1
|
Nemoto W, Yamagata R, Nakagawasai O, Tan-No K. Angiotensin-Related Peptides and Their Role in Pain Regulation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050755. [PMID: 37237567 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang)-generating system has been confirmed to play an important role in the regulation of fluid balance and blood pressure and is essential for the maintenance of biological functions. Ang-related peptides and their receptors are found throughout the body and exhibit diverse physiological effects. Accordingly, elucidating novel physiological roles of Ang-generating system has attracted considerable research attention worldwide. Ang-generating system consists of the classical Ang-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/AT1 or AT2 receptor axis and the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MAS1 receptor axis, which negatively regulates AT1 receptor-mediated responses. These Ang system components are expressed in various tissues and organs, forming a local Ang-generating system. Recent findings indicate that changes in the expression of Ang system components under pathological conditions are involved in the development of neuropathy, inflammation, and their associated pain. Here, we summarized the effects of changes in the Ang system on pain transmission in various organs and tissues involved in pain development process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nemoto
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamagata
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawasai
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Koichi Tan-No
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cruz-López EO, Ren L, Uijl E, Clahsen-van Groningen MC, van Veghel R, Garrelds IM, Domenig O, Poglitsch M, Zlatev I, Rooney T, Kasper A, Nioi P, Foster D, Danser AHJ. Blood pressure-independent renoprotective effects of small interference RNA targeting liver angiotensinogen in experimental diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:80-93. [PMID: 36106615 PMCID: PMC10091936 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting liver angiotensinogen lowers blood pressure, but its effects in hypertensive diabetes are unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To address this, TGR (mRen2)27 rats (angiotensin II-dependent hypertension model) were made diabetic with streptozotocin over 18 weeks and treated with either vehicle, angiotensinogen siRNA, the AT1 antagonist valsartan, the ACE inhibitor captopril, valsartan + siRNA or valsartan + captopril for the final 3 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured via radiotelemetry. KEY RESULTS MAP before treatment was 153 ± 2 mmHg. Diabetes resulted in albuminuria, accompanied by glomerulosclerosis and podocyte effacement, without a change in glomerular filtration rate. All treatments lowered MAP and cardiac hypertrophy, and the largest drop in MAP was observed with siRNA + valsartan. Treatment with siRNA lowered circulating angiotensinogen by >99%, and the lowest circulating angiotensin II and aldosterone levels occurred in the dual treatment groups. Angiotensinogen siRNA did not affect renal angiotensinogen mRNA expression, confirming its liver-specificity. Furthermore, only siRNA with or without valsartan lowered renal angiotensin I. All treatments lowered renal angiotensin II and the reduction was largest (>95%) in the siRNA + valsartan group. All treatments identically lowered albuminuria, whereas only siRNA with or without valsartan restored podocyte foot processes and reduced glomerulosclerosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Angiotensinogen siRNA exerts renoprotection in diabetic TGR (mRen2)27 rats and this relies, at least in part, on the suppression of renal angiotensin II formation from liver-derived angiotensinogen. Clinical trials should now address whether this is also beneficial in human diabetic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwyn O Cruz-López
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liwei Ren
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Estrellita Uijl
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marian C Clahsen-van Groningen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard van Veghel
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid M Garrelds
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anne Kasper
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Nioi
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Don Foster
