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Daragan G, Hoffmann J, Vasko T, Mustea A, Burchardt M, Kraus T, Stope MB, Ziegler P. Dirty deeds done dirt cheap: sensitization of prostate cancer cells to abiraterone treatment using hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls. Invest New Drugs 2019; 38:541-545. [PMID: 31292837 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Effective targeting of androgen biosynthesis by the 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase inhibitor abiraterone prolongs survival in a variety of prostate cancer patients. However, resistance to abiraterone treatment occurs frequently and the development of new drugs supporting or complementing abiraterone therapy is urgently needed. We recently reported antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on various blood cell lines in vitro. Here we report the biological evaluation of the PCB28 derived OH-metabolites 3-OHCB28 or 3'-OHCB28 in prostate cancer cells. Depending on concentration, both metabolites inhibit the growth of PC3 cells, a cell line representing later stages of advanced prostate cancer. In addition 3'-OHCB28 reduced the necessary concentration of abiraterone required for the inhibition of PC3 cells by a factor of 4. Western blot analysis of cytoprotective heatshock proteins (HSP) implicated a significant reduction of HSP27 expression by 3'-OHCB28 in PC3 cells. Given the known HSP27 suppressive role of abiraterone, our results therefore suggest, that that the pharmacological interaction between abiraterone and 3'-OHCB28 in PC3 cells could be produced by the combined effect of both substances on the expression of HSPs, especially the expression of HSP27. Including the known dose response linkages and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the OH-metabolites described here, we conclude, that the use of hydroxylated PCBs can be supportive for the anti-proliferative treatment of prostate cancer and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Daragan
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jenny Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Vasko
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mustea
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Burchardt
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Abazid A, Martin B, Choinowski A, McNeill RV, Brandenburg LO, Ziegler P, Zimmermann U, Burchardt M, Erb H, Stope MB. The androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide induces apoptosis, dysregulates the heat shock protein system, and diminishes the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor β1 expression in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16711-16722. [PMID: 31297844 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enzalutamide's accepted mode of action is by targeting the androgen receptor's (AR) activity. In clinical practice, enzalutamide demonstrates a good benefit-risk profile for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PC), even after poor response to standard antihormonal treatment. However, since both, well-established antiandrogens and enzalutamide, target AR functionality, we hypothesized that additional unknown mechanisms might be responsible for enzalutamide's superior anticancer activity. In the current study, PC cells were incubated with enzalutamide and enzalutamide-dependent modulation of apoptotic mechanisms were assessed via Western blot analysis, TDT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling assay, and nuclear morphology assay. Alterations of heat shock protein (HSP), AR, and estrogen receptor (ER) expression were examined by Western blot analysis. Enzalutamide attenuated the proliferation of PC cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In the presence of enzalutamide, apoptosis occurred which was shown by increased BAX expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression, nuclear pyknosis, and genomic DNA fragmentation. Moreover, enzalutamide inhibited the expression of HSPs primarily involved in steroid receptor stabilization and suppressed AR and ERβ1 expression. This study demonstrates for the first time that enzalutamide treatment of PC cells triggers varying molecular mechanisms resulting in antiproliferative effects of the drug. In addition to the well-characterized antagonistic inhibition of AR functionality, we have shown that enzalutamide also affects the intracellular synthesis of steroid receptor-associated HSPs, thereby diminishing the expression of AR and ERβ1 proteins and inducing apoptotic pathways. According to an indirect attenuation of HSP-associated factors such as steroid receptors, endometrial carcinoma, uterine leiomyosarcoma, and mamma carcinoma cells also demonstrated inhibited cell growth in the presence of enzalutamide. Our data, therefore, suggest that enzalutamide's high efficacy is at least partially independent of AR and p53 protein expression, which are frequently lost in advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Abazid
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Benedikt Martin
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Choinowski
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rhiannon V McNeill
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Zimmermann
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Burchardt
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Erb
- Department of Urology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Bonomo S, Hansen CH, Petrunak EM, Scott EE, Styrishave B, Jørgensen FS, Olsen L. Promising Tools in Prostate Cancer Research: Selective Non-Steroidal Cytochrome P450 17A1 Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29468. [PMID: 27406023 PMCID: PMC4942611 DOI: 10.1038/srep29468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) is an important target in the treatment of prostate cancer because it produces androgens required for tumour growth. The FDA has approved only one CYP17A1 inhibitor, abiraterone, which contains a steroidal scaffold similar to the endogenous CYP17A1 substrates. Abiraterone is structurally similar to the substrates of other cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, and interference can pose a liability in terms of side effects. Using non-steroidal scaffolds is expected to enable the design of compounds that interact more selectively with CYP17A1. Therefore, we combined a structure-based virtual screening approach with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to suggest non-steroidal compounds selective for CYP17A1. In vitro assays demonstrated that two such compounds selectively inhibited CYP17A1 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities with IC50 values in the nanomolar range, without affinity for the major drug-metabolizing CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes and CYP21A2, with the latter result confirmed in human H295R cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonomo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Cecilie H. Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Elyse M. Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66045 USA
| | - Emily E. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66045 USA
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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