96.15% versus 86.21%, negative likelihood ratio 0.05 versus 0.20, and post-test probability 3.8% versus 13.8%. This represents an increase in S (15%), the validity index (6.6%), and NPV (9.9%) compared to EBUS alone. There were 4 false negatives (FNs) (8.8%) with the EBUS test alone. After adding EUS, 3 more cases were positive (6.6%) and only 1 FN (2.2%). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In patients with NSCLC and a radiographically normal mediastinum, a systematic and combined staging with EBUS and EUS show higher sensitivity in the detection of mediastinal metastasis than with the use of EBUS alone. The high accuracy of the test means that the use of mediastinoscopy is not necessary to confirm the results in these patients. Since the availability of EUS is low, it may be advisable for the interventional pulmonologist to receive training in EUS-b.

Pneumonia, pleurisy, mediastinitis, and mediastinal cyst infection secondary to endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: A case report

INTRODUCTION

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is less commonly used in nonmalignant diseases. In particular, its application in mediastinal cystic lesions has been reported less frequently. EBUS-TBNA is a reassuringly safe procedure with an overall complication rate less than 2%, and serious adverse event rate of 0.14% to 0.16%. The most common complications are infections (mediastinal cyst infection most seen).

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 28-year-old male presented to the hospital with mediastinal cyst that was incidentally discovered by computed tomography. There was no past history of the patient reviewed.

DIAGNOSIS

The cyst was identified as a round, anechoic structure by EBUS and serous fluid was aspirated. The carcino-embryonic antigen, mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA and cultures in the fluid were negative. Cytology analysis showed lots of lymphocytes and no malignant cells. The diagnosis of lymphangioma was confirmed based on the computed tomography and EBUS presentation, the nature of the aspirated fluid and the large number of mature lymphocytes within the cystic fluid.

INTERVENTIONS

Twenty-six hours after EBUS-TBNA, the patient complained of a fever with the highest temperature of 39°C, accompanied by a right-side chest pain, no other symptoms of were reported. The following examinations confirmed the diagnosis of pneumonia, pleurisy, mediastinitis and mediastinal cyst infection, while cultures from cyst and right pleural effusion were both negative. The patient was treated with Teicoplanin+Imipenem/cilastatin, and ultrasound guided transcutaneous catheterization drainage of mediastinal cyst and pleural effusion were performed.

OUTCOMES

Seven days after the treatments, the patient's symptoms resolved, the complete blood count, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate were lowered. The size of the cyst was slightly reduced on 17 June compared to that before EBUS-TBNA. Although the surgical resection of the cyst was recommended, the patient declined. After extracted the two drainage tubes, the patient was discharged on June 22. The patient was followed up by telephone 6 months after discharge and he remained asymptomatic.

CONCLUSIONS

EBUS-TBNA is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the management of mediastinal cysts. However, considering the possibility of serious complications, the clinical procedure should be carried out scrupulously with appropriate patient selection and strict aseptic principles.

Transbronchial mediastinal cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions: a randomised trial

BACKGROUND

Guidelines recommend endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) as an initial investigation technique for mediastinal nodal staging in lung cancer. However, EBUS-TBNA can be limited by the inadequacy of intact tissues, which might restrict its diagnostic yield in mediastinal lesions of certain etiologies. We have previously shown that EBUS-guided transbronchial mediastinal cryobiopsy can provide intact samples with greater volume.

METHODS

This randomised study determined the diagnostic yield and safety of transbronchial mediastinal cryobiopsy monitored by endosonography for the diagnosis of mediastinal lesions. Patients with mediastinal lesion of 1 cm or more in the short axis were recruited. Following identification of the mediastinal lesion by linear EBUS, fine-needle aspiration and cryobiopsy were sequently performed in a randomised order. Primary endpoints were diagnostic yield defined as the percentage of patients for whom mediastinal biopsy provided a definite diagnosis, and procedure-related adverse events.

RESULTS

One hundred and ninety-seven patients were enrolled and randomly allocated. The overall diagnostic yield was 79.9% and 91.8% for TBNA and transbronchial mediastinal cryobiopsy, respectively (p=0.001). Diagnostic yields were similar for metastatic lymphadenopathy (94.1% versus 95.6%, p=0.58), while cryobiopsy was more sensitive than TBNA in uncommon tumors (91.7% versus 25.0%, p=0.001) and benign disorders (80.9% versus 53.2%, p=0.004). No significant differences in diagnostic yield were detected between TBNA first and cryobiopsy first groups. We observed 2 cases of pneumothorax and 1 case of pneumomediastinum.