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cruz-López EO, Uijl E, Danser AHJ. Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Vascular Function: Does Locally Synthesized Angiotensinogen Play a Role? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:S53-S62. [PMID: 34840262 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In recent years, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) research has gained special attention in an effort to understand its involvement in vascular function. PVAT is recognized as an important endocrine organ that secretes procontractile and anticontractile factors, including components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, particularly angiotensinogen (AGT). This review critically addresses the occurrence of AGT in PVAT, its release into the blood stream, and its contribution to the generation and effects of angiotensins (notably angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin II) in the vascular wall. It describes that the introduction of transgenic animals, expressing AGT at 0, 1, or more specific location(s), combined with the careful measurement of angiotensins, has revealed that the assumption that PVAT independently generates angiotensins from locally synthesized AGT is incorrect. Indeed, selective deletion of AGT from adipocytes did not lower circulating AGT, neither under a control diet nor under a high-fat diet, and only liver-specific AGT deletion resulted in the disappearance of AGT from blood plasma and adipose tissue. An entirely novel scenario therefore develops, supporting local angiotensin generation in PVAT that depends on the uptake of both AGT and renin from blood, in addition to the possibility that circulating angiotensins exert vascular effects. The review ends with a summary of where we stand now and recommendations for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwyn O Cruz-López
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Megalin is well known for its role in the reabsorption of proteins from the ultrafiltrate. Recent studies suggest that megalin also reabsorbs renin and angiotensinogen. Indeed, without megalin urinary renin and angiotensinogen levels massively increase, and even prorenin becomes detectable in urine. RECENT FINDINGS Intriguingly, megalin might also contribute to renal angiotensin production, as evidenced from studies in megalin knockout mice. This review discusses these topics critically, concluding that urinary renin-angiotensin system components reflect diminished reabsorption rather than release from renal tissue sites and that alterations in renal renin levels or megalin-dependent signaling need to be ruled out before concluding that angiotensin production at renal tissue sites is truly megalin dependent. Future studies should evaluate megalin-mediated renin/angiotensinogen transcytosis (allowing interstitial angiotensin generation), and determine whether megalin prefers prorenin over renin, thus explaining why urine normally contains no prorenin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, The Second Clinical Medical College (Shenzhen People's Hospital) of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xifeng Lu
- Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC, room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Bradykinin has important physiological actions related to the regulation of blood vessel tone and renal function, and protection from ischemia reperfusion injury. However, bradykinin also contributes to pathological states such as angioedema and inflammation. Bradykinin is metabolized by many different peptidases that play a major role in the control of bradykinin levels. Peptidase inhibitor therapies such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and neprilysin inhibitors increase bradykinin levels, and the challenge for such therapies is to achieve the beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects without the adverse consequences such as angioedema that may result from increased bradykinin levels. Neprilysin also metabolizes natriuretic peptides. However, despite the potential therapeutic benefit of increased natriuretic peptide and bradykinin levels, neprilysin inhibitor therapy has only modest efficacy in essential hypertension and heart failure. Initial attempts to combine neprilysin inhibition with inhibition of the renin angiotensin system led to the development of omapatrilat, a drug that combines ACE and neprilysin inhibition. However, omapatrilat produced an unacceptably high incidence of angioedema in patients with hypertension (2.17%) in comparison with the ACE inhibitor enalapril (0.68%), although angioedema incidence was less in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) treated with omapatrilat (0.8%), and not different from that for enalapril therapy (0.5%). More recently, LCZ696, a drug that combines angiotensin receptor blockade and neprilysin inhibition, was approved for the treatment of HFrEF. The approval of LCZ696 therapy for HFrEF represents the first approval of long-term neprilysin inhibitor administration. While angioedema incidence was acceptably low in HFrEF patients receiving LCZ696 therapy (0.45%), it remains to be seen whether LCZ696 therapy for other conditions such as hypertension is also accompanied by an acceptable incidence of angioedema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Campbell
