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Liu Y, Wang Y, Huang G, Wu S, Liu X, Chen S, Luo P, Liu C, Zuo X. The role of leukocytes in myeloproliferative neoplasm thromboinflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1020-1028. [PMID: 38527797 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Classic myeloproliferative neoplasms lacking the Philadelphia chromosome are stem cell disorders characterized by the proliferation of myeloid cells in the bone marrow and increased counts of peripheral blood cells. The occurrence of thrombotic events is a common complication in myeloproliferative neoplasms. The heightened levels of cytokines play a substantial role in the morbidity and mortality of these patients, establishing a persistent proinflammatory condition that culminates in thrombosis. The etiology of thrombosis remains intricate and multifaceted, involving blood cells and endothelial dysfunction, the inflammatory state, and the coagulation cascade, leading to hypercoagulability. Leukocytes play a pivotal role in the thromboinflammatory process of myeloproliferative neoplasms by releasing various proinflammatory and prothrombotic factors as well as interacting with other cells, which contributes to the amplification of the clotting cascade and subsequent thrombosis. The correlation between increased leukocyte counts and thrombotic risk has been established. However, there is a need for an accurate biomarker to assess leukocyte activation. Lastly, tailored treatments to address the thrombotic risk in myeloproliferative neoplasms are needed. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the potential mechanisms of leukocyte involvement in myeloproliferative neoplasm thromboinflammation, propose potential biomarkers for leukocyte activation, and discuss promising treatment options for controlling myeloproliferative neoplasm thromboinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, East Lake Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, Department of Pathology & Laboratory, Medicine UT Health San Antonio, Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Sanyun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, East Lake Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, East Lake Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Ping Luo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, East Lake Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, East Lake Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuelan Zuo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169, East Lake Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, China
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2
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Nicolai L, Pekayvaz K, Massberg S. Platelets: Orchestrators of immunity in host defense and beyond. Immunity 2024; 57:957-972. [PMID: 38749398 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Platelets prevent blood loss during vascular injury and contribute to thrombus formation in cardiovascular disease. Beyond these classical roles, platelets are critical for the host immune response. They guard the vasculature against pathogens via specialized receptors, intracellular signaling cascades, and effector functions. Platelets also skew inflammatory responses by instructing innate immune cells, support adaptive immunosurveillance, and influence antibody production and T cell polarization. Concomitantly, platelets contribute to tissue reconstitution and maintain vascular function after inflammatory challenges. However, dysregulated activation of these multitalented cells exacerbates immunopathology with ensuing microvascular clotting, excessive inflammation, and elevated risk of macrovascular thrombosis. This dichotomy underscores the critical importance of precisely defining and potentially modulating platelet function in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Nicolai
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kami Pekayvaz
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, University Hospital Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Williams B, Zou L, Pittet JF, Chao W. Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management Strategies. Anesth Analg 2024; 138:696-711. [PMID: 38324297 PMCID: PMC10916756 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000006888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Physiological hemostasis is a balance between pro- and anticoagulant pathways, and in sepsis, this equilibrium is disturbed, resulting in systemic thrombin generation, impaired anticoagulant activity, and suppression of fibrinolysis, a condition termed sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC). SIC is a common complication, being present in 24% of patients with sepsis and 66% of patients with septic shock, and is often associated with poor clinical outcomes and high mortality. 1 , 2 Recent preclinical and clinical studies have generated new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of SIC. In this article, we analyze the complex pathophysiology of SIC with a focus on the role of procoagulant innate immune signaling in hemostatic activation--tissue factor production, thrombin generation, endotheliopathy, and impaired antithrombotic functions. We also review clinical presentations of SIC, the diagnostic scoring system and laboratory tests, the current standard of care, and clinical trials evaluating the efficacies of anticoagulant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Williams
- From the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lin Zou
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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4
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Chen WA, Boskovic DS. Neutrophil Extracellular DNA Traps in Response to Infection or Inflammation, and the Roles of Platelet Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3025. [PMID: 38474270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25053025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils present the host's first line of defense against bacterial infections. These immune effector cells are mobilized rapidly to destroy invading pathogens by (a) reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative bursts and (b) via phagocytosis. In addition, their antimicrobial service is capped via a distinct cell death mechanism, by the release of their own decondensed nuclear DNA, supplemented with a variety of embedded proteins and enzymes. The extracellular DNA meshwork ensnares the pathogenic bacteria and neutralizes them. Such neutrophil extracellular DNA traps (NETs) have the potential to trigger a hemostatic response to pathogenic infections. The web-like chromatin serves as a prothrombotic scaffold for platelet adhesion and activation. What is less obvious is that platelets can also be involved during the initial release of NETs, forming heterotypic interactions with neutrophils and facilitating their responses to pathogens. Together, the platelet and neutrophil responses can effectively localize an infection until it is cleared. However, not all microbial infections are easily cleared. Certain pathogenic organisms may trigger dysregulated platelet-neutrophil interactions, with a potential to subsequently propagate thromboinflammatory processes. These may also include the release of some NETs. Therefore, in order to make rational intervention easier, further elucidation of platelet, neutrophil, and pathogen interactions is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Otani K, Aoyama T, Maezawa Y, Hashimoto I, Kamiya N, Kato A, Numata M, Kawahara S, Tamagawa A, Nakazono M, Tamagawa H, Segami K, Kazama K, Sawazaki S, Yukawa N, Saito A, Rino Y. The Clinical Benefit of the Modified Neutrophil-Platelet Score as a Surrogate Prognostic Marker in Patients With Resectable Gastric Cancer. In Vivo 2024; 38:897-903. [PMID: 38418135 PMCID: PMC10905457 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Gastric cancer is a common cause of cancer death worldwide, especially in East Asia. This study evaluated the impact of preoperative modified Neutrophil-Platelet Score (mNPS) on the survival and recurrence of patients with resectable gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study analyzed 168 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy and subsequently received adjuvant treatment for gastric cancer between 2015 and 2021. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS). RESULTS Patients were divided into two groups: 76 patients with an mNPS of 0 were classified into the low-mNPS group, whereas 92 patients with an mNPS of ≥1 were classified into the high-mNPS group. The 3- and 5-year OS rates in the low-mNPS group were 65.6% and 56.2%, respectively, and those in the high-mNPS group were 45.3% and 36.9%, respectively. The difference in OS between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.007). The 3- and 5-year RFS rates in the low-mNPS group were 45.6% and 38.7%, respectively, whereas those in the high-mNPS group were 33.4% and 28.1%, respectively. The difference in RFS between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.043). A multivariate analysis showed that the mNPS was a significant independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS. CONCLUSION mNPS is a potential prognostic marker for patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy. Higher mNPS values were associated with lower 3- and 5-year OS and RFS rates, indicating a potential correlation between elevated mNPS and worse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Otani
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toru Aoyama
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukio Maezawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Itaru Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kamiya
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aya Kato
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Numata
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Tamagawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masato Nakazono
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamagawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenki Segami
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kazama
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sho Sawazaki
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Norio Yukawa
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aya Saito
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Rino
- Department of Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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6
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Nie G, Zhang H, Xie D, Yan J, Li X. Liver cirrhosis and complications from the perspective of dysbiosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 10:1320015. [PMID: 38293307 PMCID: PMC10824916 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1320015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut-liver axis refers to the intimate relationship and rigorous interaction between the gut and the liver. The intestinal barrier's integrity is critical for maintaining liver homeostasis. The liver operates as a second firewall in this interaction, limiting the movement of potentially dangerous compounds from the gut and, as a result, contributing in barrier management. An increasing amount of evidence shows that increased intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation play a role in liver damage development. The major pathogenic causes in cirrhotic individuals include poor intestinal permeability, nutrition, and intestinal flora dysbiosis. Portal hypertension promotes intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in advanced liver disease, increasing liver damage. Bacterial dysbiosis is closely related to the development of cirrhosis and its related complications. This article describes the potential mechanisms of dysbiosis in liver cirrhosis and related complications, such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, portal vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma, using dysbiosis of the intestinal flora as an entry point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guole Nie
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Honglong Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Danna Xie
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cancer Prevention and Control Center of Lanzhou University Medical School, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Clinical Medical Research Center of General Surgery, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xun Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cancer Prevention and Control Center of Lanzhou University Medical School, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Clinical Medical Research Center of General Surgery, Lanzhou, China
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7