CONCLUSIONS

Transbronchial cryobiopsy performed under EBUS guidance is a safe and useful approach that offers diagnostic histological samples of mediastinal lesions.

Thoracic endosonography (EBUS/EUS-b) in the diagnosis of different intrathoracic diseases: A 4-year experience at a single-centre in Greece

BACKGROUND

In the last decade, the advent of thoracic endosonography has revolutionised the field of diagnostic bronchoscopy.

METHODS

We conducted a single-centre prospective study in "Sotiria" Chest diseases hospital between January 2016 and December 2019. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and diagnostic value of combined EBUS/EUS-b in comparison with EBUS-TBNA and EUS-b FNA in different intrathoracic diseases.

RESULTS

A total of 266 patients were enrolled (70.7% males, 85.7% smokers, mean age ± SD: 62.8 ± 11.8). Diagnosis and staging of suspected lung cancer (LC) were the main indications for EBUS/EUS-b in 56.7% of patients, followed by lymphadenopathy of unknown origin in 27%, lymphadenopathy in previous malignancy in 10.9%, and staging of proven LC in 5.3%. EUS-b FNA alone or combined with EBUS-TBNA was performed in 14.7% of patients. A total of 512 lymph nodes was sampled (481 through EBUS-TBNA and 31 through EUS-b FNA). EBUS/EUS-b led to a definitive diagnosis in 68.4% of the patients. Most cases (50.4%) were malignancies, while 18% represented benign diseases (83.3% sarcoidosis). Sensitivity of combined EBUS/EUS-b was higher in comparison with sensitivity of both procedures alone (100% vs 89.4% vs 88.9%). Accordingly, the overall sensitivity of EBUS/EUS-b for the detection of malignancy and sarcoidosis was 93% and 95.2%, respectively. No severe complications were observed.

CONCLUSION

Thoracic endosonography is an efficient, safe, minimally invasive tool yielding high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected malignancy and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Experienced pulmonologists in EBUS-TBNA should more routinely perform EUS-b FNA to avoid unnecessary surgical interventions.

Delayed onset of mediastinitis with tracheomediastinal fistula following endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration; A case report

Infectious complications after endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) are rare but serious. Here, we report a very rare case of delayed onset of mediastinitis with tracheomediastinal fistula after EBUS‐TBNA. Surgical debridement was performed, antibiotics were administered, and the postoperative course of the patient was good. Careful monitoring is needed to prevent the possible development of infectious complications after EBUS‐TBNA.

Performance and safety of diagnostic procedures in superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is an uncommon condition resulting from extrinsic compression or intraluminal blockade of the superior vena cava. The increased upper body venous pressure results in distended subcutaneous vessels and oedema of the head, neck and arms. SVCS can be a medical emergency if associated with laryngeal or cerebral oedema. The most common SVCS aetiologies are intrathoracic malignancies, accounting for 60 to 86% of cases [1–3].

Standard bronchoscopy and EBUS-TBNA have good diagnostic yield and are relatively safe procedures in the setting of SVCS. However, complications may arise from the underlying malignancy and its proximity to central vital structures.https://bit.ly/37HXFUY

