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Ikiz F, Ak A. Investigation of the relationship between coagulation parameters and mortality in COVID-19 infection. BLOOD SCIENCE 2024; 6:e00191. [PMID: 38694496 PMCID: PMC11062700 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study, which included patients over the age of 18 who were diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the emergency clinic, aims to determine the relationship between coagulation parameters and mortality. Epidemiologic data such as age, gender, medical history, vital parameters at emergency department admission, clinical findings, coagulation parameters such as d-dimer, prothrombin time (PT), active partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), international normalized ration (INR), fibrinogen, and platelet were evaluated. Patients with positive computerized tomography (CT) findings and positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) together were included in the study. It was revealed that d-dimer, fibrinogen, INR, and PT values were higher in the elderly group. It was shown that there was a significant relationship between hospitalization days (ward or intensive care unit) and d-dimer levels. It was observed that d-dimer, fibrinogen elevation was significantly associated with prognosis by increasing mortality, and that platelet and aPTT values were also associated with prognosis and were lower in the mortality group. On the other hand, in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the sensitivity and specificity data were 80.3%/80.0% for d-dimer, 70.5%/72.2% for fibrinogen, 58.2%/59.4% for aPTT, and 59.7%/59.2% for platelet, respectively. The overall classification success was 88.6% and mortality prediction success was 37.7% in the regression model of some coagulation parameters (d-dimer, fibrinogen, aPTT, and platelet) which were effective on prognosis. In conclusion, it was determined that d-dimer, fibrinogen, aPTT, and platelet parameters were directly associated with mortality and when these coagulation parameters were used together with the clinical, vital, and demographic data of the patients, the success of mortality prediction increased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ikiz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Selcuklu, Konya, Turkey
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Bertsch T, Behringer W, Blaschke S, Body R, Davidson S, Müller-Olling M, Guo G, Rieger A, Wahl A, Horner D, Sun Y, Turnes L, Sonner U, Hoffmann M. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a prospective, observational study to evaluate diagnostic performance of the Tina-quant D-Dimer Gen.2 assay. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1142465. [PMID: 38169956 PMCID: PMC10759223 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1142465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background D-Dimer testing is a diagnostic tool for exclusion of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of the Tina-quant® D-Dimer Gen.2 assay (Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) in patients with low/intermediate pre-test probability of DVT/PE using standard, age-, and clinical probability-adjusted cut-offs. Methods In this prospective, observational, multicenter study (July 2017-August 2019), plasma samples were collected from hospital emergency departments and specialist referral centers. DVT/PE was diagnosed under hospital standard procedures and imaging protocols. A standard D-dimer cut-off of 0.5 µg fibrinogen equivalent units (FEU)/ml was combined with the three-level Wells score; cut-offs adjusted for age (age × 0.01 µg FEU/ml for patients >50 years) and clinical probability (1 µg FEU/ml for low probability) were also evaluated. An assay comparison was conducted in a subset of samples using the Tina-quant D-Dimer Gen.2 assay and the previously established routine laboratory assay, STA-Liatest D-Di Plus assay (Stago Deutschland GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany). Results 2,897 patients were enrolled; 2,516 completed the study (DVT cohort: 1,741 PE cohort: 775). Clinical assessment plus D-dimer testing using the standard cut-off resulted in 317 (DVT) and 230 (PE) false positives, and zero (DVT) and one (PE) false negatives. Negative predictive value (NPV) was 100.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 99.7%-100.0%) and 99.8% (95% CI: 98.8%-100.0%) for DVT and PE, respectively. After age-adjustment, NPV was 99.9% (95% CI: 99.6%-100.0%) and 99.1% (95% CI: 97.8-99.7) for DVT and PE, respectively. False positive rates decreased (>50%) in clinical probability-adjusted analyses vs. primary analysis. In the assay comparison, the performances of the two assays were comparable. Conclusion The Tina-quant D-Dimer Gen.2 assay and standard D-dimer cut-off level combined with the three-level Wells score accurately identified patients with a very low probability of DVT/PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremberg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Behringer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Blaschke
- Emergency Department, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Richard Body
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Emergency Department, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Davidson
- Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | | | - Ge Guo
- Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | - Daniel Horner
- Emergency Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yuli Sun
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Turnes
- Agent Representing Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sonner
- Agent Representing Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