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Abdelghani E, Agarwal S, Stanek J, Sankar A, Kerlin BA, Rodriguez V. Pediatric arterial thrombosis: A single-institution cohort study of patient characteristics and thrombosis outcomes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e30756. [PMID: 37902500 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arterial thrombosis (AT) is an increasingly recognized complication in pediatrics. Consensus clinical practice guidelines suggest immediate removal of the indwelling arterial catheter and a short course (5-7 days) of anticoagulation. The optimal duration and modality of antithrombotic therapy in children are yet to be determined. AIMS Describe treatment patterns and outcomes in pediatric patients with AT and explore predictors for complete thrombus resolution or long-term complications. METHODS Single-institution retrospective study. Patients were identified by ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes for the diagnosis of AT or reports of AT on ultrasound from January 1, 2012, to October 1, 2022. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS 101 patients were included. The median age was 2.2 months. The most common underlying diagnoses were congenital heart disease (39.6%) and infection (22.8%). A majority of patients had symptomatic thrombosis in an extremity, and 78% were catheter-associated. 81% of patients received anticoagulation with a median duration of 35 days. Out of the 70 patients who were treated with anticoagulation alone and had a follow-up imaging, 70% had complete resolution after 90 days of anticoagulation. No clear predictors of complete resolution were identified. Eighteen patients had long-term sequelae secondary to arterial insufficiency. Those with infection-associated AT were more likely to have long-term complications. The major and clinically relevant non-major bleeding rate was 11%. CONCLUSION Duration of anticoagulation was widely variable, and 70% of patients achieved complete resolution by 90 days of anticoagulation. A significant proportion of patients developed long-term sequelae secondary to arterial insufficiency. Sepsis/infection at the time of diagnosis with AT was more likely to be associated with long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abdelghani
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph Stanek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Sankar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bryce A Kerlin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vilmarie Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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8
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Carestia A, Godin LC, Jenne CN. Step up to the platelet: Role of platelets in inflammation and infection. Thromb Res 2023; 231:182-194. [PMID: 36307228 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are anucleated cells derived from megakaryocytes that are primarily responsible for hemostasis. However, in recent years, these cytoplasts have become increasingly recognized as immune cells, able to detect, interact with, and kill pathogens. As platelets are involved in both immunity and coagulation, they have a central role in immunothrombosis, a physiological process in which immune cells induce the formation of microthrombi to both prevent the spread of pathogens, and to help facilitate clearance. In this review, we will highlight the role of platelets as key players in the inflammatory and innate immune response against bacterial and viral infection, including direct and indirect interactions with pathogens and other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Carestia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Laura C Godin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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9
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Zhao J, Xu X, Gao Y, Yu Y, Li C. Crosstalk between Platelets and SARS-CoV-2: Implications in Thrombo-Inflammatory Complications in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14133. [PMID: 37762435 PMCID: PMC10531760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing the devastating COVID-19 pandemic, has been reported to affect platelets and cause increased thrombotic events, hinting at the possible bidirectional interactions between platelets and the virus. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the increased thrombotic events as well as altered platelet count and activity in COVID-19. Inspired by existing knowledge on platelet-pathogen interactions, we propose several potential antiviral strategies that platelets might undertake to combat SARS-CoV-2, including their abilities to internalize the virus, release bioactive molecules to interfere with viral infection, and modulate the functions of immune cells. Moreover, we discuss current and potential platelet-targeted therapeutic strategies in controlling COVID-19, including antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, and inflammation-targeting treatments. These strategies have shown promise in clinical settings to alleviate the severity of thrombo-inflammatory complications and reduce the mortality rate among COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, an in-depth understanding of platelet-SARS-CoV-2 interactions may uncover novel mechanisms underlying severe COVID-19 complications and could provide new therapeutic avenues for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yijing Yu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (J.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.G.)
| | - Conglei Li
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China; (J.Z.); (X.X.); (Y.G.)
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10
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Abstract
COVID-19 is characterized by dysregulated thrombosis and coagulation that can increase mortality in patients. Platelets are fast responders to pathogen presence, alerting the surrounding immune cells and contributing to thrombosis and intravascular coagulation. The SARS-CoV-2 genome has been found in platelets from patients with COVID-19, and its coverage varies according to the method of detection, suggesting direct interaction of the virus with these cells. Antibodies against Spike and Nucleocapsid have confirmed this platelet-viral interaction. This review discusses the immune, prothrombotic, and procoagulant characteristics of platelets observed in patients with COVID-19. We outline the direct and indirect interaction of platelets with SARS-CoV-2, the contribution of the virus to programmed cell death pathway activation in platelets and the consequent extracellular vesicle release. We discuss platelet activation and immunothrombosis in patients with COVID-19, the effect of Spike on platelets, and possible activation of platelets by classical platelet activation triggers as well as contribution of platelets to complement activation. As COVID-19-mediated thrombosis and coagulation are still not well understood in vivo, we discuss available murine models and mouse adaptable strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sciaudone
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.S., H.C., M.K.), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Heather Corkrey
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.S., H.C., M.K.), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Fiachra Humphries
- Innate Immunity (F.H.). University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.S., H.C., M.K.), University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
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11
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Li J, Zhang J, Shi M, Yu S, Ji M, Liang Y, Meng X. Crosstalk between Inflammation and Hemorrhage/Coagulation Disorders in Primary Blast Lung Injury. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020351. [PMID: 36830720 PMCID: PMC9953683 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary blast lung injury (PBLI), caused by exposure to high-intensity pressure waves from explosions in war, terrorist attacks, industrial production, and life explosions, is associated with pulmonary parenchymal tissue injury and severe ventilation insufficiency. PBLI patients, characterized by diffused intra-alveolar destruction, including hemorrhage and inflammation, might deteriorate into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high mortality. However, due to the absence of guidelines about PBLI, emergency doctors and rescue teams treating PBLI patients rely on experience. The goal of this review is to summarize the mechanisms of PBLI and their cross-linkages, exploring potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets of PBLI. We summarize the pathophysiological performance and pharmacotherapy principles of PBLI. In particular, we emphasize the crosstalk between hemorrhage and inflammation, as well as coagulation, and we propose early control of hemorrhage as the main treatment of PBLI. We also summarize several available therapy methods, including some novel internal hemostatic nanoparticles to prevent the vicious circle of inflammation and coagulation disorders. We hope that this review can provide information about the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of PBLI for all interested investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Li
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Rescue Key Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Mingyu Shi
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengjun Ji
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yangfan Liang
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiangyan Meng
- Institute of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Disaster Medicine Technology, Tianjin 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute, Tianjin University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Rescue Key Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Emergency Management, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Activation of Most Toll-Like Receptors in Whole Human Blood Attenuates Platelet Deposition on Collagen under Flow. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:1884439. [PMID: 36703865 PMCID: PMC9873445 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1884439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets have toll-like receptors (TLRs); however, their function in thrombosis or hemostasis under flow conditions is not fully known. Thrombin-inhibited anticoagulated whole blood was treated with various TLR agonists and then perfused over fibrillar collagen using microfluidic assay at venous wall shear rate (100 s-1). Platelet deposition was imaged with fluorescent anti-CD61. For perfusion of whole blood without TLR agonist addition, platelets rapidly accumulated on collagen and eventually occluded the microchannels. Interestingly, most of the tested TLR agonists (Pam3CKS4, MALP-2, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid HMW, imiquimod, and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) strongly reduced platelet deposition on collagen, while only the TLR4 agonist endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced deposition. Following 90 sec of deposition under flow of untreated blood, the addition of various TLR-7 agonists (imiquimod, vesatolimod, and GSK2245035) all caused immediate blockade of further platelet deposition. Since TLR signaling can activate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), the IKK-inhibitor (IKK inhibitor VII) and NF-κB inhibitor (Bay 11-7082) were tested. The IKK/NF-κB inhibitors strongly inhibited platelet deposition under flow. Furthermore, addition of Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2 ligand), MALP-2 (TLR2/6 ligand), and Imquimod (TLR7 ligand) reduced phosphotidylserine (PS) exposure. Activation of TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9 in whole blood reduced platelet deposition under flow on collagen; however, LPS (major Gram negative bacterial pathogenic component) activation of LTR4 was clearly prothrombotic.
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13
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Tang X, Xu Q, Yang S, Huang X, Wang L, Huang F, Luo J, Zhou X, Wu A, Mei Q, Zhao C, Wu J. Toll-like Receptors and Thrombopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021010. [PMID: 36674552 PMCID: PMC9864288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are the second most abundant blood component after red blood cells and can participate in a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Beyond its traditional role in hemostasis and thrombosis, it also plays an indispensable role in inflammatory diseases. However, thrombocytopenia is a common hematologic problem in the clinic, and it presents a proportional relationship with the fatality of many diseases. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of thrombocytopenia is of great importance. The expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is one of the most relevant characteristics of thrombopoiesis and the platelet inflammatory function. We know that the TLR family is found on the surface or inside almost all cells, where they perform many immune functions. Of those, TLR2 and TLR4 are the main stress-inducing members and play an integral role in inflammatory diseases and platelet production and function. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present and discuss the relationship between platelets, inflammation and the TLR family and extend recent research on the influence of the TLR2 and TLR4 pathways and the regulation of platelet production and function. Reviewing the interaction between TLRs and platelets in inflammation may be a research direction or program for the treatment of thrombocytopenia-related and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xinwu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Feihong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaogang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qibing Mei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chunling Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-186-8307-3667 (C.Z.); +86-139-8241-6641 (J.W.)