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wheelock KM, Cai J, Looker HC, Merchant ML, Nelson RG, Fufaa GD, Weil EJ, Feldman HI, Vasan RS, Kimmel PL, Rovin BH, Mauer M, Klein JB, for the CKD Biomarkers Consortium. Plasma bradykinin and early diabetic nephropathy lesions in type 1 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180964. [PMID: 28700653 PMCID: PMC5507314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association of bradykinin and related peptides with the development of diabetic nephropathy lesions in 243 participants with type 1 diabetes (T1D) from the Renin-Angiotensin System Study who, at baseline, were normoalbuminuric, normotensive and had normal or increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Design Plasma concentrations of bradykinin and related peptides were measured at baseline by quantitative mass spectrometry. All participants were randomly assigned at baseline to receive placebo, enalapril or losartan during the 5 years between kidney biopsies. Kidney morphometric data were available from kidney biopsies at baseline and after 5 years. Relationships of peptides with changes in morphometric variables were assessed using multiple linear regression after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes duration, HbA1c, mean arterial pressure, treatment assignment and, for longitudinal analyses, baseline structure. Results Baseline median albumin excretion rate of study participants was 5.0 μg/min, and mean GFR was 128 mL/min/1.73 m2. After multivariable adjustment, higher plasma concentration of bradykinin (1–8) was associated with greater glomerular volume (partial r = 0.191, P = 0.019) and total filtration surface area (partial r = 0.211, P = 0.010), and higher bradykinin (1–7) and hyp3-bradykinin (1–7) were associated with lower cortical interstitial fractional volume (partial r = -0.189, P = 0.011; partial r = -0.164, P = 0.027 respectively). In longitudinal analyses, higher bradykinin was associated with preservation of surface density of the peripheral glomerular basement membrane (partial r = 0.162, P = 0.013), and for participants randomized to losartan, higher hyp3-bradykinin (1–8) was associated with more limited increase in cortical interstitial fractional volume (partial r = -0.291, P = 0.033). Conclusions Higher plasma bradykinin and related peptide concentrations measured before clinical onset of diabetic nephropathy in persons with T1D were associated with preservation of glomerular structures, suggesting that elevations of these kinin concentrations may reflect adaptive responses to early renal structural changes in diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Wheelock
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jian Cai
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Helen C. Looker
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Robert G. Nelson
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gudeta D. Fufaa
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - E. Jennifer Weil
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Harold I. Feldman
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Paul L. Kimmel
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brad H. Rovin
- Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael Mauer
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jon B. Klein
- University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maximum renal responses to renin inhibition in healthy study participants: VTP-27999 versus aliskiren. J Hypertens 2016; 34:935-41. [PMID: 26882043 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renin inhibition with aliskiren induced the largest increases in renal plasma flow (RPF) in salt-depleted healthy volunteers of all renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers. However, given its side-effects at doses higher than 300 mg, no maximum effect of renin inhibition could be established. We hypothesized that VTP-27999, a novel renin inhibitor without major side-effects at high doses, would allow us to establish this. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of escalating VTP-27999 doses (75-600 mg) on RPF, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and plasma RAS components were compared with those of 300 mg aliskiren in 22 normal volunteers on a low-sodium diet. VTP-27999 dose-dependently increased RPF and GFR; its effects on both parameters at 600 mg (increases of 18 ± 4 and 20 ± 4%, respectively) were equivalent to those at 300 mg, indicating that a maximum had been reached. The effects of 300 mg aliskiren (increases of 13 ± 5 and 8 ± 6%, respectively; P < 0.01 vs. 300 and 600 mg VTP-27999) resembled those of 150 mg VTP-27999. VTP-27999 dose-dependently increased renin, and lowered plasma renin activity and angiotensin II to detection limit levels. The effects of aliskiren on RAS components were best comparable to those of 150 mg VTP-27999. CONCLUSION Maximum renal renin blockade in healthy, salt-depleted volunteers, requires aliskiren doses higher than 300 mg, but can be established with 300 mg VTP-27999. To what degree such maximal effects (exceeding those of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and AT1-receptor blockers) are required in patients with renal disease, given the potential detrimental effects of excessive RAS blockade, remains to be determined.
