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Burashnikov A. "Pharmacological" analysis of atrial fibrillation maintenance mechanism: reentry, wavelets, or focal? Front Cardiovasc Med 2025; 12:1447542. [PMID: 39925977 PMCID: PMC11802512 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1447542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/11/2025] Open
Abstract
The primary electrophysiological mechanism of atrial fibrillation (AF) maintenance is poorly defined. AF mapping studies readily record focal activations (defining them as focal sources or breakthroughs) and "incomplete reentries" (defining them as reentries or would-be-reentries) but do not or rarely detect complete circular activations. Electrophysiological alterations induced by anti-AF drugs before AF cardioversion may help delineate the mechanism of AF maintenance. Cardioversion of AF by antiarrhythmic drugs is associated with prolongation of the AF cycle length and temporal excitable gap (t-EG), resulting in improvement in AF organization (AF-org), and with or without alterations in the refractory period, conduction velocity and wavelength. Such electrophysiological pattern is conceivable with termination of a single focal source but not a single reentry (Class III agents do not increase reentrant t-EG). Yet, a single focal source and multiple focal sources are plausible as the primary mechanism of AF maintenance prior drug administration. Improvement in AF-org caused by anti-AF agents before AF cardioversion is coherent with simultaneous multiple random reentries and wavelets. However, simultaneous multiple reentries are unlikely to occur regularly (most of the contemporary AF mapping studies report either a single reentry at a time or no reentry at all), and the ability of random wavelets to maintain AF is speculative. The conducted analysis inclines toward the focal source as the primary mechanism of AF maintenance.
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2
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Trayanova NA, Lyon A, Shade J, Heijman J. Computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis: toward clinical translation. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1265-1333. [PMID: 38153307 PMCID: PMC11381036 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of cardiac electrophysiology, involving dynamic changes in numerous components across multiple spatial (from ion channel to organ) and temporal (from milliseconds to days) scales, makes an intuitive or empirical analysis of cardiac arrhythmogenesis challenging. Multiscale mechanistic computational models of cardiac electrophysiology provide precise control over individual parameters, and their reproducibility enables a thorough assessment of arrhythmia mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of models of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias, from the single cell to the organ level, and how they can be leveraged to better understand rhythm disorders in cardiac disease and to improve heart patient care. Key issues related to model development based on experimental data are discussed, and major families of human cardiomyocyte models and their applications are highlighted. An overview of organ-level computational modeling of cardiac electrophysiology and its clinical applications in personalized arrhythmia risk assessment and patient-specific therapy of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias is provided. The advancements presented here highlight how patient-specific computational models of the heart reconstructed from patient data have achieved success in predicting risk of sudden cardiac death and guiding optimal treatments of heart rhythm disorders. Finally, an outlook toward potential future advances, including the combination of mechanistic modeling and machine learning/artificial intelligence, is provided. As the field of cardiology is embarking on a journey toward precision medicine, personalized modeling of the heart is expected to become a key technology to guide pharmaceutical therapy, deployment of devices, and surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Alliance for Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Treatment Innovation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Aurore Lyon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Shade
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Alliance for Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Treatment Innovation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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3
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Dhillon G, Honarbakhsh S, Abbas H, Waddingham P, Dennis AS, Ahluwalia N, Finlay M, Sohaib A, Welch S, Daw H, Sporton S, Chow A, Earley MJ, Lambiase PD, Hunter RJ. ECGI targeted ablation for persistent AF not responding to pulmonary vein isolation: Results of a two-staged strategy (TARGET AF2). Heart Rhythm O2 2023; 4:609-617. [PMID: 37936670 PMCID: PMC10626178 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanisms sustaining persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) remain unclear. Objectives The study sought to evaluate both the clinical outcomes and response to ablation of potential drivers in patients with recurrent persistent AF recurrence following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Methods A total of 100 patients with persistent AF of <2 years' duration underwent cryoballoon PVI (ECGI phenotyping of persistent AF based on driver burden and distribution to predict response to pulmonary vein isolation). Patients with documented recurrence of atrial arrhythmia within 12 months were recruited and underwent repeat PVI (if needed) followed by ablation of potential drivers (PDs) identified by electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI). PDs were defined as rotational activity >1.5 revolutions or focal activations. Cycle lengths were measured pre- and postablation. The primary outcome was freedom from atrial arrhythmia off antiarrhythmic drugs at 1 year as per guidelines. Results Of 37 patients recruited, 26 had recurrent AF and underwent ECGI-guided ablation of PDs. An average of 6.4 ± 2.7 PDs were targeted per patient. The mean ablation time targeting PDs was 15.5 ± 6.9 minutes. An ablation response occurred in 20 patients (AF termination in 6, cycle length prolongation ≥10% in 14). At 1 year, 14 (54%) of 26 patients were free from arrhythmia, and 12 (46%) of 26 were off antiarrhythmic drugs. Considering the 96 patients who completed follow-up out of the original cohort of 100 patients undergoing cryoablation in this staged strategy, freedom from arrhythmia at 1 year following the last procedure was 72 (75%) of 96, or 70 (73%) of 96 off antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusions In patients with recurrent AF despite PVI, ECGI-guided ablation caused an acute response in a majority with reasonable long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hakam Abbas
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Waddingham
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S. Dennis
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikhil Ahluwalia
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Finlay
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Afzal Sohaib
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Welch
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Daw
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Sporton
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Chow
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Earley
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pier D. Lambiase
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross J. Hunter
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Galappaththige S, Pathmanathan P, Gray RA. A computational modeling framework for pre-clinical evaluation of cardiac mapping systems. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1074527. [PMID: 37485068 PMCID: PMC10358980 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1074527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of difficulties in evaluating clinical cardiac mapping systems, most notably the inability to record the transmembrane potential throughout the entire heart during patient procedures which prevents the comparison to a relevant "gold standard". Cardiac mapping systems are comprised of hardware and software elements including sophisticated mathematical algorithms, both of which continue to undergo rapid innovation. The purpose of this study is to develop a computational modeling framework to evaluate the performance of cardiac mapping systems. The framework enables rigorous evaluation of a mapping system's ability to localize and characterize (i.e., focal or reentrant) arrhythmogenic sources in the heart. The main component of our tool is a library of computer simulations of various dynamic patterns throughout the entire heart in which the type and location of the arrhythmogenic sources are known. Our framework allows for performance evaluation for various electrode configurations, heart geometries, arrhythmias, and electrogram noise levels and involves blind comparison of mapping systems against a "silver standard" comprised of computer simulations in which the precise transmembrane potential patterns throughout the heart are known. A feasibility study was performed using simulations of patterns in the human left atria and three hypothetical virtual catheter electrode arrays. Activation times (AcT) and patterns (AcP) were computed for three virtual electrode arrays: two basket arrays with good and poor contact and one high-resolution grid with uniform spacing. The average root mean squared difference of AcTs of electrograms and those of the nearest endocardial action potential was less than 1 ms and therefore appears to be a poor performance metric. In an effort to standardize performance evaluation of mapping systems a novel performance metric is introduced based on the number of AcPs identified correctly and those considered spurious as well as misclassifications of arrhythmia type; spatial and temporal localization accuracy of correctly identified patterns was also quantified. This approach provides a rigorous quantitative analysis of cardiac mapping system performance. Proof of concept of this computational evaluation framework suggests that it could help safeguard that mapping systems perform as expected as well as provide estimates of system accuracy.
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Atrial conduction velocity mapping: clinical tools, algorithms and approaches for understanding the arrhythmogenic substrate. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2463-2478. [PMID: 35867323 PMCID: PMC9365755 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing patient-specific atrial conduction properties is important for understanding arrhythmia drivers, for predicting potential arrhythmia pathways, and for personalising treatment approaches. One metric that characterizes the health of the myocardial substrate is atrial conduction velocity, which describes the speed and direction of propagation of the electrical wavefront through the myocardium. Atrial conduction velocity mapping algorithms are under continuous development in research laboratories and in industry. In this review article, we give a broad overview of different categories of currently published methods for calculating CV, and give insight into their different advantages and disadvantages overall. We classify techniques into local, global, and inverse methods, and discuss these techniques with respect to their faithfulness to the biophysics, incorporation of uncertainty quantification, and their ability to take account of the atrial manifold.
