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Osuna-Gómez R, Mulet M, Barril S, Cantó E, Millan-Billi P, Pardessus A, de la Rosa-Carrillo D, Castillo D, Vidal S. Levels of Lysozyme and SLPI in Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Exploring Their Role in Interstitial Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4297. [PMID: 38673881 PMCID: PMC11050299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are characterized by inflammation or fibrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma. Despite the involvement of immune cells and soluble mediators in pulmonary fibrosis, the influence of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) remains underexplored. These effector molecules display a range of activities, which include immunomodulation and wound repair. Here, we investigate the role of AMPs in the development of fibrosis in ILD. We compare the concentration of different AMPs and different cytokines in 46 fibrotic (F-ILD) and 17 non-fibrotic (NF-ILD) patients by ELISA and using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from in vitro stimulation in the presence of lysozyme or secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) from 10 healthy donors. We observed that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) levels of AMPs were decreased in F-ILD patients (lysozyme: p < 0.001; SLPI: p < 0.001; LL-37: p < 0.001; lactoferrin: p = 0.47) and were negatively correlated with levels of TGF-β (lysozyme: p = 0.02; SLPI: p < 0.001) and IL-17 (lysozyme: p < 0.001; SLPI: p < 0.001). We observed that lysozyme increased the percentage of CD86+ macrophages (p < 0.001) and the production of TNF-α (p < 0.001). We showed that lysozyme and SLPI were associated with clinical parameters (lysozyme: p < 0.001; SLPI: p < 0.001) and disease progression (lysozyme: p < 0.001; SLPI: p = 0.01). These results suggest that AMPs may play an important role in the anti-fibrotic response, regulating the effect of pro-fibrotic cytokines. In addition, levels of lysozyme in BAL may be a potential biomarker to predict the progression in F-ILD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Osuna-Gómez
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Maria Mulet
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Barril
- Respiratory Department, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova-Santa María, Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25198 Lleida, Spain;
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-B.); (A.P.); (D.d.l.R.-C.); (D.C.)
| | - Elisabet Cantó
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
| | - Paloma Millan-Billi
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-B.); (A.P.); (D.d.l.R.-C.); (D.C.)
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pardessus
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-B.); (A.P.); (D.d.l.R.-C.); (D.C.)
| | - David de la Rosa-Carrillo
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-B.); (A.P.); (D.d.l.R.-C.); (D.C.)
| | - Diego Castillo
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.-B.); (A.P.); (D.d.l.R.-C.); (D.C.)
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (M.M.); (E.C.)
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Khalili D, Mohammed M, Kunc M, Sindlerova M, Ankarklev J, Theopold U. Single-cell sequencing of tumor-associated macrophages in a Drosophila model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1243797. [PMID: 37795097 PMCID: PMC10546068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1243797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor-associated macrophages may act to either limit or promote tumor growth, yet the molecular basis for either path is poorly characterized. Methods We use a larval Drosophila model that expresses a dominant-active version of the Ras-oncogene (RasV12) to study dysplastic growth during early tumor progression. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of macrophage-like hemocytes to characterize these cells in tumor- compared to wild-type larvae. Hemocytes included manually extracted tumor-associated- and circulating cells. Results and discussion We identified five distinct hemocyte clusters. In addition to RasV12 larvae, we included a tumor model where the activation of effector caspases was inhibited, mimicking an apoptosis-resistant setting. Circulating hemocytes from both tumor models differ qualitatively from control wild-type cells-they display an enrichment for genes involved in cell division, which was confirmed using proliferation assays. Split analysis of the tumor models further reveals that proliferation is strongest in the caspase-deficient setting. Similarly, depending on the tumor model, hemocytes that attach to tumors activate different sets of immune effectors-antimicrobial peptides dominate the response against the tumor alone, while caspase inhibition induces a shift toward members of proteolytic cascades. Finally, we provide evidence for transcript transfer between hemocytes and possibly other tissues. Taken together, our data support the usefulness of Drosophila to study the response against tumors at the organismic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Khalili
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mubasher Mohammed
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Kunc
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martina Sindlerova
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ankarklev