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, the Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (J.W.); Tel.: +86-186-8307-3667 (C.Z.); +86-139-8241-6641 (J.W.)
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14
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Anselmo A, Boselli D. Flow Cytometry Analysis of IL-1 Receptors and Toll-Like Receptors on Platelets and Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2700:117-137. [PMID: 37603177 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3366-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is largely used for the immunophenotyping and quantification of several cell types or related components including platelets and extracellular vesicles. Platelets and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are receiving increased interest in inflammatory diseases including sepsis. Thus, in this chapter, we will describe protocols for the flow cytometry analysis of platelets, platelet/neutrophils hetero aggregates, and PEVs mainly focusing on the evaluation of the surface expression of some IL-1 receptor (ILR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Anselmo
- Flow Cytometry Resource, Advanced Cytometry Technical Applications Laboratory, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniela Boselli
- Flow Cytometry Resource, Advanced Cytometry Technical Applications Laboratory, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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15
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Das D, Adhikary S, Das RK, Banerjee A, Radhakrishnan AK, Paul S, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Bioactive food components and their inhibitory actions in multiple platelet pathways. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14476. [PMID: 36219755 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to hemostasis and thrombosis, blood platelets are involved in various processes such as inflammation, infection, immunobiology, cancer metastasis, wound repair and angiogenesis. Platelets' hemostatic and non-hemostatic functions are mediated by the expression of various membrane receptors and the release of proteins, ions and other mediators. Therefore, specific activities of platelets responsible for the non-hemostatic disease are to be inhibited while leaving the platelet's hemostatic function unaffected. Platelets' anti-aggregatory property has been used as a primary criterion for antiplatelet drugs/bioactives; however, their non-hemostatic activities are not well known. This review describes the hemostatic and non-hemostatic function of human blood platelets and the modulatory effects of bioactive food components. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this review, we have discussed the antiplatelet effects of several food components. These bioactive compounds inhibit both hemostatic and non-hemostatic pathways involving blood platelet. Platelets have emerged as critical biological factors of normal and pathologic vascular healing and other diseases such as cancers and inflammatory and immune disorders. The challenge for therapeutic intervention in these disorders will be to find drugs and bioactive compounds that preferentially block specific sites implicated in emerging roles of platelets' complicated contribution to inflammation, tumour growth, or other disorders while leaving at least some of their hemostatic function intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptimayee Das
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Shubhamay Adhikary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar Das
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, USA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Arun Kumar Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chennai, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Williams B, Zhu J, Zou L, Chao W. Innate immune TLR7 signaling mediates platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation in murine bacterial sepsis. Platelets 2022; 33:1251-1259. [PMID: 35920588 PMCID: PMC9833650 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2022.2107627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a common complication in sepsis and is associated with higher mortality. Activated platelets express CD62P, which facilitates platelet-leukocyte aggregate (PLA) formation and contributes to thrombocytopenia in sepsis. We have reported that thrombocytopenia in murine sepsis is partly attributable to TLR7 signaling, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that TLR7 mediates platelet activation and PLA formation during sepsis. In vitro, whole blood from WT mice treated with loxoribine, a TLR7 agonist, exhibited a dose-dependent increase in activated platelets compared to the control (PBS with 0.05% DMSO) or loxoribine-treated TLR7-/- whole blood. In a murine model of sepsis, there was a significant increase in platelet activation and PLA formation 24 hours after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as evidenced by double positive expression of CD41+/CD62P+ and CD45+/CD62P+, respectively. The sepsis-induced PLA formation was significantly attenuated in TLR7-/- mice. Finally, in ex-vivo experiments, plasma isolated from septic mice induced WT platelet activation, but such effect was significantly attenuated in platelets deficient of TLR7. These findings demonstrate a pivotal role of TLR7 signaling in platelet activation and PLA formation during bacterial sepsis.
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17
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Iba T, Levi M, Levy JH. Intracellular communication and immunothrombosis in sepsis. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2475-2484. [PMID: 35979601 PMCID: PMC9804233 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and coagulation are the critical responses to infection that include leukocytes, platelets, and vascular endothelial cells responding in concert to eradicate the invading pathogen. In sepsis, a variety of cell surface receptors, including toll-like receptors, Fcγ-receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors, and adhesion receptors, detect the pathogens and elicit thromboinflammatory responses. Concurrently, the molecular patterns released from host damaged cells accelerate the immune responses through binding to the same pattern recognition receptors. Cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles are important mediators for amplifying the responses to distant cells as part of the systemic response to infections. At the same time, cells communicate with each other via direct contact, adhesion molecules, paracrine mediators, and tunneling nanotubes, which are important for regulating inflammation and thrombus formation. Despite increasing attention to immunothrombosis in sepsis, these close communication systems are less understood but play a critical role in host defense mechanisms. In this review, cellular activation and direct intercellular communication systems in sepsis with a focus on the coagulation response will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster MedicineJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Marcel Levi
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands and Department of MedicineUniversity College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Cardio‐metabolic Programme‐NIHR UCLH/UCL BRC LondonLondonUK
| | - Jerrold H. Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and SurgeryDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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18
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Öztosun B, Pirdal BZ, Çınar Özel S, Kaçar AG, Apak H, Celkan T. Effect of platelet count and platelet transfusion on fever duration in patients with febrile neutropenia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 39:736-746. [PMID: 35855637 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2066236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelets play a role in hemostasis, thrombosis, and vascular integrity. They also play a major role in the development of inflammation and the activation of immune responses. They have phagocytic activity, stimulate the secretion of immune modulators, and activate other immune cells, which results in platelet-neutrophil aggregation, platelet-induced neutrophil degranulation, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Data on 124 febrile neutropenia attacks were retrospectively examined. Patients' age, sex, diagnosis, and relapse history were obtained. The complete blood count levels on the first and last febrile day of the febrile neutropenia attacks, duration of fever, and number, type, and timing of thrombocyte suspension transfusions were recorded. The patients were divided into three groups according to the day of fever when the platelet suspension was administered (1 day, 2-3 days, and >3 days); the duration of fever was compared between the three groups. The fever duration of those who were transfused with platelet suspension on the first day of fever was found to be significantly shorter (p = 0.03 and p < 0.001, respectively). When treating a patient with febrile neutropenia, if thrombocyte suspension transfusion is indicated, transfusing thrombocytes in the first days of fever shortens the fever duration and improves the prognosis of febrile neutropenia attack, supporting the hypothesis that not only neutrophils but also platelets may play a role in fighting against microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrak Öztosun
- Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Zehra Pirdal
- Department of Public Health, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simge Çınar Özel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gonca Kaçar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Apak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tiraje Celkan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, İstinye University- Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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19
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Jankauskaite L, Malinauskas M, Snipaitiene A. Effect of stimulated platelets in COVID-19 thrombosis: Role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1037369. [PMID: 36312286 PMCID: PMC9614055 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1037369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since early 2020, SARS-CoV-2-induced infection resulted in global pandemics with high morbidity, especially in the adult population. COVID-19 is a highly prothrombotic condition associated with subsequent multiorgan failure and lethal outcomes. The exact mechanism of the prothrombotic state is not well understood and might be multifactorial. Nevertheless, platelets are attributed to play a crucial role in COVID-19-associated thrombosis. To date, platelets' role was defined primarily in thrombosis and homeostasis. Currently, more focus has been set on their part in inflammation and immunity. Moreover, their ability to release various soluble factors under activation as well as internalize and degrade specific pathogens has been highly addressed in viral research. This review article will discuss platelet role in COVID-19-associated thrombosis and their role in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Multiple studies confirmed that platelets display a hyperactivated phenotype in COVID-19 patients. Critically ill patients demonstrate increased platelet activation markers such as P-selectin, PF4, or serotonin. In addition, platelets contain acetylcholine and express α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAchR). Thus, acetylcholine can be released under activation, and α7nAchR can be stimulated in an autocrine manner and support platelet function. α7 receptor is one of the most important mediators of the anti-inflammatory properties as it is associated with humoral and intrinsic immunity and was demonstrated to contribute to better outcomes in COVID-19 patients when under stimulation. Hematopoietic α7nAchR deficiency increases platelet activation and, in experimental studies, α7nAchR stimulation can diminish the pro-inflammatory state and modulate platelet reactiveness via increased levels of NO. NO has been described to inhibit platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. In addition, acetylcholine has been demonstrated to decrease platelet aggregation possibly by blocking the e p-38 pathway. SARS-CoV-2 proteins have been found to be similar to neurotoxins which can bind to nAChR and prevent the action of acetylcholine. Concluding, the platelet role in COVID-19 thrombotic events could be explained by their active function in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Jankauskaite
