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Rogiers V, Balls M, Basketter D, Berardesca E, Edwards C, Elsner P, Ennen J, Lévêque JL, Lóden M, Masson P, Parra J, Paye M, Piérard G, Rodrigues L, Schaefer H, Salter D, Zuang V. The Potential Use of Non-invasive Methods in the Safety Assessment of Cosmetic Products. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 27:515-37. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael Balls
- ECVAM, JRC Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
| | - David Basketter
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1PR, UK
| | - Enzo Berardesca
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christopher Edwards
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, UK
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller University, Erfurterstrasse 35, 07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Ennen
- Department of Biophysics, Beiersdorf AG, Unnastrasse 48, 20245 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean Luc Lévêque
- L'Oréal Recherche, Centre Charles Zviak, 90 Rue du Géneral Roguet, 92583 Clichy Cedex, France
| | - Marie Lóden
- ACO, Hud AB, Box 542, 18215 Danderyd, Sweden
| | | | - José Parra
- Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo, C/Jorge Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Paye
- Colgate-Palmolive R&D, Avenue du Parc Industriel, 4041 Milmort, Belgium
| | - Gérald Piérard
- Service de Dermatopathologie, Université de Liège, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Luis Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Faculdade de Farmacia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Fortas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hans Schaefer
- L'Oréal Recherche, Centre Charles Zviak, 90 Rue du Géneral Roguet, 92583 Clichy Cedex, France
| | - David Salter
- Cussons International Limited, Cussons House, Bird Hall Lane, Stockport SK3 0XN, UK
| | - Valérie Zuang
- ECVAM, JRC Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission, 21020 Ispra (Va), Italy
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Kampf G, Ennen J. Regular use of a hand cream can attenuate skin dryness and roughness caused by frequent hand washing. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2006; 6:1. [PMID: 16476166 PMCID: PMC1397860 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aim of the study was to determine the effect of the regular use of a hand cream after washing hands on skin hydration and skin roughness. METHODS Twenty-five subjects washed hands and forearms with a neutral soap four times per day, for 2 minutes each time, for a total of two weeks. One part of them used a hand cream after each hand wash, the others did not (cross over design after a wash out period of two weeks). Skin roughness and skin hydration were determined on the forearms on days 2, 7, 9 and 14. For skin roughness, twelve silicon imprint per subject and time point were taken from the stratum corneum and assessed with a 3D skin analyzer for depth of the skin relief. For skin hydration, five measurements per subject and time point were taken with a corneometer. RESULTS Washing hands lead to a gradual increase of skin roughness from 100 (baseline) to a maximum of 108.5 after 9 days. Use of a hand cream after each hand wash entailed a decrease of skin roughness which the lowest means after 2 (94.5) and 14 days (94.8). Skin hydration was gradually decreased after washing hands from 79 (baseline) to 65.5 after 14 days. The hand wash, followed by use of a hand cream, still decreased skin hydration after 2 days (76.1). Over the next 12 days, however, skin hydration did not change significantly (75.6 after 14 days). CONCLUSION Repetitive and frequent hand washing increases skin dryness and roughness. Use of a hand cream immediately after each hand wash can confine both skin dryness and skin roughness. Regular use of skin care preparations should therefore help to prevent both dry and rough skin among healthcare workers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Kampf
- Bode Chemie GmbH & Co., Scientific Affairs, Melanchthonstr. 27, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt Universität Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim Ennen
- Beiersdorf AG, Research & Development, Test Centre, Unnastr. 48, 20245 Hamburg, Germany
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Gloor M. How do dermatological vehicles influence the horny layer? Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 17:267-73. [PMID: 15528956 DOI: 10.1159/000081111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Emulsifying agents in aqueous solution lead to dehydration of the horny layer of the epidermis and damage to the barrier. This is only partly true if emulsifying agents are constituents of emulsions. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions cause an improvement in the hydration of the horny layer and barrier function. In the case of an additional effect of wash solutions, a partial or complete abolition of the drying out and barrier-damaging effect of the wash solution results. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions without glycerol have no effect on the moisture of the horny layer or indeed increase it, but they lead to considerable damage to the barrier and irritation. In wash tests, they do not induce any protective effect. With micro-emulsions this is still more the case and, moreover, they can also lead to exsiccation. As a result of the addition of glycerol, the barrier-damaging effect can be abolished. Also in stress tests with wash solutions, the damage to the horny layer is reduced by glycerol-containing O/W emulsions. Whereas the penetration-promoting effect of O/W emulsions without glycerol is best, only W/O emulsions or glycerol-containing O/W emulsions are suitable for atopic dermatitis. A hydrating effect on the stratum corneum was also found in a propylene glycol ointment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gloor
- Dermatological Department, City Hospital of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Kagan LJ, Aiello AE, Larson E. The role of the home environment in the transmission of infectious diseases. J Community Health 2002; 27:247-67. [PMID: 12190054 PMCID: PMC7087835 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016378226861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine current health care literature (1980-2000) regarding the microbiology of the home environment, to summarize evidence of transmission within the home, and to assess effectiveness of cleaning practices and products. The home environment, particularly the kitchen and bathroom, serves as a reservoir of large numbers of microorganisms, particularly Enterobacteriacae, and infectious disease transmission has been demonstrated to occur in 6-60% of households in which one member is ill. Current food preparation and cleaning practices provide multiple opportunities for intra-household member spread. Routine cleaning is often sufficient, but in cases of household infection, may not adequately reduce environmental contamination. The effectiveness of disinfectants varies considerably and depends on how they are used as well as their intrinsic efficacy. The behavioral aspects of infection prevention in the home (e.g., foodhandling and cleaning practices) warrant increased public attention and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori J. Kagan
- Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Elaine Larson
- Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University School of Nursing, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032
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Abstract
Skin hygiene, particularly of the hands, is a primary mechanism for reducing contact and fecal-oral transmission of infectious agents. Widespread use of antimicrobial products has prompted concern about emergence of resistance to antiseptics and damage to the skin barrier associated with frequent washing. This article reviews evidence for the relationship between skin hygiene and infection, the effects of washing on skin integrity, and recommendations for skin care practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Larson
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, New York, USA.
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Larson E. Skin hygiene and infection prevention: more of the same or different approaches? Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1287-94. [PMID: 10524977 DOI: 10.1086/313468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review research indicating a link between hand hygiene and nosocomial infections and the effects of hand care practices on skin integrity and to make recommendations for potential changes in clinical practice and for further research regarding hand hygiene practices. Despite some methodological flaws and data gaps, evidence for a causal relationship between hand hygiene and reduced transmission of infections is convincing, but frequent handwashing causes skin damage, with resultant changes in microbial flora, increased skin shedding, and risk of transmission of microorganisms, suggesting that some traditional hand hygiene practices warrant reexamination. Some recommended changes in practice include use of waterless alcohol-based products rather than detergent-based antiseptics, modifications in lengthy surgical scrub protocols, and incorporation of moisturizers into skin care regimens of health care professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Larson
- Columbia University School of Nursing, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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