Collapse
|
8
|
Campbell DJ. Angiotensin II generation in vivo: does it involve enzymes other than renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme? J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 13:314-6. [PMID: 22626976 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312447162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Campbell
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
ACE Inhibition in Heart Failure and Ischaemic Heart Disease. FRONTIERS IN RESEARCH OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM ON HUMAN DISEASE 2007. [PMCID: PMC7122740 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6372-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Liu X, Lukasova M, Zubakova R, Lewicka S, Hilgenfeldt U. Kallidin-like peptide mediates the cardioprotective effect of the ACE inhibitor captopril against ischaemic reperfusion injury of rat heart. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:825-32. [PMID: 16770319 PMCID: PMC1617066 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The potential cardioprotective effect of ACE inhibitors has been attributed to the inhibition of bradykinin degradation. Recent data in rats documented a kallidin-like peptide, which mimics the cardioprotective effect of ischaemic preconditioning. This study investigates in isolated Langendorff rat heart the effect of the ACE inhibitor captopril, the role of bradykinin, kallidin-like peptide, and nitric oxide (NO). 2. The bradykinin level in the effluent of the control group was 14.6 pg ml(-1) and was not affected by captopril in the presence or absence of kinin B2-receptor antagonist, HOE140. 3. The kallidin-like peptide levels were approximately six-fold higher (89.8 pg ml(-1)) and increased significantly by treatment with captopril (144 pg ml(-1)), and simultaneous treatment with captopril and HOE140 (197 pg ml(-1)). 4. Following 30 min ischaemia in the control group, the creatine kinase activity increased from 0.4 to 53.4 U l(-1). In the captopril group and in the captopril+L-NAME group, the creatine kinase activity was significantly lower (18.5 and 22.8 U l(-1)). This beneficial effect of captopril was completely abolished by the kinin B2-receptor antagonist, HOE140, as well as by the kallidin antiserum. 5. Perfusion of the hearts with kallidin before the 30 min ischaemia, but not with bradykinin, yielded an approximately 50% reduction in creatine kinase activity after reperfusion. 6. Pretreatment with L-NAME alone and simultaneously with captopril, and with kallidin, respectively, suggests a kinin-independent action of NO before the 30 min ischaemia on coronary flow and a kinin-dependent action after ischaemia. 7. These data show that captopril increases kallidin-like peptide in the effluent. Kallidin-like peptide via kinin B2 receptor seems to be the physiological mediator of cardioprotective actions of captopril against ischaemic reperfusion injury. HOE140 as well as the kallidin antiserum abolished the cardioprotective effects of captopril.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
| | - Martina Lukasova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
| | - Radka Zubakova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
| | - Sabina Lewicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hilgenfeldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, Heidelberg D69120, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schalekamp MADH, Danser AHJ. Angiotensin II production and distribution in the kidney: I. A kinetic model. Kidney Int 2006; 69:1543-52. [PMID: 16572118 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Information on the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptors in the various renal tissue compartments is still incomplete. A model is presented describing the kinetics of Ang II production, distribution, and disposal in the renal cortex. Basic features are: (1) the model is designed to derive, from Ang II measurements in blood and in whole tissue, estimates of the local densities of the Ang II type 1 (AT(1)) and type 2 (AT(2)) receptors, and to calculate the concentrations of endocrine and paracrine Ang II they actually 'see'; (2) glomerular and peritubular tissue are conceived as separate regions (glomerular region (Glom), peritubular region (Pt)); (3) in Glom and in Pt, Ang II is homogeneously distributed in capillary blood and in interstitial fluid; (4) the model allows for local Ang II concentration gradients between interstitium and blood; (5) Ang II from the circulation diffuses into the interstitium of Glom after convective transcapillary transport; (6) Ang II produced in tubules or Pt enters the microcirculation through diffusive overflow from interstitium; (7) the presence of cell-surface-bound Ang II depends on the reaction with AT(1) and AT(2) receptors, and the presence of intracellular Ang II depends on the internalization of Ang II - AT(1) receptor complex; and (8) the model provides for glomerular filtration, vasopeptidase-mediated degradation, and intracellular degradation as mechanisms of elimination. This model can serve as a framework for detailed quantitative studies of the renin-angiotensin system in the kidney.