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Tai Y, Yao X, Midgley AC. Emergent Peptides of the Antifibrotic Arsenal: Taking Aim at Myofibroblast Promoting Pathways. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1179. [PMID: 37627244 PMCID: PMC10452577 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are the principal effector cells driving fibrosis, and their accumulation in tissues is a fundamental feature of fibrosis. Essential pathways have been identified as being central to promoting myofibroblast differentiation, revealing multiple targets for intervention. Compared with large proteins and antibodies, peptide-based therapies have transpired to serve as biocompatible and cost-effective solutions to exert biomimicry, agonistic, and antagonistic activities with a high degree of targeting specificity and selectivity. In this review, we summarize emergent antifibrotic peptides and their utilization for the targeted prevention of myofibroblasts. We then highlight recent studies on peptide inhibitors of upstream pathogenic processes that drive the formation of profibrotic cell phenotypes. We also briefly discuss peptides from non-mammalian origins that show promise as antifibrotic therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives of peptide design and development in targeting myofibroblasts to mitigate fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yifan Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolin Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
| | - Adam C. Midgley
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Khalili D, Kunc M, Herbrich S, Müller AM, Theopold U. Chitinase-like proteins promoting tumorigenesis through disruption of cell polarity via enlarged endosomal vesicles. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1170122. [PMID: 37188187 PMCID: PMC10175591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1170122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are associated with tissue-remodeling and inflammation but also with several disorders, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, allergies, and cancer. However, CLP's role in tumors is far from clear. Methods Here, we utilize Drosophila melanogaster and molecular genetics to investigate the function of CLPs (imaginal disc growth factors; Idgf's) in RasV12 dysplastic salivary glands. Results and discussion We find one of the Idgf's members, Idgf3, is transcriptionally induced in a JNK-dependent manner via a positive feedback loop mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, Idgf3 accumulates in enlarged endosomal vesicles (EnVs) that promote tumor progression by disrupting cytoskeletal organization. The process is mediated via the downstream component, aSpectrin, which localizes to the EnVs. Our data provide new insight into CLP function in tumors and identifies specific targets for tumor control.
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Silencing Transglutaminase Genes TGase2 and TGase3 Has Infection-Dependent Effects on the Heart Rate of the Mosquito Anopheles gambiae. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070582. [PMID: 35886758 PMCID: PMC9315499 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune and circulatory systems of insects are functionally integrated. An infection induces the migration of immune cells called hemocytes to the surface of the heart, where they kill pathogens around valves called ostia. In mosquitoes, a transglutaminase inhibits the infection-induced aggregation of hemocytes on the heart. Here, we studied whether transglutaminases also modify the heart contraction rate. First, we confirmed that an infection decreases the mosquito heart rate. Then, we found that disrupting transglutaminase genes has infection-dependent effects on the heart rate. Silencing TGase1 does not affect heart physiology. However, silencing TGase2 eliminates the infection-induced decrease in the heart rate, and silencing TGase3 decreases the heart rate in uninfected mosquitoes but increases the heart rate in infected mosquitoes. These experiments identify new factors that affect heart physiology in mosquitoes. Abstract Transglutaminases are pleiotropic enzymes that in mosquitoes participate in the formation of the mating plug and the wound-induced antimalarial response. Moreover, one transglutaminase, TGase3, negatively regulates the infection-induced aggregation of hemocytes on the heart. Given that TGase3 is an inhibitor of periostial hemocyte aggregation, we used RNAi-based gene silencing followed by intravital video imaging to scrutinize whether any of the three transglutaminases encoded in the genome of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, play a role in modulating the heart rate of uninfected and infected mosquitoes. Initially, we confirmed that an infection decreases the heart rate. Then, we uncovered that silencing TGase1 does not impact heart physiology, but silencing TGase2 results in a constant heart rate regardless of infection status, eliminating the infection-induced decrease in the heart rate. Finally, silencing TGase3 decreases the heart rate in uninfected mosquitoes but increases the heart rate in infected mosquitoes. We conclude that TGase2 and TGase3 modulate heart physiology and demonstrate that factors not classically associated with insect circulatory physiology are involved in the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes.
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Egesten A, Herwald H. Some Like It Hot. J Innate Immun 2021; 13:321-322. [PMID: 34724673 DOI: 10.1159/000520270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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