A narrative review of invasive diagnostics and treatment of early lung cancer

The diagnosis and treatment of early-stage lung cancer remains a clinical challenge. The broadening implementation of lung cancer screening has resulted in positive findings in numerous patients that are mostly non-malignant. Many other patients have indeterminate nodules that are difficult to assess through simple observation. The critical interpretation of such screening results remains a challenge for radiologists and multidisciplinary teams involved in screening for lung cancer. The evaluation and diagnosis of each participant suspected for malignancy should be based on the basic clinical principles such as a carefully collected medical history, physical examination, and detailed analysis of all imaging tests performed. Indeed, the decision to go ahead with more invasive diagnostics requires consideration of the both the risks and benefits, with reflection upon the complete clinical and radiological picture. Although transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy remains the first-choice method of diagnosis, several newer technologies have slowly begun to emerge as potential replacements. The guiding strategy for method selection is to choose the least harmful approach that offers the most relevant potential insights. Transthoracic biopsy is an effective method that allows the collection of cytological and tissue material from small, peripheral tumors, but it carries a moderate risk of complications. Bronchofiberoscopy, especially in combination with electromagnetic navigation, fluoroscopy or radial EBUS, also allows effective diagnosis of the peripheral pulmonary nodules. One of the most important diagnostic methods is the EBUS examination, which allows determining of staging in addition to diagnosis. Anatomical lung lobe resection and lymphadenectomy or sampling of the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes is currently the treatment of choice for patients with stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but sublobar resections are recommended when a patient has limited pulmonary function or other significant comorbidities. Notably, several studies have highlighted the potential utility of more limited resections in small malignant lesions less than 2cm in diameter, with pure AIS histology, when more than 50% of the diameter of pulmonary nodule has ground-glass opacity (GGO) attenuation on CT, or long volume doubling time (VDT). Videothoracoscopy is the preferred surgical approach for resection of early-stage lung cancer. Patients who are not candidates for surgery or do not agree to surgery can be offered radical radiotherapy. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is a type of radical radiotherapy with proven effectiveness, a high rate of local control and an acceptable risk of the development of later complications. Future trials are expected to define the role of SBRT in the treatment of early lung cancer in healthy subjects.

Efficacy and safety of EBUS-TBNA and EUS-B-FNA in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and transesophageal bronchoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA) are established modalities for evaluation of mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy in adults. Limited literature is available on the utility of these modalities in the pediatric population. Herein, we perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the yield and safety of EBUS-TBNA and EUS-B-FNA in children.

METHODS

We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases to extract the studies reporting the utilization of EBUS-TBNA/EUS-B-FNA in children (<18 years of age). The pooled diagnostic yield and sampling adequacy (proportions with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were calculated using meta-analysis of proportions using the random effects model. Details of any procedure-related complications were noted.

RESULTS

The search yielded 12 relevant studies (5 case series and 7 case reports on EBUS-TBNA/EUS-B-FNA, 173 patients). Data from five case series (164 patients) were summarized for the calculation of the sampling adequacy and diagnostic yield. Safety outcomes were extracted from all publications. The pooled sampling adequacy and combined diagnostic yield of EBUS TBNA/EUS-B-FNA were 98% (95% CI, 92%-100%) and 61% (95% CI, 43%-77%), respectively. A procedure-related major complication was reported in one patient (1/173, a major complication rate of 0.6%), and minor complications occurred in six patients (6/173, a minor complication rate of 3.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

EBUS-TBNA and EUS-B-FNA are safe modalities for evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in the pediatric population. EBUS-TBNA/EUS-B-FNA may be considered as the first-line diagnostic modalities for this indication, as they have a good diagnostic yield and can avoid the need for invasive diagnostic procedures.

Preoperative staging of the mediastinum is an essential and multidisciplinary task

Mediastinal staging is a crucial step in the management of patients with NSCLC. With the recent development of novel techniques, mediastinal staging has evolved from an activity of interest mainly for thoracic surgeons to a joint effort carried out by many specialists. In this regard, the debate of cases in MDT sessions is crucial for optimal management of patients. Current evidence-based clinical guidelines for preoperative NSCLC staging recommend that mediastinal staging should be performed with increasing invasiveness. Image-based techniques are the first approach, although they have limited accuracy and findings must be confirmed by pathology in almost all cases. In this setting, the advent of radiomics is promising. Invasive staging depends on procedural factors rather than diagnostic performance. The choice between endoscopy-based or surgical procedures should depend on the local expertise of each centre. As the extension of mediastinal disease in terms of number of involved lymph nodes and nodal stations affects prognosis and the choice of treatment, systematic samplings are preferred over random targeted samplings. Following this approach, a diagnosis of single mediastinal nodal involvement can be unreliable if all reachable mediastinal nodal stations have not been assessed. The performance of confirmatory mediastinoscopy after a negative endoscopy-based procedure is controversial but currently recommended. Current indications of invasive staging in patients with radiologically normal mediastinum have to be re-evaluated, especially for central tumour location.