Collapse
|
12
|
Campbell DJ, Zeitz CJ, Esler MD, Horowitz JD. Evidence against a major role for angiotensin converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) in angiotensin peptide metabolism in the human coronary circulation. J Hypertens 2004; 22:1971-6. [PMID: 15361769 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200410000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) in angiotensin peptide metabolism in the human coronary circulation. METHODS Angiotensin I and angiotensin II, and their respective carboxypeptidase metabolites, angiotensin-(1-9) and angiotensin-(1-7), were measured in arterial and coronary sinus blood of heart failure subjects receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor therapy and in normal subjects not receiving ACE inhibitor therapy. In addition, angiotensin I, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) were measured in arterial and coronary sinus blood of subjects with coronary artery disease before, and at 2, 5 and 10 min after, intravenous administration of ACE inhibitor. RESULTS In comparison with normal subjects, heart failure subjects receiving ACE inhibitor therapy had a greater than 40-fold increase in angiotensin I levels, but angiotensin-(1-9) levels were low (1-2 fmol/ml), and similar to those of normal subjects. Moreover, angiotensin-(1-7) levels increased in parallel with angiotensin I levels and the angiotensin-(1-7)/angiotensin II ratio increased by 7.5-fold in coronary sinus blood. Intravenous administration of ACE inhibitor to subjects with coronary artery disease rapidly decreased angiotensin II levels by 54-58% and increased angiotensin I levels by 2.4- to 2.8-fold, but did not alter angiotensin-(1-7) levels or net angiotensin-(1-7) production across the myocardial vascular bed. CONCLUSIONS The failure of angiotensin-(1-9) levels to increase in response to increased angiotensin I levels indicated little role for ACE2 in angiotensin I metabolism. Additionally, the levels of angiotensin-(1-7) were more linked to those of angiotensin I than angiotensin II, consistent with its formation by endopeptidase-mediated metabolism of angiotensin I, rather than by ACE2-mediated metabolism of angiotensin II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Campbell
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tom B, Dendorfer A, Danser AHJ. Bradykinin, angiotensin-(1-7), and ACE inhibitors: how do they interact? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35:792-801. [PMID: 12676166 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors in hypertension and heart failure may relate, at least in part, to their capacity to interfere with bradykinin metabolism. In addition, recent studies have provided evidence for bradykinin-potentiating effects of ACE inhibitors that are independent of bradykinin hydrolysis, i.e. ACE-bradykinin type 2 (B(2)) receptor 'cross-talk', resulting in B(2) receptor upregulation and/or more efficient activation of signal transduction pathways, as well as direct activation of bradykinin type 1 receptors by ACE inhibitors. This review critically reviews the current evidence for hydrolysis-independent bradykinin potentiation by ACE inhibitors, evaluating not only the many studies that have been performed with ACE-resistant bradykinin analogues, but also paying attention to angiotensin-(1-7), a metabolite of both angiotensin I and II, that could act as an endogenous ACE inhibitor. The levels of angiotensin-(1-7) are increased during ACE inhibition, and most studies suggest that its hypotensive effects are mediated in a bradykinin-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beril Tom
- Department of Pharmacology, Room EE1418b, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Katori M, Majima M. The renal kallikrein-kinin system: its role as a safety valve for excess sodium intake, and its attenuation as a possible etiologic factor in salt-sensitive hypertension. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2003; 40:43-115. [PMID: 12627748 DOI: 10.1080/713609329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The distal tubules of the kidney express the full set of the components of the kallikrein-kinin system, which works independently from the plasma kallikrein-kinin system. Studies on the role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system, using congenitally kininogen-deficient Brown-Norway Katholiek rats and also bradykinin B2 receptor knockout mice, revealed that this system starts to function and to induce natriuresis and diuresis when sodium accumulates in the body as a result of excess sodium intake or aldosterone release, for example, by angiotensin II. Thus, it can be hypothesized that the system works as a safety valve for sodium accumulation. The large numbers of studies on hypertensive animal models and on essential hypertensive patients, particularly those with salt sensitivity, indicate a tendency toward the reduced excretion of urinary kallikrein, although this reduction is modified by potassium intake and impaired renal function. We hypothesize that the reduced excretion of the renal kallikrein may be attributable to a genetic defect of factor(s) in renal kallikrein secretion process and may cause salt-sensitive hypertension after salt intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Katori