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6
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Osorio D, Vraka A, Quesada A, Hornero F, Alcaraz R, Rieta JJ. An Efficient Hybrid Methodology for Local Activation Waves Detection under Complex Fractionated Atrial Electrograms of Atrial Fibrillation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5345. [PMID: 35891025 PMCID: PMC9316244 DOI: 10.3390/s22145345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Local activation waves (LAWs) detection in complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) during catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF), the commonest cardiac arrhythmia, is a complicated task due to their extreme variability and heterogeneity in amplitude and morphology. There are few published works on reliable LAWs detectors, which are efficient for regular or low fractionated bipolar electrograms (EGMs) but lack satisfactory results when CFAEs are analyzed. The aim of the present work is the development of a novel optimized method for LAWs detection in CFAEs in order to assist cardiac mapping and catheter ablation (CA) guidance. The database consists of 119 bipolar EGMs classified by AF types according to Wells' classification. The proposed method introduces an alternative Botteron's preprocessing technique targeting the slow and small-ampitude activations. The lower band-pass filter cut-off frequency is modified to 20 Hz, and a hyperbolic tangent function is applied over CFAEs. Detection is firstly performed through an amplitude-based threshold and an escalating cycle-length (CL) analysis. Activation time is calculated at each LAW's barycenter. Analysis is applied in five-second overlapping segments. LAWs were manually annotated by two experts and compared with algorithm-annotated LAWs. AF types I and II showed 100% accuracy and sensitivity. AF type III showed 92.77% accuracy and 95.30% sensitivity. The results of this study highlight the efficiency of the developed method in precisely detecting LAWs in CFAEs. Hence, it could be implemented on real-time mapping devices and used during CA, providing robust detection results regardless of the fractionation degree of the analyzed recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Osorio
- BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.O.); (A.V.)
| | - Aikaterini Vraka
- BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.O.); (A.V.)
| | - Aurelio Quesada
- Arrhythmia Unit, Cardiology Department, General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Hornero
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Raúl Alcaraz
- Research Group in Electronic, Biomedical and Telecommunication Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain;
| | - José J. Rieta
- BioMIT.org, Electronic Engineering Department, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (D.O.); (A.V.)
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DG-Mapping: a novel software package for the analysis of any type of reentry and focal activation of simulated, experimental or clinical data of cardiac arrhythmia. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:1929-1945. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Pope MTB, Kuklik P, Briosa E Gala A, Leo M, Mahmoudi M, Paisey J, Betts TR. Impact of Adenosine on Wavefront Propagation in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Insights From Global Noncontact Charge Density Mapping of the Left Atrium. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e021166. [PMID: 35621197 PMCID: PMC9238707 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Adenosine shortens action potential duration and refractoriness and provokes atrial fibrillation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adenosine on mechanisms of wavefront propagation during atrial fibrillation. Methods and Results The study included 22 patients undergoing catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. Left atrial mapping was performed using the AcQMap charge density system before and after administration of intravenous adenosine at 1 or more of 3 time points during the procedure (before pulmonary vein isolation, after pulmonary vein isolation, and after nonpulmonary vein isolation ablation). Wave‐front propagation patterns were evaluated allowing identification and quantification of localized rotational activation (LRA), localized irregular activation, and focal firing. Additional signal processing was performed to identify phase singularities and calculate global atrial fibrillation cycle length and dominant frequency. A total of 35 paired maps were analyzed. Adenosine shortened mean atrial fibrillation cycle length from 181.7±14.3 to 165.1±16.3, (mean difference 16.6 ms; 95% CI, 11.3–21.9, P<0.0005) and increased dominant frequency from 6.0±0.7 Hz to 6.6±0.8 Hz (95% CI, 0.4–0.9, P<0.0005). This was associated with a 50% increase in the number of LRA occurrences (16.1±7.6–24.2±8.1; mean difference 8.1, 95% CI, 4.1–12, P<0.0005) as well as a 20% increase in the number of phase singularities detected (30.1±7.8–36.6±9.3; mean difference 6.5; 95% CI, 2.6–10.0, P=0.002). The percentage of left atrial surface area with LRA increased with adenosine and 42 of 70 zones (60%) with highest density of LRA coincided with high density LRA zones at baseline with only 28% stable across multiple maps. Conclusions Adenosine accelerates atrial fibrillation and promotes rotational activation patterns with no impact on focal activation. There is little evidence that rotational activation seen with adenosine represents promising targets for ablation aimed at sites of stable arrhythmogenic sources in the left atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T B Pope
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford United Kingdom.,University of Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Pawel Kuklik
- Department of Cardiology Asklepios Clinic St. Georg Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Milena Leo
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mahmoudi
- University of Southampton United Kingdom.,Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Southampton United Kingdom
| | - John Paisey
- University of Southampton United Kingdom.,Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Southampton United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Betts
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford United Kingdom.,University of Oxford Biomedical Research Centre Oxford United Kingdom
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Quah JX, Jenkins E, Dharmaprani D, Tiver K, Smith C, Hecker T, Joseph MX, Selvanayagam JB, Tung M, Stanton T, Ahmad W, Stoyanov N, Lahiri A, Chahadi F, Singleton C, Ganesan A. Role of interatrial conduction in atrial fibrillation. Mechanistic insights from renewal theory-based fibrillatory dynamic analysis. Heart Rhythm O2 2022; 3:335-343. [PMID: 36097465 PMCID: PMC9463713 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interatrial conduction has been postulated to play an important role in atrial fibrillation (AF). The pathways involved in interatrial conduction during AF remain incompletely defined. Objective We recently showed physiological assessment of fibrillatory dynamics could be performed using renewal theory, which determines rates of phase singularity formation (λf) and destruction (λd). Using the renewal approach, we aimed to understand the role of the interatrial septum and other electrically coupled regions during AF. Method RENEWAL-AF is a prospective multicenter observational study recruiting AF ablation patients (ACTRN 12619001172190). We studied unipolar electrograms obtained from 16 biatrial locations prior to ablation using a 16-electrode Advisor HD Grid catheter. Renewal rate constants λf and λd were calculated, and the relationships between these rate constants in regions of interatrial connectivity were examined. Results Forty-one AF patients (28.5% female) were recruited. A positive linear correlation was observed between λf and λd (1) across the interatrial septum (λf r2 = 0.5, P < .001, λd r2 = 0.45, P < .001), (2) in regions connected by the Bachmann bundle (right atrial appendage–left atrial appendage λf r2 = 0.29, P = .001; λd r2 = 0.2, P = .008), and (3) across the inferior interatrial routes (cavotricuspid isthmus–left atrial septum λf r2 = 0.67, P < .001; λd r2 = 0.55, P < .001). Persistent AF status and left atrial volume were found to be important effect modifiers of the degree of interatrial renewal rate statistical correlation. Conclusion Our findings support the role of interseptal statistically determined electrical disrelation in sustaining AF. Additionally, renewal theory identified preferential conduction through specific interatrial pathways during fibrillation. These findings may be of importance in identifying clinically significant targets for ablation in AF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xian Quah
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Evan Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kathryn Tiver
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Teresa Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Majo X. Joseph
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Tung
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Australia
| | - Tony Stanton
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Australia
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Australia
| | - Waheed Ahmad
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nik Stoyanov
- Department of Cardiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Anandaroop Lahiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Fahd Chahadi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cameron Singleton
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anand Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
- Address reprint requests and correspondence: Dr Anand Ganesan, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Flinders Dr, Bedford Park SA 5042, Australia.