Bronchoscopic sampling techniques in the era of technological bronchoscopy

Flexible bronchoscopy is a key diagnostic and therapeutic tool. New endoscopes and technologically advanced navigational modalities have been recently introduced on the market and in clinical practice, mainly for the diagnosis of mediastinal lymph adenopathies and peripheral lung nodules. Bronchoscopic sampling tools have not changed significantly in the last three decades, with the sole exception of cryobiopsy. We carried out a non-systematic, narrative literature review aimed at summarizing the scientific evidence on the main indications/contraindications, diagnostic yield, and safety of the available bronchoscopic sampling techniques. Performance of bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial washing, brushing, forceps biopsy, cryobiopsy and needle aspiration techniques are described, focusing on indications and diagnostic accuracy in the work-up of endobronchial lesions, peripheral pulmonary abnormalities, interstitial lung diseases, and/or hilar-mediastinal lymph adenopathies. Main factors affecting the diagnostic yield and the navigational methods are evaluated. Preliminary data on the utility of the newest sampling techniques (i.e., new needles, triple cytology needle brush, core biopsy system, and cautery-assisted transbronchial forceps biopsy) are shown. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: A deep knowledge of bronchoscopic sampling techniques is crucial in the era of technological bronchoscopy for an optimal management of respiratory diseases.

Mediastinal cyst infection followed by bacteremia due to Streptococcus anginosus after endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

We herein report a case of recurrent mediastinal cyst infection followed by bacteremia after endobronchial ultrasound-guide transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). A 65-year-old Japanese male with sarcoidosis presented with 4 L progressive lymph node adenopathy and was diagnosed with mediastinal cyst by EBUS-TBNA. After bronchoscopy, he suffered from a high fever. Chest computed tomography showed enlargement of the 4 L lymph node with low attenuation areas, the elevation of mediastinal fat concentration. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus anginosus. Antimicrobial agents were administered for a total of 12 weeks, at which point the size of the lymph node was reduced. However, at 5 months after the discontinuation of antimicrobial agents, the mediastinal cyst infection recurred. It is important to conduct careful follow-up because mediastinal cyst infection following ebus-tbna may relapse with conservative treatment without invasive surgery.

Clinical Characteristics of and Risk Factors for Fever after Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration: A Retrospective Study Involving 6336 Patients

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a minimally invasive diagnostic for mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy/mass. This study investigated fever incidence and associated risk factors after EBUS-TBNA in 6336 patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA at Asan Medical Center from October 2008 to February 2018. Bronchoscopists evaluated participants’ medical records for fever the 24 h following EBUS-TBNA. Patients were placed in either a Fever group (n = 665) or a non-Fever group (n = 5671). Fever developed in 665 of 6336 patients (10.5%) with a mean peak body temperature of 38.3 °C (range, 37.8–40.6 °C). Multivariate analysis revealed that fever-associated risk factors after EBUS-TBNA are older age (adjusted OR 0.015, 95% CI (0.969–0.997), p = 0.015), bronchoscopic washing (adjusted OR 1.624, 95% CI (1.114–2.368), p = 0.012), more than four samples of EBUS-TBNA (adjusted OR 2.472, 95% CI (1.288–4.745), p = 0.007), hemoglobin levels before EBUS-TBNA (adjusted OR 0.876, 95% CI (0.822–0.933), p < 0.001), CRP levels before EBUS-TBNA (adjusted OR 1.115, 95% CI (1.075–1.157), p < 0.001), and a diagnosis of EBUS-TBNA tuberculosis (adjusted OR 3.409, 95% CI (1.870–6.217), p < 0.001). Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of fever after EBUS-TBNA because it is common. Additional, prospective, large-scale research should assess the need for prophylactic antibiotics for EBUS-TBNA.

Role of Bronchoscopic Techniques in the Diagnosis of Thoracic Sarcoidosis

The diagnosis of sarcoidosis relies on clinical and radiological presentation, evidence of non-caseating granulomas in histopathology and exclusion of alternative causes of granulomatous inflammation. Currently, a proper diagnosis, with a high level of confidence, is considered as key to the appropriate diagnosis and management of the disease. In this sense, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of thoracic sarcoidosis, incorporating newer techniques to establish, including endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), transesophageal ultrasound-guided needle aspiration with the use of an echo bronchoscope (EUS-B-FNA) and transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC). Most of the literature reports the diagnostic superiority of endosonographic techniques, such as EBUS-TBNA alone or in combination with EUS-FNA, over conventional bronchoscopic modalities in diagnosing Scadding stages I and II of the disease. Moreover, TBLC may be considered a useful and safe diagnostic tool for thoracic sarcoidosis, overcoming some limitations of transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), avoiding more invasive modalities and being complementary to endosonographic procedures such as EBUS-TBNA.

