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Jiang L, Liu X, Liu L, Su L, Lu Z, Zhang H, Guo Y, Zhang W, Zhang S, Xu W, Zhang J, Zhang K, Zhan Y, Xie X, Li R, Dong X, Jin H, Zhang B, Li Y. Knocking out FAM20C in pre-osteoblasts leads to up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation to affect long bone development. Gene 2024; 915:148396. [PMID: 38552750 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 20 member C (FAM20C) is a Golgi casein kinase that phosphorylates extracellularly-secreted regulatory proteins involved in bone development and mineralization, but its specific role in bone development is still largely unknown. In this study, to examine the specific mechanisms that FAM20C influences bone development, we cross-bred Osx-Cre with FAM20Cflox/flox mice to establish a Osx-Cre; FAM20Cflox/flox knockout (oKO) mouse model; FAM20C was KO in pre-osteoblasts. oKO development was examined at 1-10 weeks, in which compared to control FAM20Cflox/flox, they had lower body weights and bone tissue mineralization. Furthermore, oKO had lower bone volume fractions, thickness, and trabecular numbers, along with higher degrees of trabecular separation. These mice also had decreased femoral metaphyseal cartilage proliferation layer, along with thickened hypertrophic layer and increased apoptotic cell counts. Transcriptomic analysis found that differentially-expressed genes in oKO were concentrated in the osteoclast differentiation pathway, in line with increased osteoclast presence. Additionally, up-regulation of osteoclast-related, and down-regulation of osteogenesis-related genes, were identified, in which the most up-regulated genes were signal regulatory protein β-1 family (Sirpb1a-c) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 13. Overall, FAM20C KO in pre-osteoblasts leads to abnormal long bone development, likely due to subsequent up-regulation of osteoclast differentiation-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinpeng Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lixue Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lide Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Zeyu Lu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuyao Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shujian Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanbo Zhan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohua Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Runhang Li
- School of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinhe Dong
- School of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Jin
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Li L, Liu P, Lv X, Yu T, Jin X, Wang R, Xie X, Wang Q, Liu Y, Saiyin W. Ablation of FAM20C caused short root defects via suppressing the BMP signaling pathway in mice. J Orofac Orthop 2023; 84:349-361. [PMID: 35316352 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-022-00386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Short root defects are prone to cause various periodontal diseases and lead to tooth loss in some serious cases. Studies about the mechanisms governing the development of the root are needed for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of short root defects. The protein family with sequence similarity 20 group C (FAM20C) is a Golgi casein kinase that has been well studied in the development of tooth crown formation. However, whether FAM20C plays a role in the development of tooth root is still unknown. Thus, we generated Sox2-Cre;Fam20cfl/fl (cKO) mice, in which Fam20c was ablated in both the dental epithelium and dental mesenchyme, and found that the cKO mice showed severe short root defects mainly by inhibiting the development of dental mesenchyme in the root region. In this investigation, we found morphological changes and differentiation defects, with reduced expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) in odontoblasts of the root region in cKO mice. Furthermore, the proliferation rate of apical papillary cells was reduced in the root of cKO mice. In addition, the levels of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and phospho-Smad1/5/8, and that of Osterix and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), two downstream target molecules of the BMP signaling pathway, were significantly reduced in the root of cKO mice. These results indicate that FAM20C plays an essential role in the development of the root by regulating the BMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peihong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuechao Lv
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tianliang Yu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xingai Jin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Xie
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, 82 Zhongshan Road, Xiangfang, 150036, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingqun Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wuliji Saiyin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Naniwa K, Hirose K, Usami Y, Hata K, Araki R, Uzawa N, Komori T, Toyosawa S. Fam20C overexpression in odontoblasts regulates dentin formation and odontoblast differentiation. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:329-347. [PMID: 37357253 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
FAM20C phosphorylates secretory proteins at S-x-E/pS motifs, and previous studies of Fam20C-dificient mice revealed that FAM20C played essential roles in bone and tooth formation. Inactivation of FAM20C in mice led to hypophosphatemia that masks direct effect of FAM20C in these tissues, and consequently the direct role of FAM20C remains unknown. Our previous study reported that osteoblast/odontoblast-specific Fam20C transgenic (Fam20C-Tg) mice had normal serum phosphate levels and that osteoblastic FAM20C-mediated phosphorylation regulated bone formation and resorption. Here, we investigated the direct role of FAM20C in dentin using Fam20C-Tg mice. The tooth of Fam20C-Tg mice contained numerous highly phosphorylated proteins, including SIBLINGs, compared to that of wild-type mice. In Fam20C-Tg mice, coronal dentin volume decreased and mineral density unchanged at early age, while the volume unchanged and the mineral density elevated at maturity. In these mice, radicular dentin volume and mineral density decreased at all ages, and histologically, the radicular dentin had wider predentin and abnormal apical-side dentin with embedded cells and argyrophilic canaliculi. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that abnormal apical-side dentin had bone and dentin matrix properties accompanied with osteoblast-lineage cells. Further, in Fam20C-Tg mice, DSPP content which is important for dentin formation, was reduced in dentin, especially radicular dentin, which might lead to defects mainly in radicular dentin. Renal subcapsular transplantations of tooth germ revealed that newly formed radicular dentin replicated apical abnormal dentin of Fam20C-Tg mice, corroborating that FAM20C overexpression indeed caused the abnormal dentin. Our findings indicate that odontoblastic FAM20C-mediated phosphorylation in the tooth regulates dentin formation and odontoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Naniwa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Usami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Hata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rikita Araki