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Jenkins EV, Dharmaprani D, Schopp M, Quah JX, Tiver K, Mitchell L, Pope K, Ganesan AN. Understanding the origins of the basic equations of statistical fibrillatory dynamics. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:032101. [PMID: 35364849 DOI: 10.1063/5.0062095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms governing cardiac fibrillation remain unclear; however, it most likely represents a form of spatiotemporal chaos with conservative system dynamics. Renewal theory has recently been suggested as a statistical formulation with governing equations to quantify the formation and destruction of wavelets and rotors in fibrillatory dynamics. In this perspective Review, we aim to explain the origin of the renewal theory paradigm in spatiotemporal chaos. The ergodic nature of pattern formation in spatiotemporal chaos is demonstrated through the use of three chaotic systems: two classical systems and a simulation of cardiac fibrillation. The logistic map and the baker's transformation are used to demonstrate how the apparently random appearance of patterns in classical chaotic systems has macroscopic parameters that are predictable in a statistical sense. We demonstrate that the renewal theory approach developed for cardiac fibrillation statistically predicts pattern formation in these classical chaotic systems. Renewal theory provides governing equations to describe the apparently random formation and destruction of wavelets and rotors in atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). This statistical framework for fibrillatory dynamics provides a holistic understanding of observed rotor and wavelet dynamics and is of conceptual significance in informing the clinical and mechanistic research of the rotor and multiple-wavelet mechanisms of AF and VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan V Jenkins
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Madeline Schopp
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Jing Xian Quah
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Kathryn Tiver
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Lewis Mitchell
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Pope
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Anand N Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
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11
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Jenkins EV, Dharmaprani D, Schopp M, Quah JX, Tiver K, Mitchell L, Xiong F, Aguilar M, Pope K, Akar FG, Roney CH, Niederer SA, Nattel S, Nash MP, Clayton RH, Ganesan AN. The inspection paradox: An important consideration in the evaluation of rotor lifetimes in cardiac fibrillation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:920788. [PMID: 36148313 PMCID: PMC9486478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.920788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Renewal theory is a statistical approach to model the formation and destruction of phase singularities (PS), which occur at the pivots of spiral waves. A common issue arising during observation of renewal processes is an inspection paradox, due to oversampling of longer events. The objective of this study was to characterise the effect of a potential inspection paradox on the perception of PS lifetimes in cardiac fibrillation. Methods: A multisystem, multi-modality study was performed, examining computational simulations (Aliev-Panfilov (APV) model, Courtmanche-Nattel model), experimentally acquired optical mapping Atrial and Ventricular Fibrillation (AF/VF) data, and clinically acquired human AF and VF. Distributions of all PS lifetimes across full epochs of AF, VF, or computational simulations, were compared with distributions formed from lifetimes of PS existing at 10,000 simulated commencement timepoints. Results: In all systems, an inspection paradox led towards oversampling of PS with longer lifetimes. In APV computational simulations there was a mean PS lifetime shift of +84.9% (95% CI, ± 0.3%) (p < 0.001 for observed vs overall), in Courtmanche-Nattel simulations of AF +692.9% (95% CI, ±57.7%) (p < 0.001), in optically mapped rat AF +374.6% (95% CI, ± 88.5%) (p = 0.052), in human AF mapped with basket catheters +129.2% (95% CI, ±4.1%) (p < 0.05), human AF-HD grid catheters 150.8% (95% CI, ± 9.0%) (p < 0.001), in optically mapped rat VF +171.3% (95% CI, ±15.6%) (p < 0.001), in human epicardial VF 153.5% (95% CI, ±15.7%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Visual inspection of phase movies has the potential to systematically oversample longer lasting PS, due to an inspection paradox. An inspection paradox is minimised by consideration of the overall distribution of PS lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan V Jenkins
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Madeline Schopp
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jing Xian Quah
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathryn Tiver
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lewis Mitchell
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Feng Xiong
- Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Aguilar
- Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kenneth Pope
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Fadi G Akar
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Caroline H Roney
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martyn P Nash
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard H Clayton
- Insigneo Institute for in Silico Medicine and Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anand N Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Roney CH, Child N, Porter B, Sim I, Whitaker J, Clayton RH, Laughner JI, Shuros A, Neuzil P, Williams SE, Razavi RS, O'Neill M, Rinaldi CA, Taggart P, Wright M, Gill JS, Niederer SA. Time-Averaged Wavefront Analysis Demonstrates Preferential Pathways of Atrial Fibrillation, Predicting Pulmonary Vein Isolation Acute Response. Front Physiol 2021; 12:707189. [PMID: 34646149 PMCID: PMC8503618 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.707189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activation during atrial fibrillation (AF) appears chaotic and disorganised, which impedes characterisation of the underlying substrate and treatment planning. While globally chaotic, there may be local preferential activation pathways that represent potential ablation targets. This study aimed to identify preferential activation pathways during AF and predict the acute ablation response when these are targeted by pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). In patients with persistent AF (n = 14), simultaneous biatrial contact mapping with basket catheters was performed pre-ablation and following each ablation strategy (PVI, roof, and mitral lines). Unipolar wavefront activation directions were averaged over 10 s to identify preferential activation pathways. Clinical cases were classified as responders or non-responders to PVI during the procedure. Clinical data were augmented with a virtual cohort of 100 models. In AF pre-ablation, pathways originated from the pulmonary vein (PV) antra in PVI responders (7/7) but not in PVI non-responders (6/6). We proposed a novel index that measured activation waves from the PV antra into the atrial body. This index was significantly higher in PVI responders than non-responders (clinical: 16.3 vs. 3.7%, p = 0.04; simulated: 21.1 vs. 14.1%, p = 0.02). Overall, this novel technique and proof of concept study demonstrated that preferential activation pathways exist during AF. Targeting patient-specific activation pathways that flowed from the PV antra to the left atrial body using PVI resulted in AF termination during the procedure. These PV activation flow pathways may correspond to the presence of drivers in the PV regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H. Roney
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Child
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley Porter
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Sim
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Whitaker
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. Clayton
- INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine and Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Allan Shuros
- Boston Scientific Corp, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Petr Neuzil
- Department of Cardiology, Na Holmolce Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Steven E. Williams
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reza S. Razavi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O'Neill
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Taggart
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Wright
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaswinder S. Gill
- Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Niederer
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Quah JX, Dharmaprani D, Lahiri A, Tiver K, Ganesan AN. Reconceptualising Atrial Fibrillation Using Renewal Theory: A Novel Approach to the Assessment of Atrial Fibrillation Dynamics. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2021; 10:77-84. [PMID: 34401179 PMCID: PMC8335853 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2020.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a century of research, the mechanisms of AF remain unresolved. A universal motif within AF research has been unstable re-entry, but this remains poorly characterised, with competing key conceptual paradigms of multiple wavelets and more driving rotors. Understanding the mechanisms of AF is clinically relevant, especially with regard to treatment and ablation of the more persistent forms of AF. Here, the authors outline the surprising but reproducible finding that unstable re-entrant circuits are born and destroyed at quasi-stationary rates, a finding based on a branch of mathematics known as renewal theory. Renewal theory may be a way to potentially unify the multiple wavelet and rotor theories. The renewal rate constants are potentially attractive because they are temporally stable parameters of a defined probability distribution (the exponential distribution) and can be estimated with precision and accuracy due to the principles of renewal theory. In this perspective review, this new representational architecture for AF is explained and placed into context, and the clinical and mechanistic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xian Quah
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anandaroop Lahiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathryn Tiver
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anand N Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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14
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Schopp M, Dharmaprani D, Kuklik P, Quah J, Lahiri A, Tiver K, Meyer C, Willems S, McGavigan AD, Ganesan AN. Spatial concentration and distribution of phase singularities in human atrial fibrillation: Insights for the AF mechanism. J Arrhythm 2021; 37:922-930. [PMID: 34386118 PMCID: PMC8339121 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by the repetitive regeneration of unstable rotational events, the pivot of which are known as phase singularities (PSs). The spatial concentration and distribution of PSs have not been systematically investigated using quantitative statistical approaches. OBJECTIVES We utilized a geospatial statistical approach to determine the presence of local spatial concentration and global clustering of PSs in biatrial human AF recordings. METHODS 64-electrode conventional basket (~5 min, n = 18 patients, persistent AF) recordings were studied. Phase maps were produced using a Hilbert-transform based approach. PSs were characterized spatially using the following approaches: (i) local "hotspots" of high phase singularity (PS) concentration using Getis-Ord Gi* (Z ≥ 1.96, P ≤ .05) and (ii) global spatial clustering using Moran's I (inverse distance matrix). RESULTS Episodes of AF were analyzed from basket catheter recordings (H: 41 epochs, 120 000 s, n = 18 patients). The Getis-Ord Gi* statistic showed local PS hotspots in 12/41 basket recordings. As a metric of spatial clustering, Moran's I showed an overall mean of 0.033 (95% CI: 0.0003-0.065), consistent with the notion of complete spatial randomness. CONCLUSION Using a systematic, quantitative geospatial statistical approach, evidence for the existence of spatial concentrations ("hotspots") of PSs were detectable in human AF, along with evidence of spatial clustering. Geospatial statistical approaches offer a new approach to map and ablate PS clusters using substrate-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Schopp