Noncaseating granulomatous diseases in germ cell cancer patients-A single-center experience

OBJECTIVES

In patients with testicular Germ Cell Tumors (GCT) noncaseating granulomatous diseases such as Sarcoid Like Lesions (SLL) or Sarcoidosis can mimic metastasis due to hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Due to the clinical and prognostic impact, exclusion of malignant diseases is mandatory.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Retrospectively, data from 636 GCT patients, who were seen in the course of tumor surveillance/follow-up were collected. Focus was put on the detection of tumor relapse vs. noncaseating granulomatous reactions. For the differential diagnosis of thoracic lymphadenopathy or pulmonary infiltrates either bronchoscopy (e.g., endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration) or thoracic surgery was performed. Both GCT patients with either tumor relapse or coexisting SLL were compared to GCT patients without SLL and tumor relapse.

RESULTS

Twenty-nine patients suffered from suspected tumor relapse. Whereas thoracic relapses were suspected in 15 patients on chest computed tomography, thoracic relapse was confirmed in 5 cases by open surgery. In 2 cases open surgery yielded reactive lymphadenitis, and in 8 cases SLL was diagnosed either via EBUS-TBNA (n = 7) or thoracoscopic wedge resection plus lymphadenectomy (n = 1). With focus on overall survival, no relevant difference was found between all tested subgroups (P = 0.265; logrank test).

CONCLUSIONS

In GCT patients, the coexistence of noncaseating granulomatous disease is common. Minimal invasive bronchoscopic techniques can serve for the cytopathologic exclusion of malignant thoracic manifestations. In our monocenter patient group the coexistence of SLL did not have any prognostic impact on overall survival.

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in sarcoidosis: Beyond the diagnostic yield

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is the commonly used technique for pathological confirmation of clinically suspected sarcoidosis, mostly owing to its consistently high success rate in the detection of granulomas. However, other possible advantages, which are less appreciated and often poorly studied, may also contribute to the wider use of EBUS-TBNA in the future. These advantages include refinement of differential diagnoses through the study of lymph node characteristics during B-mode examination; reduction of complications associated with bronchoscopy, as well as improved triage of the specimen for ancillary studies with the use of rapid on-site evaluation; optimization of the quality of the sample through the selection of a target area for biopsy with minimal vascularity and absence of calcifications by using the colour Doppler and the B-mode; and prediction of the presence of extensive lymph node fibrosis by using the strain elastography module. Yet, limitations and possible clinical drawbacks should also be acknowledged. Indeed, due to the lack of specificity of the pathology findings in EBUS-derived samples, the diagnosis of sarcoidosis is one of the exclusion and should remain essentially clinical. The external validity of EBUS-TBNA results in sarcoidosis is questionable, as they mainly derive from studies in populations with a high disease prevalence. Finally, the risk exists that the low morbidity and high diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA may lead to its overuse in patients with clinical/radiological findings specific enough to secure a clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis.

Major Complications Associated with Conventional Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

OBJECTIVES

Transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) is a widely used sampling technique for diagnosis and staging of lesions centered around bronchoscopically accessible airways. We report our single-institution experience of complications associated with conventional TBNA (C-TBNA) performed in 606 consecutive cases.

METHODS

Electronic medical records with bronchoscopy log data of C-TBNAs performed from January 2003 to December 2016 were assessed. All of the cases were included for a review of complications related to the performance of C-TBNA. C-TBNAs were performed in conjunction with other bronchoscopic sampling techniques such as brush, biopsy, and wash in most cases. Complications ascribed to C-TBNA only were included for this analysis and review.

RESULTS

Infectious complications following the performance of TBNA are related to the inoculation of oropharyngeal bacteria from the airway lumen into the sterile mediastinal, pericardial, or pleural space.

