Revisitando as Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) da Cadeia do Espinhaço

Distribution pattern in the rupiculous genus Orthophytum (Bromelioideae/Bromeliaceae) reveals high microendemicity in different types of rocky outcrops

This study aimed to recognize the biogeographic patterns, richness, and diversity levels of the Brazilian endemic genus Orthophytum and identify their biotic components through a parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE), to better understand the evolutionary history of this group and develop strategies for the conservation of its species. We prepared a database for the 54 currently known species of Orthophytum, including their geographical locations as obtained from digital databases of the principal herbaria of Brazil, Europe, and the USA. A parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) was used to delimit the areas of endemism based on two grids' sizes (1º x 1º and 2º × 2º). The majority rule consensus tree resulting from the PAE indicated three areas of endemism with high bootstrap, diversity, and richness indices: the northern portion of the Espinhaço Range, the southern portion of the Espinhaço Range, and the central portion of the Atlantic Forest. The recognition of those distribution patterns reveals a high number of microendemic species, which is discussed here.

Flora of Ceará, Brazil: subtribe Gonolobinae (Asclepiadoideae/Apocynaceae)

Abstract We performed the taxonomic-floristic survey of subtribe Gonolobinae for the state of Ceará, as part of the “Flora do Ceará: knowing to conserve” project. The study was based on the comparative analysis of morphological characters, specialized bibliography, as well as photos of type-collections. In Ceará, six species of two genera were registered: Gonolobus rostratus, Matelea denticulata, M. endressiae, M. ganglinosa, M. harleyi, and M. nigra. Matelea ganglinosa has a broad distribution in the state, while G. rostratus, M. denticulata and M. endressiae are restricted. Matelea species were recorded in six Conservation Units and preferably dry environments (Stepic Savanna, Seasonal Deciduous Forest, and Lowland Semideciduous Forest).

Flora of Ceará, Brazil:Ditassa (Asclepiadoideae/Apocynaceae)

Abstract This study aimed to carry out a taxonomic floristic survey of species in the genus Ditassa (Asclepiadoideae/Apocynaceae), as part of the “Flora do Ceará: knowing to conserve” project. The study was based on the analysis of morphological characters of specimens from representative herbaria for the genus. The identifications were performed using specialized bibliography and confirmed by analyzing type collections. For Ceará state, six species of Ditassa were registered: D. blanchetii, D. capillaris, D. dardanoi, D. glaziovii, D. hastata and D. hispida. The species occur in Savana (Cerrado), Stepic Savanna (Caatinga/Carrasco), Dense Ombrophilous Forest (Wet forest) and Lowland Semideciduous Seasonal Forest (Tableland forest). Only D. capillaris and D. hastata were recorded in Conservation Units.

Geographic distribution patterns of species of the subtribe Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae)

Abstract With 119 species distributed in 19 genera, most species of the subtribe Lychnophorinae are endemic to the Espinhaço Range in central eastern Brazil. This region is characterized especially by the campos rupestres, a grassland mosaic associated with vegetation on rock outcrops, which display a high level of endemism. The present work aims to identify distribution patterns, collection density, species richness and research bias in collections. Ten geographic distribution patterns were identified: Chapada Diamantina, Chapada dos Veadeiros and adjacent mountains, Pico da Aliança, Extension of the Espinhaço Range, Central-South Arc of Minas Gerais, Espinhaço Range and Brasília Arc, Campos Rupestres and Restinga, Chapada Diamantina and Caatinga, Northwest-Southeast Diagonal and East Triangle. Other Angiosperm families present similar distribution, mainly in the Espinhaço Meridional, where higher collecting efforts are present. Species richness is higher in sites with higher collection intensity, however, the northeast of Goiás shows the opposite pattern. Spearman correlation analysis shows a strong correlation between collection density and species richness, with an exponential asymptotic model that is quite significant for the total variation of species richness. The cluster analysis presented five clusters correlated with five distribution patterns in Lychnophorinae.