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Science and EngineeringFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Pawel Kuklik
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Medical CentreHamburgGermany
| | - Jing Quah
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Anandaroop Lahiri
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Kathryn Tiver
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Christian Meyer
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Medical CentreHamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Willems
- Department of CardiologyUniversity Medical CentreHamburgGermany
| | - Andrew D. McGavigan
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Anand N. Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
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15
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Pope MT, Kuklik P, Briosa E Gala A, Leo M, Mahmoudi M, Paisey J, Betts TR. Spatial and temporal variability of rotational, focal, and irregular activity: Practical implications for mapping of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2021; 32:2393-2403. [PMID: 34260134 PMCID: PMC9290790 DOI: 10.1111/jce.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charge density mapping of atrial fibrillation (AF) reveals dynamic localized rotational activation (LRA), irregular activation (LIA) and focal firing (FF). Their spatial stability, conduction characteristics and the optimal duration of mapping required to reveal these phenomena and has not been explored. METHODS Bi-atrial mapping of AF propagation was undertaken using AcQMap (Acutus Medical) and variability of activation patterns quantified up to a duration of 30 s. The frequency of each pattern was quantified at each unique point of the chamber over two separate 30-s recordings before ablation and R2 calculated to quantify spatial stability. Regions with the highest frequency were identified at increasing time durations and compared to the result over 30 s using Cohen's kappa. Properties of regions with the most stable patterns were assessed during sinus rhythm and extrastimulus pacing. RESULTS In 21 patients, 62 paired LA and RA maps were obtained. LIA was highly spatially stable with R2 between maps of 0.83 (0.71-0.88) compared to 0.39 (0.24-0.57), and 0.64 (0.54-0.73) for LRA and FF, respectively. LIA was most temporally stable with a kappa of >0.8 reached by 12 s. LRA showed greatest variability with kappa >0.8 only after 22 s. Regions of LIA were of normal voltage amplitude (1.09 mv) but showed increased conduction heterogeneity during extrastimulus pacing (p = .0480). CONCLUSION Irregular activation patterns characterized by changing wavefront direction are temporally and spatially stable in contrast with LRA that is transient with least spatial stability. Focal activation appears of intermediate stability. Regions of LIA show increased heterogeneity following extrastimulus pacing and may represent fixed anatomical substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tb Pope
- Department of Cardiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pawel Kuklik
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andre Briosa E Gala
- Department of Cardiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Milena Leo
- Department of Cardiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - John Paisey
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Timothy R Betts
- Department of Cardiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.,University of Oxford Biomedical Research Center, Oxford, UK
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16
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Van Nieuwenhuyse E, Martinez-Mateu L, Saiz J, Panfilov AV, Vandersickel N. Directed graph mapping exceeds phase mapping in discriminating true and false rotors detected with a basket catheter in a complex in-silico excitation pattern. Comput Biol Med 2021; 133:104381. [PMID: 33901713 PMCID: PMC8204274 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently encountered arrhythmia in clinical practise. One of the major problems in the management of AF is the difficulty in identifying the arrhythmia sources from clinical recordings. That difficulty occurs because it is currently impossible to verify algorithms which determine these sources in clinical data, as high resolution true excitation patterns cannot be recorded in patients. Therefore, alternative approaches, like computer modelling are of great interest. In a recent published study such an approach was applied for the verification of one of the most commonly used algorithms, phase mapping (PM). A meandering rotor was simulated in the right atrium and a basket catheter was placed at 3 different locations: at the Superior Vena Cava (SVC), the Crista Terminalis (CT) and at the Coronary Sinus (CS). It was shown that although PM can identify the true source, it also finds several false sources due to the far-field effects and interpolation errors in all three positions. In addition, the detection efficiency strongly depended on the basket location. Recently, a novel tool was developed to analyse any arrhythmia called Directed Graph Mapping (DGM). DGM is based on network theory and creates a directed graph of the excitation pattern, from which the location and the source of the arrhythmia can be detected. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to compare the efficiency of DGM with PM on the basket dataset of this meandering rotor. The DGM-tool was applied for a wide variety of conduction velocities (minimal and maximal), which are input parameters of DGM. Overall we found that DGM was able to distinguish between the true rotor and false rotors for both the SVC and CT basket positions. For example, for the SVC position with a CVmin=0.01cmms, DGM detected the true core with a prevalence of 82% versus 94% for PM. Three false rotors where detected for 39.16% (DGM) versus 100% (PM); 22.64% (DGM) versus 100% (PM); and 0% (DGM) versus 57% (PM). Increasing CVmin to 0.02cmms had a stronger effect on the false rotors than on the true rotor. This led to a detection rate of 56.6% for the true rotor, while all the other false rotors disappeared. A similar trend was observed for the CT position. For the CS position, DGM already had a low performance for the true rotor for CVmin=0.01cmms (14.7%). For CVmin=0.02cmms the false and the true rotors could therefore not be distinguished. We can conclude that DGM can overcome some of the limitations of PM by varying one of its input parameters (CVmin). The true rotor is less dependent on this parameter than the false rotors, which disappear at a CVmin=0.02cmms. In order to increase to detection rate of the true rotor, one can decrease CVmin and discard the new rotors which also appear at lower values of CVmin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Martinez-Mateu
- Departamento de Teoría de La Señal y Las Comunicaciones y Sistemas Telemáticos y Computación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Saiz
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación en Bioingeniería, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander V Panfilov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nele Vandersickel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Abad R, Collart O, Ganesan P, Rogers AJ, Alhusseini MI, Rodrigo M, Narayan SM, Rappel WJ. Three dimensional reconstruction to visualize atrial fibrillation activation patterns on curved atrial geometry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249873. [PMID: 33836026 PMCID: PMC8034734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rotational activation created by spiral waves may be a mechanism for atrial fibrillation (AF), yet it is unclear how activation patterns obtained from endocardial baskets are influenced by the 3D geometric curvature of the atrium or 'unfolding' into 2D maps. We develop algorithms that can visualize spiral waves and their tip locations on curved atrial geometries. We use these algorithms to quantify differences in AF maps and spiral tip locations between 3D basket reconstructions, projection onto 3D anatomical shells and unfolded 2D surfaces. METHODS We tested our algorithms in N = 20 patients in whom AF was recorded from 64-pole baskets (Abbott, CA). Phase maps were generated by non-proprietary software to identify the tips of spiral waves, indicated by phase singularities. The number and density of spiral tips were compared in patient-specific 3D shells constructed from the basket, as well as 3D maps from clinical electroanatomic mapping systems and 2D maps. RESULTS Patients (59.4±12.7 yrs, 60% M) showed 1.7±0.8 phase singularities/patient, in whom ablation terminated AF in 11/20 patients (55%). There was no difference in the location of phase singularities, between 3D curved surfaces and 2D unfolded surfaces, with a median correlation coefficient between phase singularity density maps of 0.985 (0.978-0.990). No significant impact was noted by phase singularities location in more curved regions or relative to the basket location (p>0.1). CONCLUSIONS AF maps and phase singularities mapped by endocardial baskets are qualitatively and quantitatively similar whether calculated by 3D phase maps on patient-specific curved atrial geometries or in 2D. Phase maps on patient-specific geometries may be easier to interpret relative to critical structures for ablation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Abad
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Orvil Collart
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanth Ganesan
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - A. J. Rogers
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mahmood I. Alhusseini
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Miguel Rodrigo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sanjiv M. Narayan
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMN); (WJR)
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMN); (WJR)
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18
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Avula UMR, Melki L, Kushner JS, Liang S, Wan EY. Theoretical Models and Computational Analysis of Action Potential Dispersion for Cardiac Arrhythmia Risk Stratification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:649489. [PMID: 33748198 PMCID: PMC7973016 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.649489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reentrant cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) are common cardiac arrhythmias that account for substantial morbidity and mortality throughout the world. However, the mechanisms and optimal ablation treatment strategies for such arrhythmias are still unclear. Using 2D optical mapping of a mouse model with AF and VF, we have identified regional heterogeneity of the action potential duration (APD) in the atria and ventricles of the heart as key drivers for the initiation and persistence of reentry. The purpose of this paper is to discuss theoretical patterns of dispersion, demonstrate patterns of dispersion seen in our mouse model and discuss the computational analysis of APD dispersion patterns. These analyses and discussions may lead to better understanding of dispersion patterns in patients with these arrhythmias, as well as help comprehend whether and how reducing dispersion can lead to arrhythmia risk stratification and treatment strategies for arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Mahesh R Avula