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania,Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania,*Correspondence: Lina Jankauskaite
| | - Mantas Malinauskas
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ausra Snipaitiene
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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20
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Yi J, Miao J, Zuo Q, Owusu F, Dong Q, Lin P, Wang Q, Gao R, Kong X, Yang L. COVID-19 pandemic: A multidisciplinary perspective on the pathogenesis of a novel coronavirus from infection, immunity and pathological responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978619. [PMID: 36091053 PMCID: PMC9459044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread to more than 200 countries and regions, having a huge impact on human health, hygiene, and economic activities. The epidemiological and clinical phenotypes of COVID-19 have increased since the onset of the epidemic era, and studies into its pathogenic mechanisms have played an essential role in clinical treatment, drug development, and prognosis prevention. This paper reviews the research progress on the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), focusing on the pathogenic characteristics, loci of action, and pathogenic mechanisms leading to immune response malfunction of SARS-CoV-2, as well as summarizing the pathological damage and pathological manifestations it causes. This will update researchers on the latest SARS-CoV-2 research and provide directions for future therapeutic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiameng Miao
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingwei Zuo
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Felix Owusu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiutong Dong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peizhe Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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21
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The Association between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and All-Cause Mortality in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: Analysis from the MIMIC-IV Database. Emerg Med Int 2022; 2022:4156489. [PMID: 35959219 PMCID: PMC9363175 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4156489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a devastating disease and remains the leading cause of death and disability. This retrospective study aims to investigate associations between systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and all-cause mortality in patients with AIS. Patients and Methods. We used the data from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV. A total of 1,181 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) were included. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was calculated as platelet count (/L) × neutrophil count (/L)/lymphocyte count (/L). The main outcomes were 30-day all-cause mortality. The association between SII with mortality was evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results. After adjusting for potential covariates, the highest quartiles of SII versus the lowest quartiles of SII, the HR was 2.74 (CI 1.79–4.19,
). Log-transformed SII was significantly associated with 30-day all-cause mortality (HR 2.44; CI 1.72–3.46,
). Furthermore, we found that there is a nearly linear relationship (
) between logarithmic transformed SII with all-cause mortality. Conclusion. Elevated SII of patients with acute ischemic stroke increased the risk of 30-day all-cause mortality. SII may serve as a useful marker to elucidate the role of thrombocytosis, inflammation, and immunity interaction in the development of AIS.
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22
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Zamani Rarani F, Zamani Rarani M, Hamblin MR, Rashidi B, Hashemian SMR, Mirzaei H. Comprehensive overview of COVID-19-related respiratory failure: focus on cellular interactions. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:63. [PMID: 35907817 PMCID: PMC9338538 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created health challenges in all parts of the world. Understanding the entry mechanism of this virus into host cells is essential for effective treatment of COVID-19 disease. This virus can bind to various cell surface molecules or receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to gain cell entry. Respiratory failure and pulmonary edema are the most important causes of mortality from COVID-19 infections. Cytokines, especially proinflammatory cytokines, are the main mediators of these complications. For normal respiratory function, a healthy air-blood barrier and sufficient blood flow to the lungs are required. In this review, we first discuss airway epithelial cells, airway stem cells, and the expression of COVID-19 receptors in the airway epithelium. Then, we discuss the suggested molecular mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and blood vessel damage in COVID-19. Coagulopathy can be caused by platelet activation leading to clots, which restrict blood flow to the lungs and lead to respiratory failure. Finally, we present an overview of the effects of immune and non-immune cells and cytokines in COVID-19-related respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zamani Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028 South Africa
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Hashemian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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23
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Galli E, Maggio E, Pomero F. Venous Thromboembolism in Sepsis: From Bench to Bedside. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071651. [PMID: 35884956 PMCID: PMC9313423 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic patients were commonly affected by coagulation disorders; thus, they are at high risk of thrombotic complications. In the last decades, novel knowledge has emerged about the interconnected and reciprocal influence of immune and coagulation systems. This phenomenon is called immunothrombosis, and it indicates an effective response whereby immune cells and the coagulation cascade cooperate to limit pathogen invasion and endothelial damage. When this network becomes dysregulated due to a systemic inflammatory activation, as occurs during sepsis, it can result in pathological thrombosis. Endothelium, platelets and neutrophils are the main characters involved in this process, together with the TF and coagulation cascade, playing a critical role in both the host defense and in thrombogenesis. A deeper understanding of this relationship may allow us to answer the growing need for clinical instruments to establish the thrombotic risk and treatments that consider more the connection between coagulation and inflammation. Heparin remains the principal therapeutical response to this phenomenon, although not sufficiently effective. To date, no other significant alternatives have been found yet. In this review, we discuss the role of sepsis-related inflammation in the development and resolution of venous thromboembolism and its clinical implications, from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Galli
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Turin, 10100 Turin, TO, Italy;
- Department of Internal Medicine, M. and P. Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, CN, Italy;
| | - Elena Maggio
- Department of Internal Medicine, M. and P. Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, CN, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Pomero
- Department of Internal Medicine, M. and P. Ferrero Hospital, 12060 Verduno, CN, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-01721408100
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Desai C, Koupenova M, Machlus KR, Sen Gupta A. Beyond the thrombus: Platelet-inspired nanomedicine approaches in inflammation, immune response, and cancer. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1523-1534. [PMID: 35441793 PMCID: PMC9321119 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The traditional role of platelets is in the formation of blood clots for physiologic (e.g., in hemostasis) or pathologic (e.g., in thrombosis) functions. The cellular and subcellular mechanisms and signaling in platelets involved in these functions have been extensively elucidated and new knowledge continues to emerge, resulting in various therapeutic developments in this area for the management of hemorrhagic or thrombotic events. Nanomedicine, a field involving design of nanoparticles with unique biointeractive surface modifications and payload encapsulation for disease-targeted drug delivery, has become an important component of such therapeutic development. Beyond their traditional role in blood clotting, platelets have been implicated to play crucial mechanistic roles in other diseases including inflammation, immune response, and cancer, via direct cellular interactions, as well as secretion of soluble factors that aid in the disease microenvironment. To date, the development of nanomedicine systems that leverage these broader roles of platelets has been limited. Additionally, another exciting area of research that has emerged in recent years is that of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) that can directly and indirectly influence physiological and pathological processes. This makes PEVs a unique paradigm for platelet-inspired therapeutic design. This review aims to provide mechanistic insight into the involvement of platelets and PEVs beyond hemostasis and thrombosis, and to discuss the current state of the art in the development of platelet-inspired therapeutic technologies in these areas, with an emphasis on future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Desai
- Department of PharmacologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Massachusetts Chan Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kellie R. Machlus
- Department of SurgeryVascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of PharmacologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
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25
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Ludwig N, Hilger A, Zarbock A, Rossaint J. Platelets at the Crossroads of Pro-Inflammatory and Resolution Pathways during Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121957. [PMID: 35741086 PMCID: PMC9221767 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are among the most abundant cells in the mammalian circulation. Classical platelet functions in hemostasis and wound healing have been intensively explored and are generally accepted. During the past decades, the research focus broadened towards their participation in immune-modulatory events, including pro-inflammatory and, more recently, inflammatory resolution processes. Platelets are equipped with a variety of abilities enabling active participation in immunological processes. Toll-like receptors mediate the recognition of pathogens, while the release of granule contents and microvesicles promotes direct pathogen defense and an interaction with leukocytes. Platelets communicate and physically interact with neutrophils, monocytes and a subset of lymphocytes via soluble mediators and surface adhesion receptors. This interaction promotes leukocyte recruitment, migration and extravasation, as well as the initiation of effector functions, such as the release of extracellular traps by neutrophils. Platelet-derived prostaglandin E2, C-type lectin-like receptor 2 and transforming growth factor β modulate inflammatory resolution processes by promoting the synthesis of pro-resolving mediators while reducing pro-inflammatory ones. Furthermore, platelets promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells in T helper and regulatory T cells, which affects macrophage polarization. These abilities make platelets key players in inflammatory diseases such as pneumonia and the acute respiratory distress syndrome, including the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019. This review focuses on recent findings in platelet-mediated immunity during acute inflammation.
