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Slaats GG, Chen J, Levtchenko E, Verhaar MC, Arcolino FO. Advances and potential of regenerative medicine in pediatric nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:383-395. [PMID: 37400705 PMCID: PMC10728238 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous capacity of the kidney to repair is limited, and generation of new nephrons after injury for adequate function recovery remains a need. Discovery of factors that promote the endogenous regenerative capacity of the injured kidney or generation of transplantable kidney tissue represent promising therapeutic strategies. While several encouraging results are obtained after administration of stem or progenitor cells, stem cell secretome, or extracellular vesicles in experimental kidney injury models, very little data exist in the clinical setting to make conclusions about their efficacy. In this review, we provide an overview of the cutting-edge knowledge on kidney regeneration, including pre-clinical methodologies used to elucidate regenerative pathways and describe the perspectives of regenerative medicine for kidney patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela G Slaats
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fanny Oliveira Arcolino
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster Woman and Child, Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Freedman BS, Dekel B. Engraftment of Kidney Organoids In Vivo. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2023; 10:29-39. [PMID: 37128257 PMCID: PMC10126570 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-023-00397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Kidney organoids are heterocellular structures grown in vitro that resemble nephrons. Organoids contain diverse cell types, including podocytes, proximal tubules, and distal tubules in contiguous segments, patterned along a proximal-to-distal axis. Human organoids are being explored for their potential as regenerative grafts, as an alternative to allograft transplants and hemodialysis. Earlier work, analyzing grafts of developing human kidney tissue and whole human embryonic kidney rudiments, serves as a baseline for organoid implantation experiments. Recent Findings When transplanted into immunodeficient mice beneath the kidney capsule, kidney organoid xenografts can form vascularized, glomerulus-like structures, which exhibit a degree of filtration function. However, the absence of an appropriate collecting duct outlet and the presence of abundant stromal-like cells limits the functionality of such grafts and raises safety concerns. Recently, ureteric-like organoids have also been generated, which extend projections that resemble collecting ducts. Summary Combining nephron-like and ureteric-like organoids, along with renal stromal cells, may provide a path towards more functional grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S. Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Pathology (Adjunct), and Bioengineering (Adjunct), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA USA
- Plurexa LLC, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Benjamin Dekel
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and the Pediatric Stem Cell Research Institute, Sagol Center for Regenerative Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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3
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Treacy NJ, Clerkin S, Davis JL, Kennedy C, Miller AF, Saiani A, Wychowaniec JK, Brougham DF, Crean J. Growth and differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived kidney organoids using fully synthetic peptide hydrogels. Bioact Mater 2023; 21:142-156. [PMID: 36093324 PMCID: PMC9420433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived kidney organoids have prospective applications ranging from basic disease modelling to personalised medicine. However, there remains a necessity to refine the biophysical and biochemical parameters that govern kidney organoid formation. Differentiation within fully-controllable and physiologically relevant 3D growth environments will be critical to improving organoid reproducibility and maturation. Here, we matured hiPSC-derived kidney organoids within fully synthetic self-assembling peptide hydrogels (SAPHs) of variable stiffness (storage modulus, G'). The resulting organoids contained complex structures comparable to those differentiated within the animal-derived matrix, Matrigel. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was then used to compare organoids matured within SAPHs to those grown within Matrigel or at the air-liquid interface. A total of 13,179 cells were analysed, revealing 14 distinct clusters. Organoid compositional analysis revealed a larger proportion of nephron cell types within Transwell-derived organoids, while SAPH-derived organoids were enriched for stromal-associated cell populations. Notably, differentiation within a higher G' SAPH generated podocytes with more mature gene expression profiles. Additionally, maturation within a 3D microenvironment significantly reduced the derivation of off-target cell types, which are a known limitation of current kidney organoid protocols. This work demonstrates the utility of synthetic peptide-based hydrogels with a defined stiffness, as a minimally complex microenvironment for the selected differentiation of kidney organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J Treacy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shane Clerkin
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jessica L Davis
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ciarán Kennedy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Aline F Miller
- Department of Materials & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Alberto Saiani
- Department of Materials & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB), School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jacek K Wychowaniec
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- UCD School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Crean
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin (UCD) Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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4
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Karp S, Pollak MR, Subramanian B. Disease Modeling with Kidney Organoids. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1384. [PMID: 36144007 PMCID: PMC9506184 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Kidney diseases often lack optimal treatments, causing millions of deaths each year. Thus, developing appropriate model systems to study human kidney disease is of utmost importance. Some of the most promising human kidney models are organoids or small organ-resembling tissue collectives, derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). However, they are more akin to a first-trimester fetal kidney than an adult kidney. Therefore, new strategies are needed to advance their maturity. They have great potential for disease modeling and eventually auxiliary therapy if they can reach the maturity of an adult kidney. In this review, we will discuss the current state of kidney organoids in terms of their similarity to the human kidney and use as a disease modeling system thus far. We will then discuss potential pathways to advance the maturity of kidney organoids to match an adult kidney for more accurate human disease modeling.