- Division of Nephrology, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Lea Melki
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jared S Kushner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephanie Liang
- Department of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Elaine Y Wan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Corrado C, Williams S, Roney C, Plank G, O'Neill M, Niederer S. Using machine learning to identify local cellular properties that support re-entrant activation in patient-specific models of atrial fibrillation. Europace 2021; 23:i12-i20. [PMID: 33437987 PMCID: PMC7943361 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atrial fibrillation (AF) is sustained by re-entrant activation patterns. Ablation strategies have been proposed that target regions of tissue that may support re-entrant activation patterns. We aimed to characterize the tissue properties associated with regions that tether re-entrant activation patterns in a validated virtual patient cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS Atrial fibrillation patient-specific models (seven paroxysmal and three persistent) were generated and validated against local activation time (LAT) measurements during an S1-S2 pacing protocol from the coronary sinus and high right atrium, respectively. Atrial models were stimulated with burst pacing from three locations in the proximity of each pulmonary vein to initiate re-entrant activation patterns. Five atria exhibited sustained activation patterns for at least 80 s. Models with short maximum action potential durations (APDs) were associated with sustained activation. Phase singularities were mapped across the atria sustained activation patterns. Regions with a low maximum conduction velocity (CV) were associated with tethering of phase singularities. A support vector machine (SVM) was trained on maximum local conduction velocity and action potential duration to identify regions that tether phase singularities. The SVM identified regions of tissue that could support tethering with 91% accuracy. This accuracy increased to 95% when the SVM was also trained on surface area. CONCLUSION In a virtual patient cohort, local tissue properties, that can be measured (CV) or estimated (APD; using effective refractory period as a surrogate) clinically, identified regions of tissue that tether phase singularities. Combing CV and APD with atrial surface area further improved the accuracy in identifying regions that tether phase singularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Corrado
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th floor North Wing St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE17EH, UK
| | - Steven Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th floor North Wing St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE17EH, UK
| | - Caroline Roney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th floor North Wing St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE17EH, UK
| | - Gernot Plank
- Division of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mark O'Neill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th floor North Wing St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE17EH, UK
| | - Steven Niederer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 4th floor North Wing St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE17EH, UK
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20
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Williams SE, Roney CH, Connolly A, Sim I, Whitaker J, O’Hare D, Kotadia I, O’Neill L, Corrado C, Bishop M, Niederer SA, Wright M, O’Neill M, Linton NWF. OpenEP: A Cross-Platform Electroanatomic Mapping Data Format and Analysis Platform for Electrophysiology Research. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646023. [PMID: 33716795 PMCID: PMC7952326 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroanatomic mapping systems are used to support electrophysiology research. Data exported from these systems is stored in proprietary formats which are challenging to access and storage-space inefficient. No previous work has made available an open-source platform for parsing and interrogating this data in a standardized format. We therefore sought to develop a standardized, open-source data structure and associated computer code to store electroanatomic mapping data in a space-efficient and easily accessible manner. METHODS A data structure was defined capturing the available anatomic and electrical data. OpenEP, implemented in MATLAB, was developed to parse and interrogate this data. Functions are provided for analysis of chamber geometry, activation mapping, conduction velocity mapping, voltage mapping, ablation sites, and electrograms as well as visualization and input/output functions. Performance benchmarking for data import and storage was performed. Data import and analysis validation was performed for chamber geometry, activation mapping, voltage mapping and ablation representation. Finally, systematic analysis of electrophysiology literature was performed to determine the suitability of OpenEP for contemporary electrophysiology research. RESULTS The average time to parse clinical datasets was 400 ± 162 s per patient. OpenEP data was two orders of magnitude smaller than compressed clinical data (OpenEP: 20.5 ± 8.7 Mb, vs clinical: 1.46 ± 0.77 Gb). OpenEP-derived geometry metrics were correlated with the same clinical metrics (Area: R 2 = 0.7726, P < 0.0001; Volume: R 2 = 0.5179, P < 0.0001). Investigating the cause of systematic bias in these correlations revealed OpenEP to outperform the clinical platform in recovering accurate values. Both activation and voltage mapping data created with OpenEP were correlated with clinical values (mean voltage R 2 = 0.8708, P < 0.001; local activation time R 2 = 0.8892, P < 0.0001). OpenEP provides the processing necessary for 87 of 92 qualitatively assessed analysis techniques (95%) and 119 of 136 quantitatively assessed analysis techniques (88%) in a contemporary cohort of mapping studies. CONCLUSIONS We present the OpenEP framework for evaluating electroanatomic mapping data. OpenEP provides the core functionality necessary to conduct electroanatomic mapping research. We demonstrate that OpenEP is both space-efficient and accurately representative of the original data. We show that OpenEP captures the majority of data required for contemporary electroanatomic mapping-based electrophysiology research and propose a roadmap for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E. Williams
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Connolly
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Invicro, Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Sim
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matt Wright
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O’Neill
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Dharmaprani D, Jenkins E, Aguilar M, Quah JX, Lahiri A, Tiver K, Mitchell L, Kuklik P, Meyer C, Willems S, Clayton R, Nash M, Nattel S, McGavigan AD, Ganesan AN. M/M/Infinity Birth-Death Processes - A Quantitative Representational Framework to Summarize and Explain Phase Singularity and Wavelet Dynamics in Atrial Fibrillation. Front Physiol 2021; 11:616866. [PMID: 33519522 PMCID: PMC7841497 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.616866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale A quantitative framework to summarize and explain the quasi-stationary population dynamics of unstable phase singularities (PS) and wavelets in human atrial fibrillation (AF) is at present lacking. Building on recent evidence showing that the formation and destruction of PS and wavelets in AF can be represented as renewal processes, we sought to establish such a quantitative framework, which could also potentially provide insight into the mechanisms of spontaneous AF termination. Objectives Here, we hypothesized that the observed number of PS or wavelets in AF could be governed by a common set of renewal rate constants λ f (for PS or wavelet formation) and λ d (PS or wavelet destruction), with steady-state population dynamics modeled as an M/M/∞ birth-death process. We further hypothesized that changes to the M/M/∞ birth-death matrix would explain spontaneous AF termination. Methods and Results AF was studied in in a multimodality, multispecies study in humans, animal experimental models (rats and sheep) and Ramirez-Nattel-Courtemanche model computer simulations. We demonstrated: (i) that λ f and λ d can be combined in a Markov M/M/∞ process to accurately model the observed average number and population distribution of PS and wavelets in all systems at different scales of mapping; and (ii) that slowing of the rate constants λ f and λ d is associated with slower mixing rates of the M/M/∞ birth-death matrix, providing an explanation for spontaneous AF termination. Conclusion M/M/∞ birth-death processes provide an accurate quantitative representational architecture to characterize PS and wavelet population dynamics in AF, by providing governing equations to understand the regeneration of PS and wavelets during sustained AF, as well as providing insight into the mechanism of spontaneous AF termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Evan Jenkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Martin Aguilar
- The Research Center, Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jing X Quah
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Anandaroop Lahiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kathryn Tiver
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Lewis Mitchell
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Richard Clayton
- Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Nash
- Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stanley Nattel
- The Research Center, Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew D McGavigan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Anand N Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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22
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Overdrive pacing of spiral waves in a model of human ventricular tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20632. [PMID: 33244010 PMCID: PMC7691998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-voltage electrical defibrillation remains the only reliable method of quickly controlling life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. This paper is devoted to studying an alternative approach, low-voltage cardioversion (LVC), which is based on ideas from non-linear dynamics and aims to remove sources of cardiac arrhythmias by applying high-frequency stimulation to cardiac tissue. We perform a detailed in-silico study of the elimination of arrhythmias caused by rotating spiral waves in a TP06 model of human cardiac tissue. We consider three parameter sets with slopes of the APD restitution curve of 0.7, 1.1 and 1.4, and we study LVC at the baseline and under the blocking of INa and ICaL and under the application of the drugs verapamil and amiodarone. We show that pacing can remove spiral waves; however, its efficiency can be substantially reduced by dynamic instabilities. We classify these instabilities and show that the blocking of INa and the application of amiodarone increase the efficiency of the method, while the blocking of ICaL and the application of verapamil decrease the efficiency. We discuss the mechanisms and the possible clinical applications resulting from our study.