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kitasato 1-15-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 228-8555, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tom B, Dendorfer A, Vries RD, Saxena PR, Jan Danser AH. Bradykinin potentiation by ACE inhibitors: a matter of metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:276-84. [PMID: 12208785 PMCID: PMC1573486 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Studies in isolated cells overexpressing ACE and bradykinin type 2 (B(2)) receptors suggest that ACE inhibitors potentiate bradykinin by inhibiting B(2) receptor desensitization, via a mechanism involving protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphatases. Here we investigated, in intact porcine coronary arteries, endothelial ACE/B(2) receptor 'crosstalk' as well as bradykinin potentiation through neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibition. 2. NEP inhibition with phosphoramidon did not affect the bradykinin concentration-response curve (CRC), nor did combined NEP/ACE inhibition with omapatrilat exert a further leftward shift on top of the approximately 10 fold leftward shift of the bradykinin CRC observed with ACE inhibition alone. 3. In arteries that, following repeated exposure to 0.1 microM bradykinin, no longer responded to bradykinin ('desensitized' arteries), the ACE inhibitors quinaprilat and angiotensin-(1-7) both induced complete relaxation, without affecting the organ bath fluid levels of bradykinin. This phenomenon was unaffected by inhibition of PKC or phosphatases (with calphostin C and okadaic acid, respectively). 4. When using bradykinin analogues that were either completely or largely ACE-resistant ([Phe(8)psi(CH(2)-NH)Arg(9)]-bradykinin and [deltaPhe(5)]-bradykinin, respectively), the ACE inhibitor-induced shift of the bradykinin CRC was absent, and its ability to reverse desensitization was absent or significantly reduced, respectively. Caveolar disruption with filipin did not affect the quinaprilat-induced effects. Filipin did however reduce the bradykinin-induced relaxation by approximately 25-30%, thereby confirming that B(2) receptor-endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) interaction occurs in caveolae. 5. In conclusion, in porcine arteries, in contrast to transfected cells, bradykinin potentiation by ACE inhibitors is a metabolic process, that can only be explained on the basis of ACE-B(2) receptor co-localization on the endothelial cell membrane. NEP does not appear to affect the bradykinin levels in close proximity to B(2) receptors, and the ACE inhibitor-induced bradykinin potentiation precedes B(2) receptor coupling to eNOS in caveolae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beril Tom
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - René de Vries
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pramod R Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barthelemy C, Eurin J, Lechat P, Masson F, Cortines M, Mougenot N, Soualmia H, Carayon A. The mechanism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril is not related to bradykinin level in heart tissue. Peptides 2002; 23:1161-9. [PMID: 12126746 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to examine the effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) quinapril, we performed a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) to quantify bradykinin, BK-(1-9), in heart and kidney tissues. The BK-(1-9) level was unaffected in the heart of sham and water-deprived rats treated for 2h with quinapril (10mg/kg), but was significantly higher in the kidneys in the two groups. In these conditions, circulating and tissue angiotensin II (Ang II) levels were significantly decreased by quinapril. Moreover, our results indicated that acute treatment with this dose of quinapril induced kinin-mediated effects which were not related to its action on bradykinin degradation in rat hearts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Barthelemy
- Laboratoire de Biochimie médicale, IFR 14, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91 Bd de l'Hopital, 75634 Cedex 13, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
1. Kinin peptides are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of blood pressure and sodium homeostasis, inflammation and the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. In humans, the plasma and tissue kallikrein-kinin systems (KKS) generate bradykinin and kallidin peptides, respectively. 2. We established methodology for the measurement of bradykinin and kallidin peptides and their metabolites in order to study the function of the plasma and tissue KKS in humans. 3. Bradykinin peptides were more abundant than kallidin peptides in blood and cardiac atrial tissue, whereas kallidin peptides were predominant in urine. The levels of kinin peptides in tissue were higher than in blood, confirming the primary tissue localization of the KKS. 4. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition increased blood levels of bradykinin and kallidin peptides. 5. Blood levels of kallidin peptides were suppressed in patients with severe cardiac failure, indicating that the activity of the tissue KKS is suppressed in this condition. 6. Bradykinin peptide levels were increased in the urine of patients with interstitial cystitis, suggesting a role for these peptides in the pathogenesis and/or symptomatology of this condition. 7. Cardiopulmonary bypass, a model of activation of the contact system, activated both the plasma and tissue KKS. 8. Measurement of individual bradykinin and kallidin peptides and their metabolites gives important information about the operation of the plasma and tissue KKS and their role in physiology and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Campbell