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5
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Sobreiro‐Almeida R, Quinteira R, Neves NM. Renal Regeneration: The Role of Extracellular Matrix and Current ECM-Based Tissue Engineered Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100160. [PMID: 34137210 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural extracellular matrices (ECM) are currently being studied as an alternative source for organ transplantation or as new solutions to treat kidney injuries, which can evolve to end-stage renal disease, a life devastating condition. This paper provides an overview on the current knowledge in kidney ECM and its usefulness on future investigations. The composition and structure of kidney ECM is herein associated with its intrinsic capacity of remodeling and repair after insult. Moreover, it provides a deeper insight on altered ECM components during disease. The use of decellularized kidney matrices is discussed in the second part of the review, with emphasis on how these matrices contribute to tissue-specific differentiation of embryonic, pluripotent, and other stem cells. The evolution on the field toward different uses of xenogeneic ECM as a biological scaffold material is discussed, namely the major outcomes on whole kidney recellularization and its in vivo implantation. At last, the recent literature on the use of processed kidney decellularized ECM to produce diverse biomaterial substrates, such as hydrogels, membranes, and bioinks are reviewed, with emphasis on future perspectives of its translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sobreiro‐Almeida
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
- ICVS/3B's–PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Rita Quinteira
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
- ICVS/3B's–PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B's Research Group I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics University of Minho Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
- ICVS/3B's–PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
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6
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Chandrasekaran V, Carta G, da Costa Pereira D, Gupta R, Murphy C, Feifel E, Kern G, Lechner J, Cavallo AL, Gupta S, Caiment F, Kleinjans JCS, Gstraunthaler G, Jennings P, Wilmes A. Generation and characterization of iPSC-derived renal proximal tubule-like cells with extended stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11575. [PMID: 34078926 PMCID: PMC8172841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The renal proximal tubule is responsible for re-absorption of the majority of the glomerular filtrate and its proper function is necessary for whole-body homeostasis. Aging, certain diseases and chemical-induced toxicity are factors that contribute to proximal tubule injury and chronic kidney disease progression. To better understand these processes, it would be advantageous to generate renal tissues from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Here, we report the differentiation and characterization of iPSC lines into proximal tubular-like cells (PTL). The protocol is a step wise exposure of small molecules and growth factors, including the GSK3 inhibitor (CHIR99021), the retinoic acid receptor activator (TTNPB), FGF9 and EGF, to drive iPSC to PTL via cell stages representing characteristics of early stages of renal development. Genome-wide RNA sequencing showed that PTL clustered within a kidney phenotype. PTL expressed proximal tubular-specific markers, including megalin (LRP2), showed a polarized phenotype, and were responsive to parathyroid hormone. PTL could take up albumin and exhibited ABCB1 transport activity. The phenotype was stable for up to 7 days and was maintained after passaging. This protocol will form the basis of an optimized strategy for molecular investigations using iPSC derived PTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Chandrasekaran
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel da Costa Pereira
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rajinder Gupta
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cormac Murphy
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Feifel
- Institute of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Kern
- Institute of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Lechner
- Institute of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos C S Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Gstraunthaler
- Institute of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Sobreiro-Almeida R, Melica ME, Lasagni L, Romagnani P, Neves NM. Retinoic Acid Benefits Glomerular Organotypic Differentiation from Adult Renal Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1406-1419. [PMID: 33538982 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
When in certain culture conditions, organotypic cultures are able to mimic developmental stages of an organ, generating higher-order structures containing functional subunits and progenitor niches. Despite the major advances in the area, researchers have not been able to fully recapitulate the complexity of kidney tissue. Pluripotent stem cells are extensively used in the field, but very few studies make use of adult stem cells. Herein, we describe a simple and feasible method for achieving glomerular epithelial differentiation on an organotypic model comprising human renal progenitor cells from adult kidney (hRPCs). Their glomerular differentiative potential was studied using retinoic acid (RA), a fundamental molecule for intermediate mesoderm induction on early embryogenesis. Immunofluorescence, specific cell surface markers expression and gene expression analysis confirm the glomerular differentiative potential of RA in a short-term culture. We also compared the potential of RA with a potent WNT agonist, CHIR99021, on the differentiative capacity of hRPCs. Gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that hRPCs are more sensitive to RA stimulation when compared to CHIR9901. Endothelial cells were also included on the spheroids, resulting in a higher organizational level. The assembly potential of these cells and their selective stimulation will give new insights on adult organotypic cell culture studies and will hopefully guide more works in this important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sobreiro-Almeida
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Elena Melica
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lasagni
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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8
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Abstract
Purpose of review Human kidney development and the mechanisms of many kidney diseases are incompletely understood partly due to the lack of appropriate models. Kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a new and rapidly developing in-vitro system covering the window of early nephrogenesis and having the capacity for disease modelling. The application of global analytic tools such as RNA sequencing and proteomics is providing new and unexpected insights into kidney organoids with relevance for development and disease. In this review, we focus on the most significant advances in the field over the last 2 years. Recent findings There have been several protocol modifications for the differentiation of hPSCs into kidney organoids, including the additional step of implantation into mice. These changes have improved the vascularization and maturity of the major cell types in the organoids, increased the production scale, and reduced the cost and labour intensity of culturing organoids. Single-cell RNA sequencing and global proteomics of kidney organoids have provided important insights into the multiple cell populations, origin of cells, and regulatory relationships between genes. There has been an increase in research using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or combining gene editing with iPSC-derived kidney organoids as a novel disease-modelling platform for improving our understanding of disease mechanisms, drug testing and discovery, and the potential for personalized therapy. Finally, there has been progress in culturing hPSCs-derived kidney cells in microfluidic kidney-on-a-chip devices and this may provide a means of further improving the maturity of kidney organoids. Summary The review summarizes the latest progress on kidney organoids including differentiation protocols, analysis tools, and applications. Despite some limitations, hPSC-derived kidney organoids are authentic and practical models for investigating kidney development and disease and progressing understanding about tissue regeneration, drug screening, and disease modelling.
