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Pace-Asciak P, Tufano RP. Future Directions in the Treatment of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2024; 57:155-170. [PMID: 37634983 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The surgical management of thyroid and parathyroid disease has evolved considerably since the era of Theodor Kocher. We review the current trends in thyroid and parathyroid surgery concerning robotic surgery for remote access, the use of parathyroid autofluorescence detection technology to aid in the prevention of hypocalcemia as well as the use of thermal ablation to target thyroid nodules in a minimally invasive way. We also discuss how artificial intelligence is being used to improve the workflow and diagnostics preoperatively as well as for intraoperative decision-making. We also discuss potential areas where future research may enhance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Pace-Asciak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Ralph P Tufano
- Sarasota Memorial Health Care System Multidisciplinary Thyroid and Parathyroid Center, Sarasota, FL, USA
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2
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Li Y, Li W, Jiang B, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Luo Y. Analysis and prediction of regrowth in benign thyroid nodules undergoing radiofrequency ablation: a retrospective study with a 5-year follow-up. Eur Radiol 2023; 33:5615-5624. [PMID: 36951983 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the 5-year follow-up results of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for benign thyroid nodules (BTNs), and construct pre- and postablation nomogram models to predict regrowth in BTNs undergoing RFA. METHODS According to the occurrence of regrowth, BTNs were divided into two subgroups, the regrowth group and the nonregrowth group, and the variables were compared between these two subgroups. Then, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyzes were utilized to filter the independent prognostic factors of regrowth, which then were introduced into the pre- and postablation prognostic nomograms, respectively. The discrimination powers and prediction performances of the nomograms were appraised by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration charts. RESULTS The 5-year mean volume reduction rate was 88.80%, with a complication rate of 0.35% (7/200). Within 5 years of follow-up, the regrowth rate was 19% (38/200). Pre- and postablation prognostic nomograms were established to predict the probability of nonregrowth at 1, 3, and 5 years after RFA. The preablation nomogram included initial volume, perinodular vascularity, and high enhancement ring. The postablation nomogram incorporated total volume, perinodular vascularity, and energy applied per volume. The area under the ROC curves and concordance index values of these models were all above 0.7, indicating that the prognostic nomograms achieved satisfactory discrimination powers and prediction performances. CONCLUSION RFA for BTNs has long-term efficacy and safety under the influence of key techniques. The pre- and postablation nomograms constructed in the present study might facilitate clinical decision-making before RFA and for the follow-up management after RFA. KEY POINTS • Perinodular vascularity, rather than intranodular vascularity was an independent predictor of regrowth, both before and after the RFA procedure. • A high enhancement ring on preablation contrast-enhanced ultrasound was an independent predictor of regrowth. • Pre- and postablation nomograms might facilitate clinical decision-making before RFA and follow-up management after RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiahang Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yukun Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Li YR, Chou WY, Chan WK, Cheng KL, Sun JH, Liu FH, Chen ST, Liou MJ. Successful Applications of Food-Assisted and -Simulated Training Model of Thyroid Radiofrequency Ablation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:809835. [PMID: 35432189 PMCID: PMC9009177 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.809835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for benign thyroid nodules is one kind of scarless treatment for symptomatic or cosmetic benign thyroid nodules. However, how to train RFA-naive physicians to become qualified operators for thyroid RFA is an important issue. Our study aimed to introduce a successful training model of thyroid RFA. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a food-assisted and -simulated training model of thyroid RFA. Chicken hearts were simulated into thyroid nodules, three-layer pork meats were simulated into peri-thyroid structure, and gel bottles were simulated into trachea, respectively. Successful training ablations were defined as chicken hearts that were fully cooked. After repeating training ablations of chicken hearts at least 100 times with the nearly 100% success rates for three young trainees, they served as the first assistant for the real procedures of thyroid RFA and then were qualified to perform thyroid RFA on real patients under the supervision of one experienced interventional radiologist. RESULTS 23 real patients who received RFA and follow-up at least 6 months after treatment were included in Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from January 1, 2020 to October 1, 2021. Three young endocrinologists performed thyroid RFA independently. The outcomes were volume reduction rate (VRR), major complications and minor complications. The median VRR at 12 months was 82.00%, two major complications were transient hoarseness, and three minor complications were wound pain. All complications were completely recovered within three days. CONCLUSIONS For young and RFA-native physicians without any basic skills of echo-guided intervention, this food-assisted and -simulated training model of thyroid RFA was useful for medical training and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Li
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Kin Chan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Lun Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Sun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hsuan Liu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Tah Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Miaw-Jene Liou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Miaw-Jene Liou,
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Mauri G, Papini E, Bernardi S, Barbaro D, Cesareo R, De Feo P, Deandrea M, Fugazzola L, Gambelunghe G, Greco G, Messina C, Monti S, Mormile A, Negro R, Offi C, Palermo A, Persani L, Presciuttini F, Solbiati LA, Spiezia S, Stacul F, Viganò M, Sconfienza LM. Image-guided thermal ablation in autonomously functioning thyroid nodules. A retrospective multicenter three-year follow-up study from the Italian Minimally Invasive Treatment of the Thyroid (MITT) Group. Eur Radiol 2021; 32:1738-1746. [PMID: 34751793 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To report the results of a multicenter retrospective evaluation of the clinical outcomes of thermal ablation (TA) in a large series of autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTN) with a follow-up protracted up to 3 years. METHODS Patients treated with single TA for an AFTN in Italy were included. Changes in nodule volume, TSH values, and ongoing anti-thyroid therapy were assessed at the 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month follow-up controls. Complications and need of any additional therapy after TA were also registered. RESULTS A total of 361 patients (244 females, 117 males, median age 58 years, IQR 46-70 years) were included. Nodule volume was significantly reduced at all time points (p < 0.001) (median volume reduction 58% at 6-month and 60% at 12-month). Serum TSH values increased significantly at all time points. After TA, anti-thyroid therapy was withdrawn in 32.5% of patients at 2 months, in 38.9% at 6 months, and in 41.3% at 12 months. A significant difference in the rate of patients who withdrawn medical therapy at 12 months was registered between small (< 10 mL) (74%), medium (49%), or large (> 30 mL) nodules (19%). A single major complication occurred (0.25%). Additional treatments were needed in 34/361 (9.4%) of cases including 4 (1.1%) surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS Image-guided thermal ablation offers a further safe and effective therapeutic option in patients with AFTN. Clinical outcomes are significantly more favorable in small than in large size AFTN. KEY POINTS • Thermal ablations (TA) can be safely and effectively used in patients with autonomously functioning thyroid nodules (AFTN). • TA results in a clinically significant nodule volume reduction that is paralleled by TSH level normalization and anti-thyroid drug therapy discontinuation (after TA anti-thyroid therapy was withdrawn in 41.3% at 12 months). • Clinical outcomes after TA are more favorable in small nodules, and when a large amount of thyroid nodule tissue is ablated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mauri
- Dipartimento Di Oncologia Ed Emato-Oncologia, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Divisione Di Radiologia Interventistica, Istituto Europeo Di Oncologia, Istituto Di Ricovero E Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), via Ripamonti 435, Milan, Italy.