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Campbell DJ, Dixon B, Kladis A, Kemme M, Santamaria JD. Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system by cardiopulmonary bypass in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R1059-70. [PMID: 11557611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.4.r1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We used cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) as a model of activation of the contact system and investigated the involvement of the plasma and tissue kallikrein-kinin systems (KKS) in this process. Circulating levels of bradykinin and kallidin and their metabolites, plasma and tissue kallikrein, low and high molecular weight kininogen, and kallistatin were measured before, during, and 1, 4, and 10 h after CPB in subjects undergoing cardiac surgery. Bradykinin peptide levels increased 10- to 20-fold during the first 10 min, returned toward basal levels by 70 min of CPB, and remained 1.2- to 2.5-fold elevated after CPB. Kallidin peptide levels showed little change during CPB, but they were elevated 1.7- to 5.2-fold after CPB. There were reductions of 80 and 60% in plasma and tissue kallikrein levels, respectively, during the first minute of CPB. Kininogen and kallistatin levels were unchanged. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition did not amplify the increase in bradykinin levels during CPB. Aprotinin administration prevented activation of the KKS. The changes in circulating kinin and kallikrein levels indicate activation of both the plasma and tissue KKS during activation of the contact system by CPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Campbell
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dernellis J. Right atrial function in hypertensive patients: effects of antihypertensive therapy. J Hum Hypertens 2001; 15:463-70. [PMID: 11464255 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects (16 weeks) of oral antihypertensive drugs on right atrial (RA) function were evaluated by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in 64 patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Thirty-two age- and sex-matched normal subjects served as controls. BACKGROUND Hypertension alters the diastolic properties of the left ventricle and disturbs the left atrial contractile activities. RA performance may also alter in essential hypertension. METHODS From the tricuspid flow velocity curves the E/A ratio, the velocity-time integrals (Ei and Ai, respectively) as well as the sum, TTi = Ei + Ai, were measured. RA active contribution (RAAC) was expressed as the ratio RAAC = Ai/TTi. RESULTS RA-A/E ratio, RA-Ai and RAAC were increased while RA-TTi were decreased in hypertensives compared to controls, P < 0.0001 for all comparisions. After therapy TTi increased (from 13.2 +/- 1.6 to 16.2 +/- 2.0 cm with ramipril, and from 12.9 +/- 1.1 to 14.4 +/- 1.2 cm with amlodipine, P < 0.001) and RAAC decreased (from 0.19 +/- 0.01 to 0.13 +/- 0.01, with ramipril and from 0.19 +/- 0.01 to 0.16 +/- 0.00, with amlodipine P < 0.001) while RA dimensions did not change. the decrease in RAAC was significantly greater with ramipril (P < 0.001) and was significantly influenced by the decrease in left ventricular mass (P < 0.001) and right ventricular relaxation (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RA function is deteriorated in patients with essential hypertension. The fall in the arterial blood pressure produced by antihypertensive treatment was associated with improved RA performance and reduced left ventricular mass without changes in RA dimensions. The left ventricular mass and the right ventricular relaxation influenced the changes in RA performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dernellis
- Department of Cardiology, Vostanion Hospital, Mytilini, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Danser AH, Tom B, de Vries R, Saxena PR. L-NAME-resistant bradykinin-induced relaxation in porcine coronary arteries is NO-dependent: effect of ACE inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:195-202. [PMID: 10991911 PMCID: PMC1572315 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1. NO synthase (NOS)inhibitors partially block bradykinin (BK)-mediated vasorelaxation. Here we investigated whether this is due to incomplete NOS inhibition and/or NO release from storage sites. We also studied the mechanism behind ACE inhibitor-mediated BK potentiation. 2. Porcine coronary arteries (PCAs) were mounted in organ baths, preconstricted, and exposed to BK or the ACE-resistant BK analogue Hyp(3)-Tyr(Me)(8)-BK (HT-BK) with or without the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (100 microM), the NO scavenger hydroxocobalamin (200 microM), the Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-channel blockers charybdotoxin+apamin (both 100 nM), or the ACE inhibitor quinaprilat (10 microM). 