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23
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Nayyar S, Ha ACT, Timmerman N, Suszko A, Ragot D, Chauhan VS. Focal and pseudo/rotational activations in human atrial fibrillation defined with automated periodicity mapping. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 32:212-223. [PMID: 33179399 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Defining atrial fibrillation (AF) wave propagation is challenging unless local signal features are discrete or periodic. Periodic focal or rotational activity may identify AF drivers. Our objective was to characterize AF propagation at sites with periodic activation to evaluate the prevalence and relationship between focal and rotational activation. METHODS We included 80 patients (61 ± 10 years, persistent AF 49%) from the FaST randomized trial that compared the efficacy of adjunctive focal site ablation versus pulmonary vein isolation. Patients underwent left atrial (LA) activation mapping with a 20-pole circular catheter during spontaneous or induced AF. Five-second bipolar and unipolar electrograms in AF were analyzed. Periodic sites were identified by spectral analysis of the bipolar electrogram. Activation maps of periodic sites were constructed using an automated, validated tracking algorithm, and classified into three patterns: focal sites (FS), rotation (RO), or pseudo-rotation (pRO). RESULTS The most common propagation pattern at periodic sites was FS for 5-s in all patients (4.9 ± 1.9 per patient). RO and pRO were observed in two and seven patients, respectively, but were all transient (3-5 cycles). Activation from a FS evolved into transient RO/pRO in five patients. No patient had autonomous RO/pRO activations. Patients with RO/pRO had greater LA surface area with periodicity (78 ± 7 vs. 63 ± 16%, p = .0002) and shorter LA periodicity CL (166 ± 10 vs. 190±28 ms, p = .0001) than the rest. CONCLUSION Using automated, regional AF periodicity mapping, FS is more prevalent and temporally stable than RO/pRO. Most RO/pRO evolve from neighboring FS. These findings and their implications for AF maintenance require verification with global, panoramic mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Nayyar
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew C T Ha
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas Timmerman
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adrian Suszko
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Don Ragot
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vijay S Chauhan
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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24
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Quah J, Dharmaprani D, Lahiri A, Schopp M, Mitchell L, Selvanayagam JB, Perry R, Chahadi F, Tung M, Ahmad W, Stoyanov N, Joseph MX, Singleton C, McGavigan AD, Ganesan AN. Prospective cross-sectional study using Poisson renewal theory to study phase singularity formation and destruction rates in atrial fibrillation (RENEWAL-AF): Study design. J Arrhythm 2020; 36:660-667. [PMID: 32782637 PMCID: PMC7411212 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unstable functional reentrant circuits known as rotors have been consistently observed in atrial fibrillation and are mechanistically believed critical to the maintenance of the arrhythmia. Recently, using a Poisson renewal theory-based quantitative framework, we have demonstrated that rotor formation (λf) and destruction rates (λd) can be measured using in vivo electrophysiologic data. However, the association of λf and λd with clinical, electrical, and structural markers of atrial fibrillation phenotype is unknown. METHODS RENEWAL-AF is a multicenter prospective cross-sectional study recruiting adult patients with paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation undergoing clinically indicated catheter ablation. Patients will undergo intraprocedural electrophysiologic atrial fibrillation mapping, with λf and λd to be determined from 2-minute unipolar electrogram recordings acquired before ablation. The primary objective will be to determine the association of λf and λd as markers of fibrillatory dynamics with clinical, electrical, and structural markers of atrial fibrillation clinical phenotype, measured by preablation transthoracic echocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. An exploratory objective is the noninvasive assessment of λf and λd using surface ECG characteristics via a machine learning approach. RESULTS Not applicable. CONCLUSION This pilot study will provide insight into the correlation between λf/λd with clinical, electrophysiological, and structural markers of atrial fibrillation phenotype and provide a foundation for the development of noninvasive assessment of λf/λd using surface ECG characteristics will help expand the use of λf/λd in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Quah
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Anandaroop Lahiri
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Madeline Schopp
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Lewis Mitchell
- School of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Joseph B. Selvanayagam
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Rebecca Perry
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Fahd Chahadi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Matthew Tung
- Sunshine Coast University HospitalBirtinyaQldAustralia
| | | | | | - Majo X. Joseph
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Cameron Singleton
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Andrew D. McGavigan
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Anand N. Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineFlinders Medical CentreAdelaideSAAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSAAustralia
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25
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Callegari S, Macchi E, Monaco R, Magnani L, Tafuni A, Croci S, Nicastro M, Garrapa V, Banchini A, Becchi G, Corradini E, Goldoni M, Rocchio F, Sala R, Benussi S, Ferrara D, Alfieri O, Corradi D. Clinicopathological Bird's-Eye View of Left Atrial Myocardial Fibrosis in 121 Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Developing Architecture and Main Cellular Players. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2020; 13:e007588. [PMID: 32538131 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific research on atrial fibrosis in atrial fibrillation (AF) has mainly focused on quantitative or molecular features. The purpose of this study was to perform a clinicoarchitectural/structural investigation of fibrosis to provide one key to understanding the electrophysiological/clinical aspects of AF. METHODS We characterized the fibrosis (amount, architecture, cellular components, and ultrastructure) in left atrial biopsies from 121 patients with persistent/long-lasting persistent AF (group 1; 59 males; 60±11 years; 91 mitral disease-related AF, 30 nonmitral disease-related AF) and from 39 patients in sinus rhythm with mitral valve regurgitation (group 2; 32 males; 59±12 years). Ten autopsy hearts served as controls. RESULTS Qualitatively, the fibrosis exhibited the same characteristics in all cases and displayed particular architectural scenarios (which we arbitrarily subdivided into 4 stages) ranging from isolated foci to confluent sclerotic areas. The percentage of fibrosis was larger and at a more advanced stage in group 1 versus group 2 and, within group 1, in patients with rheumatic disease versus nonrheumatic cases. In patients with AF with mitral disease and no rheumatic disease, the percentage of fibrosis and the fibrosis stages correlated with both left atrial volume index and AF duration. The fibrotic areas mainly consisted of type I collagen with only a minor cellular component (especially fibroblasts/myofibroblasts; average value range 69-150 cells/mm2, depending on the areas in AF biopsies). A few fibrocytes-circulating and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells-were also detectable. The fibrosis-entrapped cardiomyocytes showed sarcolemmal damage and connexin 43 redistribution/internalization. CONCLUSIONS Atrial fibrosis is an evolving and inhomogeneous histological/architectural change that progresses through different stages ranging from isolated foci to confluent sclerotic zones which-seemingly-constrain impulse conduction across restricted regions of electrotonically coupled cardiomyocytes. The fibrotic areas mainly consist of type I collagen extracellular matrix and, only to a lesser extent, mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Callegari
- Center of Excellence for Toxicological Research (CERT) (S.C.), University of Parma, Italy
| | - Emilio Macchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (E.M., L.M., V.G.), University of Parma, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Monaco
- Pathology Unit (R.M., A.T., G.B., E.C., D.C.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Magnani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (E.M., L.M., V.G.), University of Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tafuni
- Pathology Unit (R.M., A.T., G.B., E.C., D.C.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Croci
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy & Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda Unità, Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy (S.C., M.N.)