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Robert-Ebadi H, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Verschuren F, Le Gal G, Righini M. External validation of the PEGeD diagnostic algorithm for suspected pulmonary embolism in an independent cohort. Blood Adv 2023; 7:3946-3951. [PMID: 36521170 PMCID: PMC10410134 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential diagnostic algorithms are used in the case of suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). The PEGeD study proposed a new diagnostic strategy to reduce the use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). We aimed to externally validate this diagnostic strategy in an independent cohort. We analyzed data from 3 prospective studies of outpatients with suspected PE. As per the PEGeD algorithm, patients were classified as having a low, moderate, or high clinical pretest probability (C-PTP). PE was excluded with a D-dimer <1000 ng/mL in case of low C-PTP and <500 ng/mL in case of moderate C-PTP. We assessed the yield and safety of this approach and compared them with those of previously validated algorithms. Among the 3308 evaluated patients, 1615 (49%) patients could have had PE excluded according to the PEGeD algorithm, without the need for imaging. Of these patients, 38 (2.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-3.2) were diagnosed with a symptomatic PE at initial testing or during the 3-month follow-up. On further analysis, 36 patients out of these 38 patients had a positive age-adjusted D-dimer. The risk of venous thromboembolic events among the 414 patients with a D-dimer <1000 ng/mL but above the age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off was 36 of 414 (8.7%; 95% CI, 6.4-11.8). We provide external validation of the PEGeD algorithm in an independent cohort. Compared with standard algorithms, the PEGeD decreased the number of CTPA examinations. However, caution is required in patients with a low C-PTP and a D-dimer <1000 ng/mL but above their age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia Robert-Ebadi
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Olivier Sanchez
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, and Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Frank Verschuren
- Emergency Department, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Grégoire Le Gal
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Righini
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jaouen S, Mingant F, Lippert E, Galinat H. Using an age and fibrinogen levels adjusted D-dimer cutoff significantly improves the specificity of two equivalent D-dimer assays for excluding pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2023; 228:191-199. [PMID: 37348320 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our single-center prospective study compared two methods of D-dimer determination used in the exclusion of pulmonary embolism: bioMérieux method, VIDAS® D-Dimer Exclusion™ II, and Diagnostica Stago method, STA®-Liatest® D-Di Plus. For each of these two methods, we calculated optimized variable cutoffs based on fibrinogen and/or age to improve the specificity of the methods. PATIENTS - METHODS 2530 patients admitted to the Emergency Department of the Brest University Hospital for suspected pulmonary embolism were included in this study. The comparison of the two methods was performed by calculating their different characteristics: sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value for different cutoffs systems: fixed or age-adjusted according to Douma et al. An optimization of the variable cutoff according to age and fibrinogen was then performed. RESULTS The two methods VIDAS and STAGO are approximately equivalent in terms of performance even if the STAGO method presents a better specificity (57.1 %) at the fixed cutoff of 0.5 μg/mL. The adoption of age-adjusted, fibrinogen-adjusted or doubly-adjusted (age and fibrinogen) cutoffs, significantly improves the specificity of the tests without affecting their excellent sensitivity. These specificities peak respectively at 75.8 % and 76 % for the VIDAS and STAGO tests when using a doubly-adjusted, age and fibrinogen, cutoff, i.e. a gain in specificity of approximately 10 % compared with the age-adjusted cutoff of Douma et al. and of approximately 20 % compared with the fixed cutoff of 0.5 μg/mL. CONCLUSION Adopting an optimized variable cutoff based on fibrinogen and/or age significantly improves specificity of D-dimer methods for pulmonary embolism exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jaouen
- CHU Brest, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Brest, France
| | | | - Eric Lippert
- CHU Brest, Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Brest, France
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de Wit K, Al-Haimus F, Hu Y, Ikesaka R, Chan N, Ibrahim Q, Klyn J, Clayton N, Germini F. Comparison of YEARS and Adjust-Unlikely D-dimer Testing for Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 81:558-565. [PMID: 36371248 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE We prospectively assessed the diagnostic accuracy of YEARS and a modified age-adjusted clinical decision rule ("Adjust-Unlikely") for pulmonary embolism (PE) testing in the emergency department. METHODS This study was conducted in tertiary care Canadian emergency departments. When the D-dimer was <500 ng/ml, PE was excluded. Pulmonary imaging for PE was performed when the D-dimer was ≥500 ng/ml. Patients were followed for 30 days, and PE outcomes were independently adjudicated. Physicians systematically recorded the presence or absence of YEARS items (PE most likely, hemoptysis, signs of deep venous thrombosis) prior to D-dimer testing and imaging. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of YEARS and the "Adjust-Unlikely" rule. Age adjustment (age x 10 in those >50 years old) was applied in patients where PE was not the most likely diagnosis and 500 ng/ml threshold when PE was most likely. RESULTS One thousand seven hundred three patients were included, median age 62 (50, 74), 58% female, PE prevalence 8.0%. YEARS sensitivity for PE diagnosis was 92.6% (87.0, 96.0%) and specificity 45.0% (42.5, 47.5%). Adjust-Unlikely sensitivity was 100.0% (97.2, 100.0%) and specificity 32.4% (30.1, 34.8%). Posttest probability of PE in the group of patients with PE excluded by D-dimer between 500 ng/ml and the adjusted limit was 2.8% (1.6, 5.1%) for YEARS and 0.0% (0.0, 2.6%) for the "Adjust-Unlikely" rule. CONCLUSION The "Adjust-Unlikely" rule would modestly reduce imaging and identify all cases of PE. YEARS would substantially reduce imaging but miss 1 in 14 cases of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin de Wit