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26
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Johnson C, Quach HQ, Lau C, Ekholt K, Espevik T, Woodruff TM, Pischke SE, Mollnes TE, Nilsson PH. Thrombin Differentially Modulates the Acute Inflammatory Response to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Human Whole Blood. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2771-2778. [PMID: 35675954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin plays a central role in thromboinflammatory responses, but its activity is blocked in the common ex vivo human whole blood models, making an ex vivo study of thrombin effects on thromboinflammatory responses unfeasible. In this study, we exploited the anticoagulant peptide Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (GPRP) that blocks fibrin polymerization to study the effects of thrombin on acute inflammation in response to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Human blood was anticoagulated with either GPRP or the thrombin inhibitor lepirudin and incubated with either E. coli or S. aureus for up to 4 h at 37°C. In GPRP-anticoagulated blood, there were spontaneous elevations in thrombin levels and platelet activation, which further increased in the presence of bacteria. Complement activation and the expression of activation markers on monocytes and granulocytes increased to the same extent in both blood models in response to bacteria. Most cytokines were not elevated in response to thrombin alone, but thrombin presence substantially and heterogeneously modulated several cytokines that increased in response to bacterial incubations. Bacterial-induced releases of IL-8, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β were potentiated in the thrombin-active GPRP model, whereas the levels of IP-10, TNF, IL-6, and IL-1β were elevated in the thrombin-inactive lepirudin model. Complement C5-blockade, combined with CD14 inhibition, reduced the overall cytokine release significantly, both in thrombin-active and thrombin-inactive models. Our data support that thrombin itself marginally induces leukocyte-dependent cytokine release in this isolated human whole blood but is a significant modulator of bacteria-induced inflammation by a differential effect on cytokine patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Johnson
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Huy Quang Quach
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Corinna Lau
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
| | - Karin Ekholt
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Søren Erik Pischke
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Clinic for Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway; and
| | - Per H Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine, Linnaeus Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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27
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Gu SX, Dayal S. Redox Mechanisms of Platelet Activation in Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:995. [PMID: 35624860 PMCID: PMC9137594 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is intrinsically linked with physiologic decline and is a major risk factor for a broad range of diseases. The deleterious effects of advancing age on the vascular system are evidenced by the high incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Reactive oxygen species are critical mediators of normal vascular physiology and have been shown to gradually increase in the vasculature with age. There is a growing appreciation for the complexity of oxidant and antioxidant systems at the cellular and molecular levels, and accumulating evidence indicates a causal association between oxidative stress and age-related vascular disease. Herein, we review the current understanding of mechanistic links between oxidative stress and thrombotic vascular disease and the changes that occur with aging. While several vascular cells are key contributors, we focus on oxidative changes that occur in platelets and their mediation in disease progression. Additionally, we discuss the impact of comorbid conditions (i.e., diabetes, atherosclerosis, obesity, cancer, etc.) that have been associated with platelet redox dysregulation and vascular disease pathogenesis. As we continue to unravel the fundamental redox mechanisms of the vascular system, we will be able to develop more targeted therapeutic strategies for the prevention and management of age-associated vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X. Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Sanjana Dayal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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28
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Garcia C, Compagnon B, Poëtte M, Gratacap MP, Lapébie FX, Voisin S, Minville V, Payrastre B, Vardon-Bounes F, Ribes A. Platelet Versus Megakaryocyte: Who Is the Real Bandleader of Thromboinflammation in Sepsis? Cells 2022; 11:1507. [PMID: 35563812 PMCID: PMC9104300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are mainly known for their key role in hemostasis and thrombosis. However, studies over the last two decades have shown their strong implication in mechanisms associated with inflammation, thrombosis, and the immune system in various neoplastic, inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. During sepsis, platelets amplify the recruitment and activation of innate immune cells at the site of infection and contribute to the elimination of pathogens. In certain conditions, these mechanisms can lead to thromboinflammation resulting in severe organ dysfunction. Here, we discuss the interactions of platelets with leukocytes, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and endothelial cells during sepsis. The intrinsic properties of platelets that generate an inflammatory signal through the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome are discussed. As an example of immunothrombosis, the implication of platelets in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is documented. Finally, we discuss the role of megakaryocytes (MKs) in thromboinflammation and their adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Garcia
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - Baptiste Compagnon
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Michaël Poëtte
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marie-Pierre Gratacap
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - François-Xavier Lapébie
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Sophie Voisin
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
| | - Vincent Minville
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - Fanny Vardon-Bounes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Agnès Ribes
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
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29
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Zaid Y, Merhi Y. Implication of Platelets in Immuno-Thrombosis and Thrombo-Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:863846. [PMID: 35402556 PMCID: PMC8990903 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.863846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-described hemostatic function, platelets are active participants in innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammation and immunity are closely related to changes in platelet reactions and enhanced platelet function in thrombo-inflammation, as well as in microbial and virus infections. A platelet’s immune function is incompletely understood, but an important balance exists between its protective and pathogenic responses and its thrombotic and inflammatory functions. As the mediator of vascular homeostasis, platelets interact with neutrophils, bacteria and virus by expressing specific receptors and releasing granules, transferring RNA, and secreting mitochondria, which controls hemostasis and thrombosis, infection, and innate and adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the involvement of platelets during immuno-thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Zaid
- Laboratory of Materials, Nanotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.,Immunology and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Yahye Merhi
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Center, The Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Jahn K, Kohler TP, Swiatek LS, Wiebe S, Hammerschmidt S. Platelets, Bacterial Adhesins and the Pneumococcus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071121. [PMID: 35406684 PMCID: PMC8997422 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic infections with pathogenic or facultative pathogenic bacteria are associated with activation and aggregation of platelets leading to thrombocytopenia and activation of the clotting system. Bacterial proteins leading to platelet activation and aggregation have been identified, and while platelet receptors are recognized, induced signal transduction cascades are still often unknown. In addition to proteinaceous adhesins, pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae also produce toxins such as pneumolysin and alpha-hemolysin. They bind to cellular receptors or form pores, which can result in disturbance of physiological functions of platelets. Here, we discuss the bacteria-platelet interplay in the context of adhesin–receptor interactions and platelet-activating bacterial proteins, with a main emphasis on S. aureus and S. pneumoniae. More importantly, we summarize recent findings of how S. aureus toxins and the pore-forming toxin pneumolysin of S. pneumoniae interfere with platelet function. Finally, the relevance of platelet dysfunction due to killing by toxins and potential treatment interventions protecting platelets against cell death are summarized.
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31
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Han R, Tian Z, Jiang Y, Guan G, Sun X, Yu Y, Zhang L, Zhou J, Jing X. Prognostic significance of systemic immune-inflammation index and platelet-albumin-bilirubin grade in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing radical surgery. Gland Surg 2022; 11:576-587. [PMID: 35402206 PMCID: PMC8984986 DOI: 10.21037/gs-22-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammatory markers are associated with patient survival in pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in PC patients who underwent radical surgery. Platelet-albumin-bilirubin (PALBI) grade is a composite evaluation index based on liver function. Patients with pancreatic head cancer are prone to obstructive jaundice, which leads to abnormal liver function. Based on this, we also explored the prognostic value of PALBI grade in PC patients. METHODS Patients with pathologically confirmed PC who had undergone radical surgery (with negative surgical margin) for the first time at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2013 to December 2019 and followed up by December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Peripheral blood cell count is easily affected by infection or hematological diseases, which affects the results, so it is excluded. Clinical data and laboratory examination indexes were collected. The SII and PALBI grade were calculated. The cutoff values were determined using the Youden index. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the prognostic value of the SII and PALBI grade through univariate and multivariate survival analysis. RESULTS A total of 214 patients [median age, 60.29 years; 128 (59.8%) men] met the inclusion criteria. There were 140 patients (65.4%) with pancreatic head cancer according to the tumor location. They were divided into high and low SII or PALBI groups by cutoff values of 705 and -5.6, respectively. According to the multivariate analysis, SII (P<0.001) was an independent factor negatively associated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). In patients with pancreatic head cancer, PALBI grade was associated with shorter OS (P=0.031). The combination of high SII and high PALBI grade had stronger predictive value for poor prognosis (log-rank test, P<0.001), which the OS was 11.3 months less than the combination of low two groups. CONCLUSIONS SII was a promising prognostic biomarker in PC. And PALBI grade also showed predictive value for patients with pancreatic head cancer. Therefore, it can help predict the treatment outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshuang Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zibin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yueping Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Guan
- Department of Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueguo Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingyun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianrui Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xue Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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32
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Sbirkov Y, Dzharov V, Todorova K, Hayrabedyan S, Sarafian V. Endothelial inflammation and dysfunction in COVID-19. VASA 2022; 51:62-70. [PMID: 35171039 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The biggest challenge in the COVID-19 pandemic besides the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is to reduce mortality rates. As the number of cases continues to rise and new variants, some with at least partial resistance to vaccines, emerge, the need for better understanding of the underlying pathology of the disease and for improved therapeutic strategies grows urgently. The endothelium is a main target of most viral infections in the body. The dysregulation of the normal functions of endothelial cells (ECs) contributes greatly to the thrombo-inflammatory storm and subsequent blood clot associated deaths in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, in this review we emphasize on the importance of ECs in healthy resting state and in inflammation. We summarize the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and the key contributions of in vitro cell culture models some of which have established the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptors as the main gates for viral entry in the cell. Lastly, we focus on 3D biofabrication methods for the design of better in vitro models that mimic the host environment including interactions of multiple cell types, simulation of blood flow and real-time viral infections. The development and implementation of such experimental platforms are critical to elucidate host-pathogen interactions and to test new antiviral drugs and vaccines in a controlled, safe, and highly reproducible and predictive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan Sbirkov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Dzharov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimira Todorova
- Laboratory of Reproductive OMICs Technologies, Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Soren Hayrabedyan
- Laboratory of Reproductive OMICs Technologies, Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Victoria Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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33
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Ostermeier B, Soriano-Sarabia N, Maggirwar SB. Platelet-Released Factors: Their Role in Viral Disease and Applications for Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2321. [PMID: 35216433 PMCID: PMC8876984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, which are small anuclear cell fragments, play important roles in thrombosis and hemostasis, but also actively release factors that can both suppress and induce viral infections. Platelet-released factors include sCD40L, microvesicles (MVs), and alpha granules that have the capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects depending on the virus. These factors are prime targets for use in extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapy due to their ability to reduce viral infections and exert anti-inflammatory effects. While there are some studies regarding platelet microvesicle-based (PMV-based) therapy, there is still much to learn about PMVs before such therapy can be used. This review provides the background necessary to understand the roles of platelet-released factors, how these factors might be useful in PMV-based therapy, and a critical discussion of current knowledge of platelets and their role in viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, 2300 I Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA; (B.O.); (N.S.-S.)