| | - Maria Nicastro
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy & Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda Unità, Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy (S.C., M.N.)
| | - Valentina Garrapa
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (E.M., L.M., V.G.), University of Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Banchini
- Forensic Medicine Unit (A.B.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Becchi
- Pathology Unit (R.M., A.T., G.B., E.C., D.C.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Emilia Corradini
- Pathology Unit (R.M., A.T., G.B., E.C., D.C.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Goldoni
- Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology (M.G.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Rocchio
- International Centre for T1D, Paediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Department of Biomedical & Clinical Science, Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Italy (F.R.)
| | - Roberto Sala
- General Pathology Unit (R.S.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - David Ferrara
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiology, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy (D.F., O.A.)
| | - Ottavio Alfieri
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiology, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy (D.F., O.A.)
| | - Domenico Corradi
- Pathology Unit (R.M., A.T., G.B., E.C., D.C.), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
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26
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Roney CH, Wit AL, Peters NS. Challenges Associated with Interpreting Mechanisms of AF. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2020; 8:273-284. [PMID: 32685158 PMCID: PMC7358959 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2019.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining optimal treatment strategies for complex arrhythmogenesis in AF is confounded by the lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms causing AF. Studies report different mechanisms for AF, ranging from hierarchical drivers to anarchical multiple activation wavelets. Differences in the assessment of AF mechanisms are likely due to AF being recorded across diverse models using different investigational tools, spatial scales and clinical populations. The authors review different AF mechanisms, including anatomical and functional re-entry, hierarchical drivers and anarchical multiple wavelets. They then describe different cardiac mapping techniques and analysis tools, including activation mapping, phase mapping and fibrosis identification. They explain and review different data challenges, including differences between recording devices in spatial and temporal resolutions, spatial coverage and recording surface, and report clinical outcomes using different data modalities. They suggest future research directions for investigating the mechanisms underlying human AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Roney
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew L Wit
- Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, US
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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27
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Focal source and trigger mapping in atrial fibrillation: Randomized controlled trial evaluating a novel adjunctive ablation strategy. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17:683-691. [PMID: 31991116 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative mapping has demonstrated focal activations during human atrial fibrillation (AF). These putative AF sources can manifest sustained periodic bipolar and unipolar QS electrograms (EGMs). We have automated the detection of these EGM features using our validated Focal Source and Trigger (FaST) computational algorithm. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to conduct a randomized controlled pilot evaluating the feasibility and efficacy of FaST mapping/ablation as an adjunct to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in reducing AF recurrence. METHODS We randomized 80 patients with high-burden paroxysmal or persistent AF (age 61 ± 10 years; 75% male) to PVI alone (n = 41) or PVI+FaST mapping/ablation (n = 39). The primary endpoint was time to AF recurrence >30 seconds between 3 and 12 months after 1 procedure. RESULTS FaST sites were identified in all but 1 patient and were localized to pulmonary vein (PV) (2.1 ± 1.1 per patient) and extra-PV regions (2.8 ± 1.4 per patient). FaST mapping and ablation times were 27 ± 9 minutes and 8.5 ± 5 minutes, respectively. Patients with AF termination during ablation had greater AF cycle length prolongation with PVI+FaST than PVI (Δ20 ± 14 ms vs Δ5 ± 17 ms; P = .046). Freedom from AF recurrence at 12 months was higher in PVI+FaST vs PVI for patients off antiarrhythmic drugs (74% vs 51%; hazard ratio 0.48; 95% confidence interval 0.21-1.08; P = .064) but did not quite reach statistical significance. Major adverse events were similar between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION In this randomized controlled pilot, real-time FaST mapping provided an intuitive, automated approach for localizing focal AF sources. FaST ablation as an adjunct to PVI may reduce AF recurrence, which requires verification with a larger multicenter trial.
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28
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Dharmaprani D, Schopp M, Kuklik P, Chapman D, Lahiri A, Dykes L, Xiong F, Aguilar M, Strauss B, Mitchell L, Pope K, Meyer C, Willems S, Akar FG, Nattel S, McGavigan AD, Ganesan AN. Renewal Theory as a Universal Quantitative Framework to Characterize Phase Singularity Regeneration in Mammalian Cardiac Fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12:e007569. [PMID: 31813270 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a century of research, no clear quantitative framework exists to model the fundamental processes responsible for the continuous formation and destruction of phase singularities (PS) in cardiac fibrillation. We hypothesized PS formation/destruction in fibrillation could be modeled as self-regenerating Poisson renewal processes, producing exponential distributions of interevent times governed by constant rate parameters defined by the prevailing properties of each system. METHODS PS formation/destruction were studied in 5 systems: (1) human persistent atrial fibrillation (n=20), (2) tachypaced sheep atrial fibrillation (n=5), (3) rat atrial fibrillation (n=4), (5) rat ventricular fibrillation (n=11), and (5) computer-simulated fibrillation. PS time-to-event data were fitted by exponential probability distribution functions computed using maximum entropy theory, and rates of PS formation and destruction (λf/λd) determined. A systematic review was conducted to cross-validate with source data from literature. RESULTS In all systems, PS lifetime and interformation times were consistent with underlying Poisson renewal processes (human: λf, 4.2%/ms±1.1 [95% CI, 4.0-5.0], λd, 4.6%/ms±1.5 [95% CI, 4.3-4.9]; sheep: λf, 4.4%/ms [95% CI, 4.1-4.7], λd, 4.6%/ms±1.4 [95% CI, 4.3-4.8]; rat atrial fibrillation: λf, 33%/ms±8.8 [95% CI, 11-55], λd, 38%/ms [95% CI, 22-55]; rat ventricular fibrillation: λf, 38%/ms±24 [95% CI, 22-55], λf, 46%/ms±21 [95% CI, 31-60]; simulated fibrillation λd, 6.6-8.97%/ms [95% CI, 4.1-6.7]; R2≥0.90 in all cases). All PS distributions identified through systematic review were also consistent with an underlying Poisson renewal process. CONCLUSIONS Poisson renewal theory provides an evolutionarily preserved universal framework to quantify formation and destruction of rotational events in cardiac fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health (D.D., D.C., A.D.M., A.N.G.), Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering (D.D., M.S., K.P.), Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Madeline Schopp
- College of Science and Engineering (D.D., M.S., K.P.), Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pawel Kuklik
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St Georg (P.K., C.M.)
| | - Darius Chapman
- College of Medicine and Public Health (D.D., D.C., A.D.M., A.N.G.), Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anandaroop Lahiri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (A.L., L.D., A.D.M., A.N.G.)
| | - Lukah Dykes
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (A.L., L.D., A.D.M., A.N.G.)