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, and Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Fayad Al-Haimus
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rick Ikesaka
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Noel Chan
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Quazi Ibrahim
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Klyn
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Clayton
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Emergency Department, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Federico Germini
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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de Wit K, Ikesaka R, Chan N, Germini F. In reply. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 81:517-518. [PMID: 36948692 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin de Wit
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rick Ikesaka
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noel Chan
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Federico Germini
- Division of Hematology and Thromboembolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Stals MAM, Moumneh T, Ainle FN, Aujesky D, van Bemmel T, Bertoletti L, Bistervels IM, Chauleur C, Couturaud F, van Dooren YPA, Elias A, Faber LM, Le Gall C, Hofstee HMA, van der Hulle T, Kruip MJHA, Maignan M, Mairuhu ATA, Middeldorp S, Le Moigne E, Nijkeuter M, van der Pol LM, Robert-Ebadi H, Roy PM, Sanchez O, Schmidt J, van Smeden M, Tromeur C, Wolde MT, Righini M, Le Gal G, Huisman MV, Klok FA. Noninvasive diagnostic work-up for suspected acute pulmonary embolism during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:606-615. [PMID: 36696189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies evaluated the performance of noninvasive diagnostic strategies for suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in pregnant women. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish the safety and efficiency of the Wells rule with fixed and adapted D-dimer threshold, and the YEARS algorithm, combined with compression ultrasonography (CUS), in pregnant women with suspected PE in an individual patient data meta-analysis. METHODS We performed a systematic review to identify prospective diagnostic management studies in pregnant women with suspected PE. Primary outcomes were safety, defined as the failure rate, ie, the 3-month venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence after excluding PE without chest imaging, and efficiency, defined as the proportion of patients in whom chest imaging could be avoided. RESULTS We identified 2 relevant studies, of which individual patient-level data were analyzed in a fixed-effect meta-analysis, totaling 893 pregnant women. The Wells rule with fixed and adapted D-dimer threshold as well as the YEARS algorithm could safely rule out acute PE (failure rate, 0·37%-1·4%), but efficiency improved considerably when applying pretest probability-adapted D-dimer thresholds. The efficiency of bilateral CUS was limited (2·3% overall; number needed to test 43), especially in patients without symptoms of deep-vein thrombosis (efficiency 0·79%; number needed to test 127). CONCLUSION This study supports the latest guideline recommendations (European Society of Cardiology 2019) to apply pretest probability assessment and D-dimer tests to rule out PE in pregnant women. From an efficiency perspective, the use of a strategy with pretest probability-adapted D-dimer threshold is preferred. The yield of CUS was very limited in patients without concomitant symptoms of deep-vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou A M Stals
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Moumneh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHU Angers, University Hospital of Angers, UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Equipe CARME, Angers, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Fionnuala Ni Ainle
- Department of Hematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas van Bemmel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gelre Ziekenhuizen Apeldoorn, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Thérapeutique, CHU de St-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; CIC 1408 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France University Jean Monnet, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM U 1059, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Ingrid M Bistervels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Flevo Hospital, Almere, the Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Céline Chauleur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CHU de St-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France; CIC 1408 Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France University Jean Monnet, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Mines Saint-Etienne, INSERM U 1059, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Francis Couturaud
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine and Chest Diseases, Brest Hospital Center, Groupe d'Etude de Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale, INSERM UMR1304, University of Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - Antoine Elias
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Médecine Vasculaire, Centre Hospitalier de Toulon, Toulon, France
| | - Laura M Faber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine Le Gall
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Centre Hospitalier d'Argenteuil, Argenteuil, France
| | - Herman M A Hofstee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Hulle
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke J H A Kruip