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34
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Gao T, Lin J, Wei H, Bao B, Zhu H, Zheng X. Platelets mediate trained immunity against bone and joint infections in a mouse model. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:73-81. [PMID: 35118873 PMCID: PMC8882326 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.112.bjr-2021-0279.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Trained immunity confers non-specific protection against various types of infectious diseases, including bone and joint infection. Platelets are active participants in the immune response to pathogens and foreign substances, but their role in trained immunity remains elusive. METHODS We first trained the innate immune system of C57BL/6 mice via intravenous injection of two toll-like receptor agonists (zymosan and lipopolysaccharide). Two, four, and eight weeks later, we isolated platelets from immunity-trained and control mice, and then assessed whether immunity training altered platelet releasate. To better understand the role of immunity-trained platelets in bone and joint infection development, we transfused platelets from immunity-trained mice into naïve mice, and then challenged the recipient mice with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. RESULTS After immunity training, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17A) and chemokines (CCL5, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL12) increased significantly in platelet releasate, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) decreased. Other platelet-secreted factors (e.g. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, PDGF-AB, PDGF-BB, cathepsin D, serotonin, and histamine) were statistically indistinguishable between the two groups. Transfusion of platelets from trained mice into naïve mice reduced infection risk and bacterial burden after local or systemic challenge with either S. aureus or E. coli. CONCLUSION Immunity training altered platelet releasate by increasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and decreasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transfusion of platelets from immunity-trained mice conferred protection against bone and joint infection, suggesting that alteration of platelet releasate might be an important mechanism underlying trained immunity and may have clinical implications. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(2):73-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqing Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbo Bao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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35
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Abstract
Classically, platelets have been described as the cellular blood component that mediates hemostasis and thrombosis. This important platelet function has received significant research attention for >150 years. The immune cell functions of platelets are much less appreciated. Platelets interact with and activate cells of all branches of immunity in response to pathogen exposures and infection, as well as in response to sterile tissue injury. In this review, we focus on innate immune mechanisms of platelet activation, platelet interactions with innate immune cells, as well as the intersection of platelets and adaptive immunity. The immune potential of platelets is dependent in part on their megakaryocyte precursor providing them with the molecular composition to be first responders and immune sentinels in initiating and orchestrating coordinated pathogen immune responses. There is emerging evidence that extramedullary megakaryocytes may be immune differentiated compared with bone marrow megakaryocytes, but the physiological relevance of immunophenotypic differences are just beginning to be explored. These concepts are also discussed in this review. The immune functions of the megakaryocyte/platelet lineage have likely evolved to coordinate the need to repair a vascular breach with the simultaneous need to induce an immune response that may limit pathogen invasion once the blood is exposed to an external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Alison Livada
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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36
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Jiang S, Ma J, Ye S, Meaney C, Moore TE, Pan S, Gao C. Associations Among Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Thrombocytopenia Cytokines/Chemokines and Genetic Polymorphisms of Toll-Like Receptor 2/4 in Chinese Patients with Sepsis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1-15. [PMID: 35018107 PMCID: PMC8742598 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s337559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives(s) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on platelets have been extensively studied. Both TLR2 and TLR4 have been shown to augment platelet activation and alter its function from a hemostatic regulator to an immune sentinel. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between genetic polymorphisms in TLR2, TLR4 and platelets. We investigated whether genetic polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4 were related to thrombocytopenia and coagulation failure in Chinese patients with sepsis. Basic Methods Adult Chinese patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit of a university medical center were monitored for up to 28 days. Thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), diagnosed using Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) criteria, were observed as the primary outcomes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR2 (rs111200466, rs5743708) and TLR4 (rs11536889, rs145801336, rs11536896, rs7869402) in patients with sepsis were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The data were analyzed using chi-square and rank sum tests. Results The genotype of TLR2 (rs111200466) (Del/Del) was associated with the initial DIC. The genotype of TLR4 (rs11536889) (C/C&C/G) was associated with initial DIC, DIC onset during hospitalization and platelet counts. Furthermore, both DIC and platelet counts were associated with cytokines and chemokines, especially the IL10. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that in Chinese sepsis patients, the rs111200466 SNP in TLR2 and rs11536889 SNP in TLR4 are associated with thrombocytopenia and DIC, with potential effects on the TLR4 pathways of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Ye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shanghai Songnan Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Connor Meaney
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA
| | - Timothy Evan Moore
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA
| | - Shuming Pan
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjin Gao
- Department of Emergency, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
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37
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Zhong H, Waresi M, Zhang W, Han L, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Zhou P, Chang L, Pan G, Wu B, Li J, Zhang S, Shi H, Luo X, Gao W, Qi Z, Ding Z. NOD2-mediated P2Y 12 upregulation increases platelet activation and thrombosis in sepsis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114822. [PMID: 34748820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets from septic patients exhibit increased reactivity. However, the underlying mechanism of sepsis-induced platelet hyperactivity is still not completely understood. OBJECTIVE P2Y12 is a central receptor for platelet activation. In this study, we investigated the role of platelet P2Y12 in platelet hyperactivity during sepsis. METHODS We measured platelet P2Y12 expression and aggregation in response to ADP in septic patients and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-treated mice. We also detected the downstream signaling of P2Y12 in resting platelets from patients and mice with sepsis. The role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)/RIP2/NF-κB/P65 pathway in sepsis-induced platelet P2Y12 high expression was also investigated. Finally, we compared the antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor in experimental sepsis in mice and rats. RESULTS Compared to healthy subjects, platelets from septic patients exhibit P2Y12 hyperactivity and higher P2Y12 expression. pAkt is enhanced and pVASP is impaired in resting platelets from the patients, indicating the constitutive activation of platelet P2Y12 receptor. Mouse sepsis model recapitulates the findings in septic patients. NOD2 deficiency attenuates sepsis-induced platelet P2Y12 high expression, hyperactivity, and thrombosis. Prasugrel and ticagrelor are potent P2Y12 inverse agonists, and exhibit superior antiplatelet and antithrombotic efficacy over clopidogrel in mice and rats with sepsis. CONCLUSIONS NOD2 activation upregulates platelet P2Y12 expression, which is constitutively activated and contributes to platelet hyperactivity in septic status. Compared to clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor are potent P2Y12 inverse agonists with superior antiplatelet and antithrombotic efficacy in experimental sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Maieryemu Waresi
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yikai Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanxing Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bangwei Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiming Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Xinping Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University. Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiyong Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhongren Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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38
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Higashikuni Y, Liu W, Obana T, Sata M. Pathogenic Basis of Thromboinflammation and Endothelial Injury in COVID-19: Current Findings and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112081. [PMID: 34769508 PMCID: PMC8584434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic with a great impact on social and economic activities, as well as public health. In most patients, the symptoms of COVID-19 are a high-grade fever and a dry cough, and spontaneously resolve within ten days. However, in severe cases, COVID-19 leads to atypical bilateral interstitial pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and systemic thromboembolism, resulting in multiple organ failure with high mortality and morbidity. SARS-CoV-2 has immune evasion mechanisms, including inhibition of interferon signaling and suppression of T cell and B cell responses. SARS-CoV-2 infection directly and indirectly causes dysregulated immune responses, platelet hyperactivation, and endothelial dysfunction, which interact with each other and are exacerbated by cardiovascular risk factors. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the pathogenic basis of thromboinflammation and endothelial injury in COVID-19. We highlight the distinct contributions of dysregulated immune responses, platelet hyperactivation, and endothelial dysfunction to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomi Higashikuni
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (W.L.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (W.L.); (T.O.)
| | - Takumi Obana
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (W.L.); (T.O.)
| | - Masataka Sata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (M.S.)