CONCLUSIONS

Complications related to TBNA are underappreciated mainly because of the lack of reporting and awareness. These findings should lead to heightened awareness and precaution in all patients undergoing TBNA, and extra vigilance and monitoring during and after the procedure in those receiving anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies.

Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the utility of suction and inner-stylet of EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy

Background

The optimal procedure for maximizing the diagnostic yield and minimizing the procedural complexity of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is controversial. We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to determine the optimal procedure of EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy, with a particular focus on the roles of the inner-stylet and suction.

Methods

Consecutive patients with enlarged mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes (LNs), detected by computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography-CT (PET-CT), who underwent EBUS-TBNA were included. Each LN was sampled with three needle passes using suction–stylet, suction–no stylet, and stylet–no suction procedures. The samples were smeared onto glass slides for cytological evaluation. A single, blinded cytopathologist evaluated each set of slides. The primary outcomes were cytological specimen adequacy rate and diagnostic yield of malignant LNs. The secondary outcomes were tissue-core acquisition rate, procedural time, and the amount of bleeding.

Results

This study evaluated 97 patients with a total of 255 LNs. The final LN diagnosis was benign in 144, malignant in 104, and inadequate in 7 cases. There were no significant differences among the suction–stylet, suction–no stylet, and stylet–no suction groups in specimen adequacy rate (87.1, 88.2, 85.9%, respectively) or diagnostic yield of malignancy (32.2, 31.8, 31.0%, respectively). However, the use of suction was associated with an increase in tissue-core acquisition rate (P <  0.001). The no-stylet procedure decreased the average procedural time by 14 s (P <  0.001). There was no significant difference in the amount of bleeding among the procedures.

Conclusions

The use of suction or non-use of an inner-stylet does not make a significant difference in cytological specimen adequacy or diagnostic yield when performing EBUS-TBNA. While omitting the stylet can simplify the procedure, applying suction can increase the tissue-core acquisition rate. These findings may assist endoscopic physicians in determining the optimal EBUS-TBNA procedure and warrant clinical verification in a future multicentre study.

Trial registration

Trial registration: (ChiCTR-IOR-17010616). Retrospective registered date: 12th February, 2017.

Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Thoracic Metastases and Detection of Receptor Discordance

BACKGROUND

Metastasis of breast cancer to mediastinal lymph nodes is common and biopsy of suspicious lesions can have important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications, particularly with respect to tumor receptor status. Our aim was to show that endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) can be used for the diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer and demonstrate reliable receptor evaluation that can result in change of therapy.

METHODS

A retrospective review of consecutive adult patients undergoing EBUS-TBNA from May 2007 to September 2012 was performed. Data collected for patients with a history of breast cancer included patient demographics, tumor pathology, receptor analysis, imaging, and bronchoscopy or surgical results.

RESULTS

Sixty-four patients with a history of breast cancer aged from 31 to 81 years underwent EBUS-TBNA for the evaluation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy of which 16 patients had not been previously treated for their breast cancer with systemic therapy. Eighty suspicious lymph nodes were biopsied measuring 0.8 to 3.1 cm in diameter. Fifty-nine (92%) patients had diagnostic cytology for malignancy or benign lymphoid tissue. Breast malignancy was identified in 33 (52%) patients and 23 (70%) of these had sufficient samples for the evaluation of estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status. Overall 48% of the patients with receptors analyzed had discordance between the primary tumor and metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

EBUS-TBNA is a useful tool for evaluating mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with a history of breast cancer and can provide information on the concordance of receptors status between the primary tumor and metastatic sites in the thorax.

Possible pseudotransmission of Enterobacter cloacae associated with an endobronchial ultrasound scope

During an investigation of positive environmental cultures with Enterobacter cloacae from an endobronchial ultrasound scope, possible pseudotransmission was discovered between 2 patients. All reprocessing steps were adhered to and the original equipment manufacture's quality control assessment of the scope could not determine the root cause. Our findings appear to be the first documented case of pseudotransmission from an endobronchial ultrasound scope and suggest bacterial transmission may exist in endoscopes without an elevator channel.