Flora da Usina São José, Igarassu, Pernambuco: Apocynaceae

Resumo Apocynaceae compõe um grupo de plantas latescentes e está representada por aproximadamente 5.000 espécies em 400 gêneros, com distribuição pantropical. Para o Brasil, estima-se cerca de 77 gêneros e 754 espécies, sendo a Mata Atlântica o domínio de maior diversidade. Para a Mata Atlântica ao norte do Rio São Francisco os trabalhos com foco na família são escassos, limitando-se a listagens florísticas gerais. Desse modo, objetiva-se aqui inventariar e caracterizar morfologicamente as espécies de Apocynaceae nos fragmentos florestais da Usina São José, situada na cidade de Igarassu, Pernambuco. O estudo foi realizado mediante coletas nos fragmentos florestais da área de estudo entre 2015 e 2016, além de consulta a materiais depositados em herbários de referência na região. Foram registradas 17 espécies inseridas em 11 gêneros: Aspidosperma discolor, A. spruceanum, Blepharodon pictum, Ditassa hispida, Hancornia speciosa, Himatanthus bracteatus, Mandevilla hirsuta, M. moricandiana, M. scabra, Matelea ganglinosa, M. orthosioides, Odontadenia lutea, Rauvolfia grandiflora, R. ligustrina, Tabernaemontana flavicans, T. salzmannii e Temnadenia odorifera. São apresentadas chave de identificação, comentários relevantes acerca das espécies e ilustrações.

Flora das cangas da Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brasil: Apocynaceae

Resumo Este estudo apresenta um tratamento das espécies de Apocynaceae registradas nas cangas da Serra dos Carajás, Pará. São apresentadas descrições detalhadas, chaves para identificação dos gêneros e espécies, ilustrações, dados sobre distribuição geográfica e comentários morfológicos e ecológicos das espécies tratadas. Foram registradas 22 espécies e 13 gêneros na área de estudo. Destacam-se as espécies de Marsdenia bergii e Matelea microphylla, endêmica das cangas da Serra dos Carajás, e Marsdenia thomasii, com apenas duas coletas, uma para o estado do Mato Grosso e a outra para a região de Carajás.

Diversidade taxonômica de Apocynaceae na ilha do Marajó, PA, Brasil

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta um tratamento taxonômico das espécies de Apocynaceae ocorrentes na ilha do Marajó, PA. Foram analisados materiais dos herbários IAN, INPA, MG, R, RB, SP, SPF e UEC e realizadas três viagens de campo para coleta nos anos de 2011 e 2012. A família está representada por 33 espécies distribuídas em 21 gêneros, sendo seis gêneros com sete espécies pertencentes à subfamília Apocynoideae, cinco gêneros e 12 espécies à subfamília Asclepiadoideae e nove gêneros e 14 espécies à subfamília Rauvolfioideae. Prestonia annularis é registrada pela primeira vez para o Estado do Pará, enquanto Spongiosperma grandiflorum e Macoubea guianensis são novos registros para a ilha do Marajó. Forsteronia paludosa, até a realização deste trabalho, era conhecida apenas pela coleção tipo. São apresentadas chaves de identificação, descrições morfológicas, informações sobre fenologia e habitat, distribuição geográfica e comentários taxonômicos e ilustrações das espécies; dentre estas, Forsteronia paludosa e Macoubea guianensis são ilustradas pela primeira vez.

Taxonomy "under construction": advances in the systematics of Apocynaceae, with emphasis on the Brazilian Asclepiadoideae

The Apocynaceae comprise approximately 5,000 species and are widely distributed. The family belongs to the Gentianales and can be easily recognized by the presence of latex and a style-head derived from the fusion of two carpels at the apex of the styles. The largest subfamily in Apocynaceae is Asclepiadoideae. Treated as the Asclepiadaceae for almost two centuries, it comprises about 3,000 species and is defined by stamens with bisporangiate anthers and pollen transferred in specialized units called pollinaria. Since the 19th century, floristic studies and taxonomic monographs have significantly contributed to the taxonomy of Brazilian Asclepiadoideae. Nevertheless, advances in understanding the internal relationships in the subfamily were not done until this millennium, with the popularization of phylogenetic studies based on molecular data and powerful computer analyses. Advances in the systematics of Apocynaceae have provided new interpretations on the morphological evolution and biogeography of the family and have led to important changes in its classification. Nevertheless, several taxonomic rearrangements are still needed and it can be said that the taxonomy of Apocynaceae is "under construction". In this article, the major taxonomic changes in the family are reviewed, with special attention given to the systematics of Neotropical groups. A cladogram of the Apocynaceae is presented, which highlights the phylogenetic position of the Brazilian genera and their diversity in number of native species. The main studies and the diversity of Asclepiadoideae in Brazil are summarized and perspectives for future research on the subfamily are presented.