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Parra-Izquierdo I, Lakshmanan HHS, Melrose AR, Pang J, Zheng TJ, Jordan KR, Reitsma SE, McCarty OJT, Aslan JE. The Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand Pam2CSK4 Activates Platelet Nuclear Factor-κB and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Signaling to Promote Platelet-Endothelial Cell Interactions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729951. [PMID: 34527000 PMCID: PMC8435771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating platelets establish a variety of immunological programs and orchestrate inflammatory responses at the endothelium. Platelets express the innate immunity family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). While TLR2/TLR1 ligands are known to activate platelets, the effects of TLR2/TLR6 ligands on platelet function remain unclear. Here, we aim to determine whether the TLR2/TLR6 agonists Pam2CSK4 and FSL-1 activate human platelets. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and platelets were co-cultured to analyze the role of platelet TLR2/TLR6 on inflammation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Pam2CSK4, but not FSL-1, induced platelet granule secretion and integrin αIIbβ3 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Pam2CSK4 promoted platelet aggregation and increased platelet adhesion to collagen-coated surfaces. Mechanistic studies with blocking antibodies and pharmacologic inhibitors demonstrated that the TLR2/Nuclear factor-κB axis, Bruton’s-tyrosine kinase, and a secondary ADP feedback loop are involved in Pam2CSK4-induced platelet functional responses. Interestingly, Pam2CSK4 showed cooperation with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling to enhance platelet activation. Finally, the presence of platelets increased inflammatory responses in HUVECs treated with Pam2CSK4, and platelets challenged with Pam2CSK4 showed increased adhesion to HUVECs under static and physiologically relevant flow conditions. Herein, we define a functional role for platelet TLR2-mediated signaling, which may represent a druggable target to dampen excessive platelet activation in thrombo-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Parra-Izquierdo
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Hari Hara Sudhan Lakshmanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Alexander R Melrose
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tony J Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Stéphanie E Reitsma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Joseph E Aslan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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40
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Li Z, Gao Q, Ren Z, Zhou H, Qian Z, Peng J. Nomogram based on neutrophil-to-platelet ratio to predict in-hospital mortality in infective endocarditis. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1233-1243. [PMID: 34488440 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a nomogram based on neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NPR) to predict in-hospital mortality in infective endocarditis (IE) patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 294 consecutive patients classified as survivors or nonsurvivors according to hospitalization outcome. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. A nomogram based on them was established and assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Admission NPR (odds ratio [OR] = 1.095, 95% CI: 1.037-1.156), positive blood culture (OR = 9.220; 95% CI: 1.478-57.521) and left-sided endocarditis (OR = 5.099; 95% CI: 1.104-23.553) independently predicted in-hospital mortality in IE. The area under the ROC curve for the nomogram based on these predictors was 0.832. Conclusion: The nomogram based on NPR could be used for early risk stratification of IE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqing Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuning Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Qian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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41
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Fard MB, Fard SB, Ramazi S, Atashi A, Eslamifar Z. Thrombosis in COVID-19 infection: Role of platelet activation-mediated immunity. Thromb J 2021; 19:59. [PMID: 34425822 PMCID: PMC8380864 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-021-00311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombosis plays an important role in the Coronavrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection-related complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and myocardial infarction. Multiple factors such as oxygen demand injuries, endothelial cells injury related to infection, and plaque formation. Main body Platelets obtained from the patients may have severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA, showing that the increased activation potential recommends platelet can be hyper-activated in severely ill SARS-CoV-2 cases. Platelets contain multiple receptors that interact with specific ligands. Pathogen’s receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptor, C-type lectin receptor family, glycoprotein (GP) such as GPαIIbβ3 and GPIbα which allow pathogens to interact with platelets. Platelet TLRs and NOD2 are involved in platelet activation and thrombosis. Accordingly, TLRs are critical receptors that could recognize various endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns and exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLRs are considered as important components in the activation of innate immunity response against pathogenic and non-pathogenic components like damaged tissues. TLRs-1,-2,-4,-6,-7 expression on or within platelets has been reported previously. Various PAMPs were indicated to be capable of binding to platelet-TLRs and inducing both the activation and promotion of downstream proinflammatory signaling cascade. Conclusion It is possible that the increased TLRs expression and TLR-mediated platelets activation during COVID-19 may enhance vascular and coronary thrombosis. It may be hypothesized using TLRs antagonist and monoclonal antibody against P-selectin, as the marker of leukocyte recruitment and platelet activation, besides viral therapy provide therapeutic advances in fighting against the thrombosis related complications in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahin Ramazi
- Department of biophysics, faculty of biological sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Stem cell and tissue engineering research center, Shahroud university of medical sciences, Shahroud, Iran
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42
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Ebermeyer T, Cognasse F, Berthelot P, Mismetti P, Garraud O, Hamzeh-Cognasse H. Platelet Innate Immune Receptors and TLRs: A Double-Edged Sword. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157894. [PMID: 34360659 PMCID: PMC8347377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are hematopoietic cells whose main function has for a long time been considered to be the maintenance of vascular integrity. They have an essential role in the hemostatic response, but they also have functional capabilities that go far beyond it. This review will provide an overview of platelet functions. Indeed, stress signals may induce platelet apoptosis through proapoptotis or hemostasis receptors, necrosis, and even autophagy. Platelets also interact with immune cells and modulate immune responses in terms of activation, maturation, recruitment and cytokine secretion. This review will also show that platelets, thanks to their wide range of innate immune receptors, and in particular toll-like receptors, and can be considered sentinels actively participating in the immuno-surveillance of the body. We will discuss the diversity of platelet responses following the engagement of these receptors as well as the signaling pathways involved. Finally, we will show that while platelets contribute significantly, via their TLRs, to immune response and inflammation, these receptors also participate in the pathophysiological processes associated with various pathogens and diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Ebermeyer
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
| | - Fabrice Cognasse
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, 25 bd Pasteur, F-42100 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Philippe Berthelot
- Team GIMAP, CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, U1111, UMR5308, F-69007 Lyon, France;
- Infectious Diseases Department, CHU de St-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Department of Vascular Medicine and Therapeutics, INNOVTE, CHU de St-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Olivier Garraud
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
| | - Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse
- INSERM U1059-SAINBIOSE, Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; (T.E.); (F.C.); (P.M.); (O.G.)