| | - Enrico Papini
- Dipartimento Di Endocrinologia, Ospedale Regina Apostolorum, Albano Laziale, Italy
| | - Stella Bernardi
- UCO Medicina Clinica, Ospedale Di Cattinara, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Mediche, Università Degli Studi Di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Cesareo
- Unit of metabolic diseases, S. M. Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Fugazzola
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
- Department of Patophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Salvatore Monti
- UOC Di Endocrinologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Offi
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Andrea, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Unit of endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico university, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Alessandro Solbiati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Spiezia
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Andrea, "Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Stacul
- SC Radiologia, Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- Orthopaedic Biotechnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Maria Sconfienza
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
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5
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Computer-Analyzed Ultrasound Predictors of the Treatment Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation for Benign Thyroid Nodules. World J Surg 2021; 46:112-120. [PMID: 34608544 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-06340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a relatively safe and efficient alternative to surgery for patients with benign thyroid nodules. We investigated predictive factors associated with volume reduction using digital imaging analysis. METHODS In this retrospective study, a prospectively maintained database containing the data of patients who received treatment from April 2019 to March 2020 was analyzed. Computerized analysis for quantitative measurement of echogenicity, heterogeneity, and the proportion of cystic components was performed on ultrasonographic images. The volume reduction rate (VRR) was calculated during follow-up. Treatment efficacy was defined as a volume reduction greater than 50% of baseline volume. RESULTS The median volume of 58 benign thyroid nodules before RFA was 22.7 mL. Of 53 nodules with sufficient follow-up, the median VRR was 46.4%, 61.5%, 63.4%, and 67.4% at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Overall, at one-year follow-up, treatment efficacy was achieved in 39 (74%) nodules. In a multivariate regression analysis, the proportion of cystic components and RFA treatment time were independently associated with treatment efficacy. A subgroup analysis focusing on solid nodules indicated a negative correlation between echogenicity and VRR. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of cystic components in thyroid nodules is the main predictor of RFA treatment efficacy. In solid nodules, higher echogenicity is associated with a lower volume reduction.
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Deandrea M, Trimboli P, Mormile A, Cont AT, Milan L, Buffet C, Giovanella L, Limone PP, Poirée S, Leenhardt L, Russ G. Determining an energy threshold for optimal volume reduction of benign thyroid nodules treated by radiofrequency ablation. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:5189-5197. [PMID: 33409792 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is effective in reducing the volume of benign thyroid nodules. However, what parameters can influence the response to RFA is still unclear. The present study aimed to (1) investigate which ultrasound and technical parameters are potential determinants of the volumetric reduction; (2) develop a dose-response model, and (3) analyze the effects of RFA on ultrasound features. METHODS In this retrospective study, three institutions treated patients with benign thyroid nodules according to the same protocol. The technical parameters were power and energy. The 1-year volume reduction ratio (VRR) was the reference standard of the response. The correlations of different parameters with VRR were analyzed and the association between several parameters and a VRR above 50% studied by uni- and multivariate analyses. The probit regression estimated the probability to achieve an effective response. RESULTS One hundred fifteen patients were enrolled. The median power was 50 W and median total delivered energy 27,531 J. At 1-year follow-up, the median VRR was 64.0% and 87 (75.7%) nodules showed a VRR above 50%. Among all parameters, only baseline volume, total energy, and energy per volume were independently associated to a VRR > 50% (p = 0.001, p = 0.0178, p < 0.001 respectively). The probit regression analysis demonstrated that delivering 756 J/ml and 2670 J/ml gave a probability of VRR > 50% in 50% and 99% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Considering the baseline nodular volume and delivering the adequate energy per volume allow optimizing technical and clinical success. KEY POINTS • The effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation in treating benign thyroid nodules is negatively correlated to the volume of the nodule and positively correlated to the energy delivered per volume. • When planning the treatment, the total energy to deliver can be calculated by using a simple formula: nodular volume × 2670 J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilio Deandrea
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Centre for Thyroid Disease, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona and Lugano, Switzerland.,Clinic for Endocrinology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Mormile
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Tomasi Cont
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
| | - Lisa Milan
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Centre for Thyroid Disease, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona and Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Camille Buffet
- Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Luca Giovanella
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Centre for Thyroid Disease, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona and Lugano, Switzerland.,Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Piero Limone
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
| | - Sylvain Poirée
- Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Leenhardt
- Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Russ
- Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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Yan L, Zhang M, Li X, Li Y, Luo Y. A Nomogram to Predict Regrowth After Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Benign Thyroid Nodules. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:774228. [PMID: 35250847 PMCID: PMC8891142 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.774228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a nomogram to predict regrowth for patients with benign thyroid nodules undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA). METHODS A total of 200 patients with 220 benign thyroid nodules who underwent RFA were included in this respective study. After RFA, patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and every 12 months thereafter. Regrowth was defined as an increase in nodule volume 50% over the previously recorded smallest volume. A nomogram was developed based on the variables identified by multivariate logistic regression and the model performance was evaluated by discrimination(concordance index) and calibration curves. RESULTS The incidence of regrowth was 13.64% (30/220) after a mean follow-up period of 27.43 ± 17.99 months. Multivariate logistic regression revealed initial volume (OR = 1.047, 95%CI 1.020-1.075), vascularity (OR = 2.037, 95%CI 1.218-3.404), and location close to critical structure (OR = 4.713, 95%CI 1.817-12.223) were independent factors associated with regrowth. The prognostic nomogram incorporating these three factors achieved good calibration and discriminatory abilities with a concordance index of 0.779 (95%CI 0.686-0.872). CONCLUSIONS A prognostic nomogram was successfully developed to predict nodule regrowth after RFA, which might guide physician in stratifying patients and provide precise guidance for individualized treatment protocols.
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Park SI, Baek JH. How to Monitor and Manage Nodule Regrowth after Thermal Ablation of Benign Thyroid Nodules. Korean J Radiol 2020; 22:293-295. [PMID: 32932568 PMCID: PMC7817640 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2020.0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ik Park
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Baek
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Korea.
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9
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Trimboli P, Deandrea M. Treating thyroid nodules by radiofrequency: is the delivered energy correlated with the volume reduction rate? A pilot study. Endocrine 2020; 69:682-687. [PMID: 32319012 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was proven as effective in reducing thyroid nodules' volume. However, whether technical procedure aspects could influence the volume reduction rate (VRR) has not been clarified. This retrospective pilot study aimed to analyze the correlation of RFA power, duration, and energy with VRR. METHODS During the period from June to December 2018 two primary-care centers treated benign thyroid nodules of adult outpatients according to the same RFA procedure. Technical parameters to be investigated were the following: median power (Pmedian), effective time of treatment (Teff), energy calculated as Pmedian × Teff (Ecalc), and energy delivered per mL as Kcal × 4184 × nodule's volume (Edel). Continuous variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. Data of 1-year posttreatment follow-up were collected on December 2019 and the correlation of the above parameters with VRR was analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS Forty-one nodules were included and their 1-year VRR was 66.6%. RFA was performed with a Pmedian of 55 W, Teff 10.24 min, Ecalc 31,380 J, and Edel 1473 J/mL. Edel was significantly correlated with VRR (p = 0.014) while Pmedian, Teff, and Ecalc not. A strong correlation of Edel with VRR was found in nodules <10 mL (p = 0.001) while no significant correlation was observed in nodules >10 mL. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the energy delivered with RFA is the only technical parameter significantly correlated with the VRR of thyroid nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Center for Thyroid Diseases, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Maurilio Deandrea
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, Turin, Italy
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10
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Negro R, Trimboli P. Thermal ablation for benign, non-functioning thyroid nodules: A clinical review focused on outcomes, technical remarks, and comparisons with surgery. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:347-355. [PMID: 32799679 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1809448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal ablation (TA) is a therapeutic option for benign, non-functioning thyroid nodules causing symptoms of compression and/or aesthetic concerns. TA was initially introduced as a treatment for patients who refused or were ineligible for surgery. In more recent years, the increase in the positive experiences of TA have paved the way for the idea that TA could be suggested as a first-line treatment. The present review was conceived to summarize the evidence achieved in this field, and to offer a clinical perspective on TA, with particular reference to the comparison between TA and surgery. We searched literature that was focused on two types of TA, laser (LA) and radiofrequency (RFA). The searched literature included short- mid-term prospective and retrospective studies, randomized trials, and meta-analyses that demonstrated a satisfactory volume reduction ratio (VRR), and benefits in cosmetic and symptoms scores. An important drawback of the use of TA, is the regrowth of a certain number of nodules, which necessitate further TA procedures or surgery. Long-term randomized controlled trials to evaluate the cost/effectiveness of TA vs surgery are not currently available. The selection of the nodule, the optimization of interventional techniques, and ultimately, a well-timed second treatment, are all factors that should be considered in a proactive strategy to prevent TA failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Negro
