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Wang ZX, Peng J, Liang X, Cheng Y, Deng Y, Chen K, Zhang M, Zhang J, Wang W, Cao B, Jin Y, Sun M, Lin Y, Luo S, Li Z, Yang L, Ke Y, Yu H, Li J, Wang Q, Zhu J, Wang F, Xu RH. First-line serplulimab in metastatic colorectal cancer: Phase 2 results of a randomized, double-blind, phase 2/3 trial. MED 2024:S2666-6340(24)00213-7. [PMID: 38870931 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether or not the addition of immunotherapy to current standard-of-care treatments can improve efficacy in proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)/microsatellite-stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), the predominant type of mCRC, is unclear. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, phase 2 part of a phase 2/3 trial was conducted at 23 hospitals across China (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04547166). Patients with unresectable metastatic/recurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma and no prior systemic therapy were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive every-3-weeks intravenous serplulimab (300 mg) plus HLX04 (7.5 mg/kg) and XELOX (serplulimab group) or placebo (300 mg) plus bevacizumab (7.5 mg/kg) and XELOX (placebo group). The primary endpoint was independent radiology review committee (IRRC)-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included other efficacy endpoints and safety. FINDINGS Between July 16, 2021, and January 20, 2022, 114 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to the serplulimab (n = 57) or placebo (n = 57) group. All patients had stage IV CRC, and 95.7% of the patients with available microsatellite instability (MSI) status were MSS. With a median follow-up duration of 17.7 months, median PFS was prolonged in the serplulimab group (17.2 vs. 10.7 months; hazard ratio [HR], 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.31-1.14). Although the median overall survival (OS) was not reached for either group, a trend of an OS benefit was observed for the serplulimab group (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.41-1.45). 36 (65.5%) and 32 (56.1%) patients in the serplulimab and placebo groups had grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serplulimab plus HLX04 and XELOX exhibits promising efficacy and is safe and tolerable in patients with treatment-naive mCRC. FUNDING This work was funded by Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjun Liang
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kehe Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongdong Jin
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meili Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ke
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyu Yu
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Guangzhou, China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Ho CL, Chao TY, Chang CL, Lin HY. Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Efficacy of Serplulimab, a Novel Anti-PD-1 Antibody, in Patients with Metastatic or Recurrent Solid Tumors: A Phase I Study. BioDrugs 2024; 38:287-299. [PMID: 38194016 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00639-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serplulimab is a novel, recombinant, humanized, monoclonal, anti-programmed death 1 antibody with a similar or better affinity and pre-clinical antitumor activity than pembrolizumab and nivolumab. OBJECTIVE This phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study evaluated serplulimab in patients with advanced solid tumors. The second interim analysis of the dose-finding phase is reported here. METHODS Adult patients with histologically confirmed metastatic/recurrent solid tumors who had progressed on, or were intolerant to/clinically unsuitable for standard treatment, were enrolled. Four intravenous serplulimab dose levels were evaluated: 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 mg/kg every 2 weeks in 28-day cycles for up to 2 years. Primary endpoints were the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events and the maximum tolerated dose. RESULTS By 27 July, 2020 (data cut-off), 29 patients with stage IV disease (34.5% with lung cancer) received one or more doses of serplulimab. One (3.4%) patient had completed treatment and 26 (89.7%) had discontinued from the study. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Twenty-two (75.9%) patients experienced treatment-emergent adverse events related to serplulimab, most frequently nausea (24.1%), with no notable differences in incidence between dose cohorts; of these, grade ≥ 3 events occurred in four (13.8%) patients. Pharmacokinetic data demonstrated minimal accumulation of serplulimab after repeated administration. Functional programmed death 1 blockade was observed across dose levels. Objective response and disease control rates were 8.0 and 60.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serplulimab was well tolerated and demonstrated antitumor activity. These data support further study of serplulimab in larger patient populations. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03468751 (19 March, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Liang Ho
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325 Section 2, Cheng-Kung Road, Neihu District, Taipei City, 114, Taiwan.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Tsu-Yi Chao
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lun Chang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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Pan D, Liu HN, Qu PF, Ma X, Ma LY, Chen XX, Wang YQ, Qin XB, Han ZX. Progress in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with immune combination therapy. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:273-286. [PMID: 38425407 PMCID: PMC10900147 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a severe malignancy that poses a serious threat to human health. Owing to challenges in early diagnosis, most patients lose the opportunity for radical treatment when diagnosed. Nonetheless, recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy provide new directions for the treatment of HCC. For instance, monoclonal antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as programmed cell death protein 1/death ligand-1 inhibitors and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 significantly improved the prognosis of patients with HCC. However, tumor cells can evade the immune system through various mechanisms. With the rapid development of genetic engineering and molecular biology, various new immunotherapies have been used to treat HCC, including ICIs, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, engineered cytokines, and certain cancer vaccines. This review summarizes the current status, research progress, and future directions of different immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Pan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao-Nan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu-Yao Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhou C, Hu Y, Arkania E, Kilickap S, Ying K, Xu F, Wu L, Wang X, Viguro M, Makharadze T, Sun H, Luo F, Shi J, Zang A, Pan Y, Chen Z, Jia Z, Kuchava V, Lu P, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Kang W, Wang Q, Yu H, Li J, Zhu J. A global phase 3 study of serplulimab plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (ASTRUM-004). Cancer Cell 2024; 42:198-208.e3. [PMID: 38181795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Combining immunotherapy with chemotherapy can provide improved survival in advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients without targetable gene alterations. 