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Canada (F.X., M.A., S.N.)
| | - Martin Aguilar
- Department of Medicine, Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Canada (F.X., M.A., S.N.)
| | | | - Lewis Mitchell
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia (L.M.)
| | - Kenneth Pope
- College of Science and Engineering (D.D., M.S., K.P.), Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christian Meyer
- Department of Cardiology, Asklepios Clinic St Georg (P.K., C.M.)
| | - Stephan Willems
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Hamburg, Germany (S.W.)
| | - Fadi G Akar
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY (B.S., F.G.A.)
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine, Montréal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Canada (F.X., M.A., S.N.)
| | - Andrew D McGavigan
- College of Medicine and Public Health (D.D., D.C., A.D.M., A.N.G.), Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (A.L., L.D., A.D.M., A.N.G.)
| | - Anand N Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health (D.D., D.C., A.D.M., A.N.G.), Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia (A.L., L.D., A.D.M., A.N.G.)
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29
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Ganesan AN, Dharmaprani D, McGavigan AD. Letter by Ganesan et al Regarding Article, "Wavefront Field Mapping Reveals a Physiologic Network Between Drivers Where Ablation Terminates Atrial Fibrillation". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2019; 12:e007930. [PMID: 31726859 DOI: 10.1161/circep.119.007930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand N Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health (A.N.G., D.D., A.D.M.), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia (A.N.G., A.D.M.)
| | - Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health (A.N.G., D.D., A.D.M.), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering (D.D.), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew D McGavigan
- College of Medicine and Public Health (A.N.G., D.D., A.D.M.), Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia (A.N.G., A.D.M.)
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30
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Roney CH, Bishop MJ. Preventing recurrence through analysing recurrence. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30:2239-2241. [PMID: 31507011 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H Roney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Aronis KN, Ali RL, Liang JA, Zhou S, Trayanova NA. Understanding AF Mechanisms Through Computational Modelling and Simulations. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2019; 8:210-219. [PMID: 31463059 PMCID: PMC6702471 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2019.28.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AF is a progressive disease of the atria, involving complex mechanisms related to its initiation, maintenance and progression. Computational modelling provides a framework for integration of experimental and clinical findings, and has emerged as an essential part of mechanistic research in AF. The authors summarise recent advancements in development of multi-scale AF models and focus on the mechanistic links between alternations in atrial structure and electrophysiology with AF. Key AF mechanisms that have been explored using atrial modelling are pulmonary vein ectopy; atrial fibrosis and fibrosis distribution; atrial wall thickness heterogeneity; atrial adipose tissue infiltration; development of repolarisation alternans; cardiac ion channel mutations; and atrial stretch with mechano-electrical feedback. They review modelling approaches that capture variability at the cohort level and provide cohort-specific mechanistic insights. The authors conclude with a summary of future perspectives, as envisioned for the contributions of atrial modelling in the mechanistic understanding of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Aronis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, US
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins HospitalBaltimore, MD, US
| | - Rheeda L Ali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, US
| | - Jialiu A Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, US
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, US
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, MD, US
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Dharmaprani D, McGavigan AD, Chapman D, Kutlieh R, Thanigaimani S, Dykes L, Kalman J, Sanders P, Pope K, Kuklik P, Ganesan AN. Temporal stability and specificity of high bipolar electrogram entropy regions in sustained atrial fibrillation: Implications for mapping. J Electrocardiol 2018; 53:18-27. [PMID: 30580097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential utility of entropy (En) for atrial fibrillation (AF) mapping has been demonstrated in previous studies by multiple groups, where an association between high bipolar electrogram (EGM) entropy and the pivot of rotors has been shown. Though En is potentially attractive new approach to ablation, no studies have examined its temporal stability and specificity, which are critical to the application of entropy to clinical ablation. In the current study, we sought to objectively measure the temporal stability and specificity of bipolar EGM entropy in medium to long term recordings using three studies: i) a human basket catheter AF study, ii) a tachypaced sheep AF study and iii) a computer simulation study. OBJECTIVE To characterize the temporal dynamics and specificity of Approximate, Sample and Shannon entropy (ApEn/SampEn/ShEn) in human (H), sheep (S), and computer simulated AF. METHODS 64-electrode basket bi-atria sustained AF recordings (H:15 min; S:40 min) were separated into 5 s segments. ShEn/ApEn/SampEn were computed, and co-registered with NavX 3D maps. Temporal stability was determined in terms of: (i) global pattern stability of En and (ii) the relative stability the top 10% of En regions. To provide mechanistic insights into underlying mechanisms, stability characteristics were compared to models depicting various propagation patterns. To verify these results, cross-validation was performed across multiple En algorithms, across species, and compared with dominant frequency (DF) temporal characteristics. The specificity of En was also determined by looking at the association of En to rotors and areas of wave cross propagation. RESULTS Episodes of AF were analysed (H:26 epochs, 6040 s; S:15 epochs, 14,160 s). The global pattern of En was temporally unstable (CV- H:13.42% ± 4.58%; S:14.13% ± 8.13%; Friedman- H: p > 0.001; S: p > 0.001). However, within this dynamic flux, the top 10% of ApEn/SampEn/ShEn regions were relatively temporally stable (Kappa >0.6) whilst the top 10% of DF regions were unstable (Kappa <0.06). In simulated AF scenarios, the experimental data were optimally reproduced in the context of an AF pattern with stable rotating waves surrounded by wavelet breakup (Kappa: 0.610; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION En shows global temporal instability, however within this dynamic flux, the top 10% regions exhibited relative temporal stability. This suggests that high En regions may be an appealing ablation target. Despite this, high En was associated with not just the pivot of rotors but also with areas of cross propagation, which suggests the need for future work before clinical application is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhani Dharmaprani
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew D McGavigan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | | | - Shivshankar Thanigaimani
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lukah Dykes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Prashanthan Sanders
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kenneth Pope
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pawel Kuklik
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anand N Ganesan
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Piccini JP, Calkins H. Catheter ablation of rotational activity in atrial fibrillation: A barren oasis? Am Heart J 2018; 205:142-144. [PMID: 30219196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Piccini
- Duke Center for Atrial Fibrillation, Duke Clinical Research Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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Handa BS, Roney CH, Houston C, Qureshi NA, Li X, Pitcher DS, Chowdhury RA, Lim PB, Dupont E, Niederer SA, Cantwell CD, Peters NS, Ng FS. Analytical approaches for myocardial fibrillation signals. Comput Biol Med 2018; 102:315-326. [PMID: 30025847 PMCID: PMC6215772 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atrial and ventricular fibrillation are complex arrhythmias, and their underlying mechanisms remain widely debated and incompletely understood. This is partly because the electrical signals recorded during myocardial fibrillation are themselves complex and difficult to interpret with simple analytical tools. There are currently a number of analytical approaches to handle fibrillation data. Some of these techniques focus on mapping putative drivers of myocardial fibrillation, such as dominant frequency, organizational index, Shannon entropy and phase mapping. Other techniques focus on mapping the underlying myocardial substrate sustaining fibrillation, such as voltage mapping and complex fractionated electrogram mapping. In this review, we discuss these techniques, their application and their limitations, with reference to our experimental and clinical data. We also describe novel tools including a new algorithm to map microreentrant circuits sustaining fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvinder S Handa
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H Roney
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Bioengineering, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Houston
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman A Qureshi
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Xinyang Li
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - David S Pitcher
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rasheda A Chowdhury
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Phang Boon Lim
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Dupont
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Niederer
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Bioengineering, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris D Cantwell
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Fu Siong Ng
- ElectroCardioMaths, Imperial Centre for Cardiac Engineering, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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