Development of mediastinal adenitis six weeks after endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

A 60-year-old man visited our hospital for further examination of an abnormal chest radiograph. Computed tomography (CT) images revealed enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes and multiple pulmonary nodules. Further evaluation by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) was performed and he was diagnosed with sarcoidosis. Six weeks after EBUS-TBNA, he presented to the emergency department with a high-grade fever. CT scan revealed an enlarged mediastinal lymph node. He was diagnosed with mediastinal adenitis and treated successfully with antibiotics. EBUS-TBNA is a highly accurate diagnostic tool, but clinicians should be aware of mediastinal infectious complication that could be asymptomatic for long period of time.

Impact of simulation training on performance and outcomes of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration performed by trainees in a tertiary academic hospital

Background

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has a high diagnostic yield and low complication rate. Whilst it has been included in international guidelines for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer, current results are mostly based on EBUS experts performing EBUS-TBNA in centres of excellence. The impact of simulation training on diagnostic yield, complications, scope damage and repair cost in a real-world teaching hospital is unclear.

Methods

A review of our hospital EBUS-TBNA registry from August 2008 to December 2016 was performed. A positive diagnosis was defined as a confirmed histological or microbiological diagnosis based on EBUS sampling. Complications were classified as major or minor according to the British Thoracic Society guidelines. In addition, we assessed the cost of repairs for scope damage before and after simulation training was implemented. Using CUSUM analysis, the learning curves of individual trainees and the institution were plotted.

Results

There were 608 EBUS-TBNA procedures included in the study. The number of procedures performed by trainees who underwent conventional training was 331 and those who underwent simulation training performed 277 procedures. Diagnostic yield for trainees without simulation training was 88.2% vs. 84.5% for trainees with simulation training (P=0.179). There was no statistical difference in the diagnostic yield between the groups of trainees (OR: 0.781, 95% CI: 0.418-1.460, P=0.438) after adjusting for risk factors. There was an increase in overall complications from 13.6% to 16.6% (OR: 2.247, 95% CI: 1.297-3.891, P=0.004) after introduction of the simulation training, but a trend to decrease in major complications 3.6% to 0.7% (P=0.112). The cost for scope repairs for the trainees without simulation training was SGD 413.88 per procedure vs. SGD 182.79 per procedure for the trainees with simulation training, with the mean difference being SGD 231.09 per procedure (95% CI: 178.40-640.60, P=0.268). CUSUM analysis showed an increasing learning curve for the trainees with simulation training after an initial competency period.

Conclusions

There was no statistical difference in diagnostic yield from EBUS-TBNA and cost of scope damage after simulation training was introduced into our training program. Interestingly, there was an increase in minor complications. CUSUM analysis can provide additional information on institutional learning curves. The value of simulation training in EBUS-TBNA remains uncertain.

Cost-effectiveness of a low-dose computed tomography screening programme for lung cancer in New Zealand

OBJECTIVES

The cost-effectiveness of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening for lung cancer is uncertain. This study estimated the health gains, costs (net health system, and including 'unrelated') and cost-effectiveness of biennial LDCT screening among 55-74 years olds with a smoking history of at least 30 pack years, and (if a former smoker) having quit within last 15 years, in New Zealand.

METHODS

We used a macrosimulation stage shift model with New Zealand-specific lung cancer incidence rates and intervention parameters from the National Lung Screening Trial, a health system perspective, and a lifetime horizon for quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs discounted at 3% per annum. We also examined heterogeneity by gender, ethnicity (Māori (indigenous population) versus non-Māori), age and current versus ex-smoking status.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

We estimated 0.037 QALYs gained (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.024-0.053) per eligible participant, at a cost of US$3606 ($2689-4681). The overall incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) was US$104,000 per QALY gained (95% UI US$59,000-US$175,000). The cost-effectiveness varied moderately by socio-demographics, with the 'best' ICER being US$52,000 for 70-74 year old Māori females and the 'worst' ICER being US$142,000 for 55-59 year old non-Māori females. The ICER varied little by current smoking status, due to higher competing mortality risk limiting QALY gains for current smokers. The two scenarios that lowered the ICER the most were increasing the screening uptake to 100% (ICER = US$50,000 per QALY), and improving the sensitivity (from 93.8%-98%) and specificity (from 73.4%-95%) of the screening test (ICER = US$42,000 per QALY). Based on a threshold of GDP per capita per QALY gained (i.e. US$30,000), LDCT screening for lung cancer is unlikely to be cost-effective in New Zealand for any sociodemographic group.