537 previously untreated patients with stage IIIB/IIIC or IV squamous NSCLC without targetable gene alterations were enrolled and randomized (2:1) to receive serplulimab 4.5 mg/kg or placebo, both in combination with nab-paclitaxel and carboplatin, intravenously in 3-week cycles. The primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS) was met at the first interim analysis. At the second interim analysis, PFS benefit was maintained in serplulimab-chemotherapy group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-0.67). At the final analysis, serplulimab-chemotherapy significantly improved median OS compared to placebo-chemotherapy (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.58-0.93; p = 0.010). Grade ≥3 serplulimab or placebo-related adverse events occurred in 126 (35.2%) and 58 (32.4%) patients, respectively. Our results demonstrate that adding serplulimab to chemotherapy significantly improves survival in advanced squamous NSCLC patients, with manageable safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yanping Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ekaterine Arkania
- LTD Israeli-Georgian Medical Research Clinic "Helsicore", Tbilisi 0112, Georgia
| | - Saadettin Kilickap
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Pneumology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Pneumology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Maksym Viguro
- Clinical Research Department, Medical Center "Mriya Med-Service", Kryvyi Rih 50000, Ukraine
| | | | - Hongmei Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiamusi Cancer Hospital, Jiamusi 154007, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianhua Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Aimin Zang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yueyin Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhongyao Jia
- Department of Oncology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276002, China
| | | | - Ping Lu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453100, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenying Kang
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Haoyu Yu
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai 200233, China
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An J, Li X, Wang J, Zhu L, An R, Jiang K, Huang Y, Wang K, Li G, Wang C, Yuan J, Hou X, Yang G, Li J, Wang Q, Zhu J, Wu L. Efficacy and safety of serplulimab plus nab-paclitaxel in previously treated patients with PD-L1-positive advanced cervical cancer: a phase II, single-arm study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142256. [PMID: 37153587 PMCID: PMC10161140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We report the efficacy and safety of serplulimab, a novel humanized anti-programmed death-1 antibody, plus nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel in previously treated patients with programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)-positive advanced cervical cancer. Methods Patients diagnosed with PD-L1-positive (combined positive score ≥1) cervical cancer were enrolled in this single-arm, open-label, phase II study. They were given serplulimab 4.5 mg/kg for up to 2 years (35 dosing cycles) plus nab-paclitaxel 260 mg/m2 for up to six cycles once every 3 weeks. Primary endpoints were safety and objective response rate (ORR) assessed by independent radiological review committee (IRRC) per RECIST version 1.1. Secondary endpoints included ORR assessed by the investigator, duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results Between December 2019 and June 2020, 52 patients were screened and 21 were enrolled. IRRC-assessed ORR was 57.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34.0-78.2%); 3 (14.3%) patients achieved complete response and 9 (42.9%) partial response. The median DOR was not reached (NR) (95% CI 4.1-NR). IRRC-assessed median PFS was 5.7 months (95% CI 3.0-NR), and median OS was 15.5 months (95% CI 10.5-NR). Investigator-assessed ORR was 47.6% (95% CI 25.7-70.2%). Seventeen (81.0%) patients experienced grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events. Grade ≥3 adverse drug reactions were reported in 7 (33.3%) patients. Immune-related adverse events occurred in 12 (57.1%) patients. Conclusions In previously treated patients with PD-L1-positive advanced cervical cancer, serplulimab plus nab-paclitaxel provided durable clinical activity and a manageable safety profile. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04150575.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jusheng An
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruifang An
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guiling Li
- Department of Oncology, Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- The Fourth Department of Gynecology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- The Third Department of Gynecologic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoli Hou
- Global Product Development, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Guiyu Yang
- Global Product Development, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- Global Product Development, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Global Product Development, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Global Product Development, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lingying Wu,
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Jiang M, Liu M, Liu G, Ma J, Zhang L, Wang S. Advances in the structural characterization of complexes of therapeutic antibodies with PD-1 or PD-L1. MAbs 2023; 15:2236740. [PMID: 37530414 PMCID: PMC10399482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2236740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based therapeutics have become effective clinical applications for cancers. Applications of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to de-activate the PD-1-PD-L1 pathway could effectively reverse the phenotype of depleted activated thymocytes (T cells) to recover their anti-tumoral activities. High-resolution structures of the complexes of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with PD-1 or PD-L1 have revealed the key inter-molecular interactions and provided valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms by which these antibodies inhibit PD-L1-PD-1 binding. Each anti-PD-1 mAb exhibits a unique blockade mechanism, such as interference with large PD-1-PD-L1 contacting interfaces, steric hindrance by overlapping a small area of this site, or binding to an N-glycosylated site. In contrast, all therapeutic anti-PD-L1 mAbs bind to a similar area of PD-L1. Here, we summarized advances in the structural characterization of the complexes of commercial mAbs that target PD-1 or PD-L1. In particular, we focus on the unique characteristics of those mAb structures, epitopes, and blockade mechanisms. It is well known that the use of antibodies as anti-tumor drugs has increased recently and both PD-1 and PD-L1 have attracted substantial attention as target for antibodies derived from new technologies. By focusing on structural characterization, this review aims to aid the development of novel antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guodi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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