3. BK and HT-BK dose-dependently relaxed preconstricted vessels (pEC(50) 8.0+/-0.1 and 8.5+/-0.2, respectively). pEC(50)'s were approximately 10 fold higher with quinaprilat, and approximately 10 fold lower with L-NAME or charybdotoxin+apamin. Complete blockade was obtained with hydroxocobalamin or L-NAME+ charybdotoxin+apamin. 4. Repeated exposure to 100 nM BK or HT-BK, to deplete NO storage sites, produced progressively smaller vasorelaxant responses. With L-NAME, the decrease in response occurred much more rapidly. L-Arginine (10 mM) reversed the effect of L-NAME. 5. Adding quinaprilat to the bath following repeated exposure (with or without L-NAME), at the time BK and HT-BK no longer induced relaxation, fully restored vasorelaxation, while quinaprilat alone had no effect. Quinaprilat also relaxed vessels that, due to pretreatment with hydroxocobalamin or L-NAME+charybdotoxin+apamin, previously had not responded to BK. 6. In conclusion, L-NAME-resistant BK-induced relaxation in PCAs depends on NO from storage sites, and is mediated via stimulation of guanylyl cyclase and/or Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-channels. ACE inhibitors potentiate BK independent of their effect on BK metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Danser
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Campbell DJ. Towards understanding the kallikrein-kinin system: insights from measurement of kinin peptides. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000; 33:665-77. [PMID: 10829095 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2000000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system is complex, with several bioactive peptides that are formed in many different compartments. Kinin peptides are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes including the regulation of blood pressure and sodium homeostasis, inflammatory processes, and the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning. We established a methodology for the measurement of individual kinin peptides in order to study the function of the kallikrein-kinin system. The levels of kinin peptides in tissues were higher than in blood, confirming the primary tissue localization of the kallikrein-kinin system. Moreover, the separate measurement of bradykinin and kallidin peptides in man demonstrated the differential regulation of the plasma and tissue kallikrein-kinin systems, respectively. Kinin peptide levels were increased in the heart of rats with myocardial infarction, in tissues of diabetic and spontaneously hypertensive rats, and in urine of patients with interstitial cystitis, suggesting a role for kinin peptides in the pathogenesis of these conditions. By contrast, blood levels of kallidin, but not bradykinin, peptides were suppressed in patients with severe cardiac failure, suggesting that the activity of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system may be suppressed in this condition. Both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors increased bradykinin peptide levels. ACE and NEP inhibitors had different effects on kinin peptide levels in blood, urine, and tissues, which may be accounted for by the differential contributions of ACE and NEP to kinin peptide metabolism in the multiple compartments in which kinin peptide generation occurs. Measurement of the levels of individual kinin peptides has given important information about the operation of the kallikrein-kinin system and its role in physiology and disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Campbell
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duncan AM, Kladis A, Jennings GL, Dart AM, Esler M, Campbell DJ. Kinins in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278:R897-904. [PMID: 10749777 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.4.r897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The kinin peptide system in humans is complex. Whereas plasma kallikrein generates bradykinin peptides, glandular kallikrein generates kallidin peptides. Moreover, a proportion of kinin peptides is hydroxylated on proline(3) of the bradykinin sequence. We established HPLC-based radioimmunoassays for nonhydroxylated and hydroxylated bradykinin and kallidin peptides and their metabolites in blood and urine. Both nonhydroxylated and hydroxylated bradykinin and kallidin peptides were identified in human blood and urine, although the levels in blood were often below the assay detection limit. Whereas kallidin peptides were more abundant than bradykinin peptides in urine, bradykinin peptides were more abundant in blood. Bradykinin and kallidin peptide levels were higher in venous than arterial blood. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition increased blood levels of bradykinin, but not kallidin, peptides. Reactive hyperemia had no effect on antecubital venous levels of bradykinin or kallidin peptide levels. These studies demonstrate differential regulation of the bradykinin and kallidin peptide systems, and indicate that blood levels of bradykinin peptides are more responsive to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition than blood levels of kallidin peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Duncan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|