- Correspondence:
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43
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Vinci R, Pedicino D, D'Aiello A, Ciampi P, Ponzo M, Bonanni A, Russo G, Montone RA, Massetti M, Crea F, Liuzzo G. Platelet hyaluronidase 2 enrichment in acute coronary syndromes: a conceivable role in monocyte-platelet aggregate formation. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:785-789. [PMID: 33733989 PMCID: PMC7993372 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1900159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) with plaque erosion display dysregulated hyaluronan metabolism, with increased hyaluronidase-2 (HYAL2) expression. However, the expression and the role of this enzyme on platelets has never been explored. We evaluated the platelet’s HYAL2 (pltHYAL2) levels on I) stable angina (SA) and II) ACS patients, furtherly sub-grouped in Intact-Fibrous-Cap (IFC) and Ruptured-Fibrous-Cap (RFC), according to Optical Coherence Tomography. We assessed the HYAL2 role through an in vitro model setting of co-cultured monocytes and platelets, before and after treatment with low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA) as pro-inflammatory stimulus and with or without HYAL2-antibody to inhibit HYAL2 activity. ACS patients exhibit higher pltHYAL2 levels comparing to SA, with the higher expression for IFC group. The addition of HYAL2-antibody significantly reduced the percentage of monocyte-platelet binding, suggesting that pltHYAL2 enrichment at the site of the culprit lesion is a key mediator in the systemic thrombo-inflammatory status of ACS presenting with plaque erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Vinci
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Myriana Ponzo
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Bonanni
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Russo
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Massetti
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Crea
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The association between inflammation, infection, and venous thrombosis has long been recognized; yet, only in the last decades have we begun to understand the mechanisms through which the immune and coagulation systems interact and reciprocally regulate one another. These interconnected networks mount an effective response to injury and pathogen invasion, but if unregulated can result in pathological thrombosis and organ damage. Neutrophils, monocytes, and platelets interact with each other and the endothelium in host defense and also play critical roles in the formation of venous thromboembolism. This knowledge has advanced our understanding of both human physiology and pathophysiology, as well as identified mechanisms of anticoagulant resistance and novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. In this review, we discuss the contributions of inflammation and infection to venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E. Colling
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin E. Tourdot
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yogendra Kanthi
- Laboratory of Vascular Thrombosis and Inflammation, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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45
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Kirwan DE, Chong DLW, Friedland JS. Platelet Activation and the Immune Response to Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631696. [PMID: 34093524 PMCID: PMC8170316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019 10 million people developed symptomatic tuberculosis (TB) disease and 1.2 million died. In active TB the inflammatory response causes tissue destruction, which leads to both acute morbidity and mortality. Tissue destruction in TB is driven by host innate immunity and mediated via enzymes, chiefly matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) which are secreted by leukocytes and stromal cells and degrade the extracellular matrix. Here we review the growing evidence implicating platelets in TB immunopathology. TB patients typically have high platelet counts, which correlate with disease severity, and a hypercoagulable profile. Platelets are present in human TB granulomas and platelet-associated gene transcripts are increased in TB patients versus healthy controls. Platelets most likely drive TB immunopathology through their effect on other immune cells, particularly monocytes, to lead to upregulation of activation markers, increased MMP secretion, and enhanced phagocytosis. Finally, we consider current evidence supporting use of targeted anti-platelet agents in the treatment of TB due to growing interest in developing host-directed therapies to limit tissue damage and improve treatment outcomes. In summary, platelets are implicated in TB disease and contribute to MMP-mediated tissue damage via their cellular interactions with other leukocytes, and are potential targets for novel host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Kirwan
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L W Chong
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Shevchuk O, Begonja AJ, Gambaryan S, Totzeck M, Rassaf T, Huber TB, Greinacher A, Renne T, Sickmann A. Proteomics: A Tool to Study Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094776. [PMID: 33946341 PMCID: PMC8125008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are components of the blood that are highly reactive, and they quickly respond to multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the last decade, it became clear that platelets are the key components of circulation, linking hemostasis, innate, and acquired immunity. Protein composition, localization, and activity are crucial for platelet function and regulation. The current state of mass spectrometry-based proteomics has tremendous potential to identify and quantify thousands of proteins from a minimal amount of material, unravel multiple post-translational modifications, and monitor platelet activity during drug treatments. This review focuses on the role of proteomics in understanding the molecular basics of the classical and newly emerging functions of platelets. including the recently described role of platelets in immunology and the development of COVID-19.The state-of-the-art proteomic technologies and their application in studying platelet biogenesis, signaling, and storage are described, and the potential of newly appeared trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) is highlighted. Additionally, implementing proteomic methods in platelet transfusion medicine, and as a diagnostic and prognostic tool, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Shevchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Immunodynamics, Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonija Jurak Begonja
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Torez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany; (M.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institut für Immunologie und Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Sauerbruchstraße, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Thomas Renne
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Straße 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center (MPC), Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.S.)
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47
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Chen WA, Fletcher HM, Payne KJ, Aka S, Thornburg MB, Gheorghe JD, Safi SB, Shavlik D, Oyoyo U, Boskovic DS. Platelet and neutrophil responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis in human whole blood. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:202-213. [PMID: 33811483 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a causative agent for periodontal disease. Binding of platelets to this gram-negative anaerobe can regulate host hemostatic (thrombus forming) and immune (neutrophil interacting) responses during bacterial infection. Additionally, in response to bacterial pathogens neutrophils can release their DNA, forming highly prothrombotic neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which then further enhance platelet responses. This study evaluates the role of P. gingivalis on platelet expression of CD62P, platelet-neutrophil interactions, and labeled neutrophil-associated DNA. Human whole blood was preincubated with varying P. gingivalis concentrations, with or without subsequent addition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Flow cytometry was employed to measure platelet expression of CD62P using PerCP-anti-CD61 and PE-anti-CD62P, platelet-neutrophil interactions using PerCP-anti-CD61 and FITC-anti-CD16, and the release of neutrophil DNA using FITC-anti-CD16 and Sytox Blue labeling. Preincubation with a high (6.25 × 106 CFU/mL) level of P. gingivalis significantly increased platelet expression of CD62P in ADP treated and untreated whole blood. In addition, platelet-neutrophil interactions were significantly increased after ADP stimulation, following 5-22 min preincubation of blood with high P. gingivalis CFU. However, in the absence of added ADP, platelet-neutrophil interactions increased in a manner dependent on the preincubation time with P. gingivalis. Moreover, after ADP addition, 16 min preincubation of whole blood with P. gingivalis led to increased labeling of neutrophil-associated DNA. Taken together, the results suggest that the presence of P. gingivalis alters platelet and neutrophil responses to increase platelet activation, platelet interactions with neutrophils, and the level of neutrophil antimicrobial NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly J Payne
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Sheryl Aka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Melanie B Thornburg
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joseph D Gheorghe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Shahnaj Binte Safi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - David Shavlik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Udochukwu Oyoyo
- Department of Dental Education Services, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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48
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Chen X, Yu C, Jing H, Wang C, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhang S, Liu H, Xie R, Shi J. COVID-19 associated thromboinflammation of renal capillary: potential mechanisms and treatment. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:7640-7656. [PMID: 33437350 PMCID: PMC7791506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic disease with high morbidity and mortality. Inflammatory and thrombosis are its main manifestations. As an important organ of hemofiltration metabolism, the kidney is prone to blockage and destruction when filter high inflammatory and high viscous blood of COVID-19, resulting in the loss of a large amount of protein, aggravating blood concentration, and then worsening COVID-19 hypercoagulability, which may explain the phenomenon of erythrocytes aggregation blocking the capillary lumen and the main reason why the kidney has become the second largest involvement organs. Therefore, this review discusses the effects of pathophysiological mechanisms such as inflammatory storm, endothelial injury, phosphatidylserine expression, extracellular traps release on renal capillary thrombosis caused by COVID-19 infection. Meanwhile, in view of the above mechanisms, we put forward the potential targets of antithrombotic therapy, and graded management of patients, reasonable use of drugs according to the severity of the disease and the choice of time. And we support the view of prevention of thrombus before admission, continuous anticoagulation and drug choice after discharge. It is suggested that the symptomatic and supportive treatment of renal disease in critically ill patients should be combined with the concept of antithrombotic therapy. The ultimate goal is to reduce the occurrence and development of kidney disease, provide direction for the current management of COVID-19 with kidney disease, and reduce the mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Chengyuan Yu
- Department of Geriatric, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology)Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Chunxu Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Shuoqi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Rujuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin Medical UniversityChina
- Departments of Research and Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
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49
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Chen WA, Fletcher HM, Gheorghe JD, Oyoyo U, Boskovic DS. Platelet plug formation in whole blood is enhanced in the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 35:251-259. [PMID: 32949112 PMCID: PMC11139348 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium and an etiologic agent of adult periodontitis. By inducing a dysbiotic state within the host microbiota it contributes to a chronic inflammatory environment in the oral cavity. Under some circumstances, the oral bacteria may gain access to systemic circulation. While the most widely recognized function of platelets is to reduce hemorrhage in case of vascular damage, it is known that platelets are also involved in the hematologic responses to bacterial infections. Some pathogenic bacteria can interact with platelets, triggering their activation and aggregation. The aim of this study was to assess platelet responses to the presence of P. gingivalis in whole blood. Human whole blood was pretreated with P. gingivalis and then platelet plug formation was measured under high shear conditions using the PFA-100. In the presence of P. gingivalis, time for a platelet plug to occlude the aperture in the collagen/ADP cartridge was shortened in a manner dependent on bacterial concentration and the duration of bacterial preincubation of blood. P. gingivalis enhances thrombus forming potential of platelets in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Joseph D Gheorghe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Udochukwu Oyoyo
- Department of Dental Education Services, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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50
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Portier I, Campbell RA. Role of Platelets in Detection and Regulation of Infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:70-78. [PMID: 33115274 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are classically known as essential mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis. However, in recent years, platelets have gained recognition for their inflammatory functions, which modulate the immune response during infectious diseases. Platelets contain various immunoreceptors that enable them to act as sentinels to recognize intravascular pathogens. Upon activation, platelets directly limit pathogen growth through the release of AMPs (antimicrobial proteins) and ensure pathogen clearance through activation of immune cells. However, aberrant platelet activation can lead to inflammation and thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Portier
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City (I.P., R.A.C.)
| | - Robert A Campbell
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City (I.P., R.A.C.).,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (R.A.C.)
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