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9
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Steichen C, Giraud S, Hauet T. Combining Kidney Organoids and Genome Editing Technologies for a Better Understanding of Physiopathological Mechanisms of Renal Diseases: State of the Art. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:10. [PMID: 32118002 PMCID: PMC7010937 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells became a real alternative to the use of in vitro cellular models or in vivo animal models. Indeed, the comprehension of the key steps involved during kidney embryonic development led to the establishment of protocols enabling the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into highly complex and organized structures, composed of various renal cell types. These organoids are linked with one major application based on iPSC technology advantage: the possibility to control iPSC genome, by selecting patients with specific disease or by genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 system. This allows the generation of kidney organoïds which recapitulate important physiopathological mechanisms such as cyst formation in renal polycystic disease for example. This review will focus on studies combining these both cutting edge technologies i.e., kidney organoid differentiation and genome editing and will describe what are the main advances performed in the comprehension of physiopathological mechanisms of renal diseases, as well as discuss remaining technical barriers and perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Steichen
- INSERM U1082-IRTOMIT, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Giraud
- INSERM U1082-IRTOMIT, Poitiers, France.,CHU Poitiers, Service de Biochimie, Poitiers, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM U1082-IRTOMIT, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Poitiers, France.,CHU Poitiers, Service de Biochimie, Poitiers, France
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10
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Graft immaturity and safety concerns in transplanted human kidney organoids. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 31776328 PMCID: PMC6881327 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For chronic kidney disease, regeneration of lost nephrons with human kidney organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is proposed to be an attractive potential therapeutic option. It remains unclear, however, whether organoids transplanted into kidneys in vivo would be safe or functional. Here, we purified kidney organoids and transplanted them beneath the kidney capsules of immunodeficient mice to test their safety and maturity. Kidney organoid grafts survived for months after transplantation and became vascularized from host mouse endothelial cells. Nephron-like structures in grafts appeared more mature than kidney organoids in vitro, but remained immature compared with the neighboring mouse kidney tissue. Ultrastructural analysis revealed filtration barrier-like structures, capillary lumens, and tubules with brush border in the transplanted kidney organoids, which were more mature than those of the kidney organoids in vitro but not as organized as adult mammalian kidneys. Immaturity was a common feature of three separate differentiation protocols by immunofluorescence analysis and single cell RNA sequencing. Stroma of transplanted kidney organoid grafts were filled with vimentin-positive mesenchymal cells, and chondrogenesis, cystogenesis, and stromal expansion were observed in the long term. Transcription profiles showed that long-term maintenance after kidney organoid transplantation induced transcriptomic reprogramming with prominent suppression of cell-cycle-related genes and upregulation of extracellular matrix organization. Our data suggest that kidney organoids derived from iPS cells may be transplantable but strategies to improve nephron differentiation and purity are required before they can be applied in humans as a therapeutic option.
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11
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Cruz NM, Freedman BS. Differentiation of human kidney organoids from pluripotent stem cells. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 153:133-150. [PMID: 31395376 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It is now possible to direct the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into three-dimensional nephron-like structures called kidney organoids. Organoids contain proximal and distal tubules as well as podocytes, in addition to a variety of other lineages such as endothelial cells. Organoid technology has great potential for kidney regeneration and has already been proven to be suitable for modeling kidney disease. However, the methodologies that are used for the generation of kidney organoids require expertise and can be daunting for the inexperienced. Here, we describe in detail a well-established and relatively simple method for the generation of human kidney organoids. We include notes on technical and design considerations for these experiments, and highlight key advantages and limitations of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly M Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
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