- Bruker Japan K.K. BioSpin Division, Application Department, 3-9 Kanagawaku Moriyacho, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Narikazu Uzawa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Haffner D, Leifheit-Nestler M, Grund A, Schnabel D. Rickets guidance: part II-management. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:2289-2302. [PMID: 35352187 PMCID: PMC9395459 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we discuss the management of different forms of rickets, including new therapeutic approaches based on recent guidelines. Management includes close monitoring of growth, the degree of leg bowing, bone pain, serum phosphate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase as a surrogate marker of osteoblast activity and thus degree of rickets, parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and calciuria. An adequate calcium intake and normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels should be assured in all patients. Children with calcipenic rickets require the supplementation or pharmacological treatment with native or active vitamin D depending on the underlying pathophysiology. Treatment of phosphopenic rickets depends on the underlying pathophysiology. Fibroblast-growth factor 23 (FGF23)-associated hypophosphatemic rickets was historically treated with frequent doses of oral phosphate salts in combination with active vitamin D, whereas tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) should primarily undergo tumor resection, if possible. Burosumab, a fully humanized FGF23-antibody, was recently approved for treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and TIO and shown to be superior for treatment of XLH compared to conventional treatment. Forms of hypophosphatemic rickets independent of FGF23 due to genetic defects of renal tubular phosphate reabsorption are treated with oral phosphate only, since they are associated with excessive 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. Finally, forms of hypophosphatemic rickets caused by Fanconi syndrome, such as nephropathic cystinosis and Dent disease require disease-specific treatment in addition to phosphate supplements and active vitamin D. Adjustment of medication should be done with consideration of treatment-associated side effects, including diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, hypercalciuria, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and development of nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany ,Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Grund
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany ,Pediatric Research Center, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schnabel
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Pediatric Endocrinology, Charitè, University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang H, Xu Q, Lu Y, Qin C. Effect of high phosphate diet on the formation of dentin in Fam20c-deficient mice. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12795. [PMID: 33905141 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
FAM20C (family with sequence similarity 20-member C), a kinase that phosphorylates secretory proteins, plays essential roles in various biological processes. In humans, mutations in FAM20C gene cause Raine syndrome, an autosomal recessive hereditary disease manifesting a broad spectrum of developmental defects including skeletal and craniofacial deformities. Our previous studies revealed that inactivation of Fam20c in mice led to hypophosphatemic rickets and that high phosphate (hPi) diet significantly improved the development of the skeleton in Fam20c-deficient mice. In this study, we evaluated the effects of hPi diet on the formation of dentin in Fam20c-deficient mice, using plain x-ray radiography, micro-computed tomography (µCT), histology, and immunohistochemistry. Plain x-ray radiography and µCT analyses showed that the hPi diet improved the dentin volume fraction and dentin mineral density of the Fam20c-deficient mice. Histology analyses further demonstrated that the hPi diet dramatically improved the integrity of the mandibular first molars and prevented pulp infection and dental abscesses in Fam20c-deficient mice. Our results support that the hPi diet significantly increased the formation and mineralization of dentin in Fam20c-deficient mice, implying that hypophosphatemia is a significant contributor to the dentin defects in Fam20c-deficient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yongbo Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Chunlin Qin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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The ABCs of the atypical Fam20 secretory pathway kinases. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100267. [PMID: 33759783 PMCID: PMC7948968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of extracellular phosphorylation was initiated in late 19th century when the secreted milk protein, casein, and egg-yolk protein, phosvitin, were shown to be phosphorylated. However, it took more than a century to identify Fam20C, which phosphorylates both casein and phosvitin under physiological conditions. This kinase, along with its family members Fam20A and Fam20B, defined a new family with altered amino acid sequences highly atypical from the canonical 540 kinases comprising the kinome. Fam20B is a glycan kinase that phosphorylates xylose residues and triggers peptidoglycan biosynthesis, a role conserved from sponges to human. The protein kinase, Fam20C, conserved from nematodes to humans, phosphorylates well over 100 substrates in the secretory pathway with overall functions postulated to encompass endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, nutrition, cardiac function, coagulation, and biomineralization. The preferred phosphorylation motif of Fam20C is SxE/pS, and structural studies revealed that related member Fam20A allosterically activates Fam20C by forming a heterodimeric/tetrameric complex. Fam20A, a pseudokinase, is observed only in vertebrates. Loss-of-function genetic alterations in the Fam20 family lead to human diseases such as amelogenesis imperfecta, nephrocalcinosis, lethal and nonlethal forms of Raine syndrome with major skeletal defects, and altered phosphate homeostasis. Together, these three members of the Fam20 family modulate a diverse network of secretory pathway components playing crucial roles in health and disease. The overarching theme of this review is to highlight the progress that has been made in the emerging field of extracellular phosphorylation and the key roles secretory pathway kinases play in an ever-expanding number of cellular processes.
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