- Division of Endocrinology, "V. Fazzi" Hospital , Lecce, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Center for Thyroid Disease, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale , Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biomedical Science, Università D ella Svizzera Italiana , Lugano, Switzerland
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11
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Negro R, Trimboli P. Placing Thermal Ablation for Benign Thyroid Nodules into Context. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:169-171. [PMID: 32903923 PMCID: PMC7445694 DOI: 10.1159/000509310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Negro
- Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Trimboli
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Center for Thyroid Diseases, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
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12
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Singh S, Melnik R. Domain Heterogeneity in Radiofrequency Therapies for Pain Relief: A Computational Study with Coupled Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E35. [PMID: 32272567 PMCID: PMC7355452 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current research work is to study the differences between the predicted ablation volume in homogeneous and heterogeneous models of typical radiofrequency (RF) procedures for pain relief. A three-dimensional computational domain comprising of the realistic anatomy of the target tissue was considered in the present study. A comparative analysis was conducted for three different scenarios: (a) a completely homogeneous domain comprising of only muscle tissue, (b) a heterogeneous domain comprising of nerve and muscle tissues, and (c) a heterogeneous domain comprising of bone, nerve and muscle tissues. Finite-element-based simulations were performed to compute the temperature and electrical field distribution during conventional RF procedures for treating pain, and exemplified here for the continuous case. The predicted results reveal that the consideration of heterogeneity within the computational domain results in distorted electric field distribution and leads to a significant reduction in the attained ablation volume during the continuous RF application for pain relief. The findings of this study could provide first-hand quantitative information to clinical practitioners about the impact of such heterogeneities on the efficacy of RF procedures, thereby assisting them in developing standardized optimal protocols for different cases of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Singh
- MS2Discovery Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada;
| | - Roderick Melnik
- MS2Discovery Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada;
- BCAM—Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
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Singh S, Melnik R. Thermal ablation of biological tissues in disease treatment: A review of computational models and future directions. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 39:49-88. [PMID: 32233691 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1741383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous thermal ablation has proven to be an effective modality for treating both benign and malignant tumours in various tissues. Among these modalities, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the most promising and widely adopted approach that has been extensively studied in the past decades. Microwave ablation (MWA) is a newly emerging modality that is gaining rapid momentum due to its capability of inducing rapid heating and attaining larger ablation volumes, and its lesser susceptibility to the heat sink effects as compared to RFA. Although the goal of both these therapies is to attain cell death in the target tissue by virtue of heating above 50°C, their underlying mechanism of action and principles greatly differs. Computational modelling is a powerful tool for studying the effect of electromagnetic interactions within the biological tissues and predicting the treatment outcomes during thermal ablative therapies. Such a priori estimation can assist the clinical practitioners during treatment planning with the goal of attaining successful tumour destruction and preservation of the surrounding healthy tissue and critical structures. This review provides current state-of-the-art developments and associated challenges in the computational modelling of thermal ablative techniques, viz., RFA and MWA, as well as touch upon several promising avenues in the modelling of laser ablation, nanoparticles assisted magnetic hyperthermia and non-invasive RFA. The application of RFA in pain relief has been extensively reviewed from modelling point of view. Additionally, future directions have also been provided to improve these models for their successful translation and integration into the hospital work flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep Singh
- MS2Discovery Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roderick Melnik
- MS2Discovery Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.,BCAM - Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
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