- Department of Hematology Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maxime Maignan
- Department of Emergency, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Hypoxy-Physiopathology laboratory HP2, Grenoble, France
| | - Albert T A Mairuhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Le Moigne
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine and Chest Diseases, Brest Hospital Center, Groupe d'Etude de Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale, INSERM UMR1304, University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Mathilde Nijkeuter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Liselotte M van der Pol
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Helia Robert-Ebadi
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Medicine, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Roy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHU Angers, University Hospital of Angers, UMR MitoVasc CNRS 6015 - INSERM 1083, Equipe CARME, Angers, France; F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Olivier Sanchez
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jeannot Schmidt
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Emergency, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maarten van Smeden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cecile Tromeur
- F-CRIN INNOVTE research network, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Internal Medicine and Chest Diseases, Brest Hospital Center, Groupe d'Etude de Thrombose de Bretagne Occidentale, INSERM UMR1304, University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Marije Ten Wolde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Flevo Hospital, Almere, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Righini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Le Gal
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Thrombosis Research Group, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Menno V Huisman
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frederikus A Klok
- Department of Medicine - Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Müller J, Büchsel M, Timme M, App U, Miesbach W, Sachs UJ, Krause M, Scholz U. Reference Intervals in Coagulation Analysis. Hamostaseologie 2022; 42:381-389. [PMID: 36549290 DOI: 10.1055/a-1945-9490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation analysis is characterized by the application of a variety of materials, reagents, and analyzers for the determination of the same parameter, or analyte, by different laboratories worldwide. Accordingly, the application of common reference intervals, that, by definition, would represent a "range of values (of a certain analyte) that is deemed normal for a physiological measurement in healthy persons," is difficult to implement without harmonization of procedures. In fact, assay-specific reference intervals are usually established to allow for the discrimination of normal and abnormal values during evaluation of patient results. While such assay-specific reference intervals are often determined by assay manufacturers and subsequently adopted by customer laboratories, verification of transferred values is still mandatory to confirm applicability on site. The same is true for reference intervals that have been adopted from other laboratories, published information, or determined by indirect data mining approaches. In case transferable reference intervals are not available for a specific assay, a direct recruiting approach may or needs to be applied. In comparison to transferred reference interval verification, however, the direct recruiting approach requires a significantly higher number of well-defined samples to be collected and analyzed. In the present review, we aim to give an overview on the above-mentioned aspects and procedures, also with respect to relevant standards, regulations, guidelines, but also challenges for both, assay manufacturers and coagulation laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Müller
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Büchsel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Timme
- Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Urban App
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Eschborn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Miesbach
- Medical Clinic 2, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich J Sachs
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Krause
- Center of Hemostasis, MVZ Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Scholz
- Center of Hemostasis, MVZ Labor Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen, Leipzig, Germany
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Cracknell R, Salim E. Sensitivity and Specificity of Instrumentation Lab Age-Adjusted D-Dimer Threshold Values in a Single Hospital Site: A Retrospective Analysis. Cureus 2022; 14:e30719. [PMID: 36439618 PMCID: PMC9696858 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The D-dimer is a common test in the assessment of chest pain in acute settings. With a high sensitivity and low specificity, a significant number of false positive outcomes occur, leading to unnecessary medical intervention. There is good evidence supporting the use of an age-adjusted D-dimer model to increase diagnostic specificity in the context of a conventional "D-dimer" assay. There is, however, a lack of evidence validating the age adjustment process when considering the less common but still widely utilized "instrumentation lab" assay. Methods A retrospective audit was carried out in a district general hospital by obtaining all acute computed tomography pulmonary angiograms carried out between December 2020 and August 2021. The age-adjusted D-dimer was calculated for each patient by multiplying the patient's age by 5. Thereafter, sensitivity and specificity were reassessed. Results After exclusion, 133 patients under 50 years of age with low pre-test probability scores were included in the analysis. Age-adjusted D-dimer was found to increase specificity from 2% to 28% whilst maintaining a sensitivity of 94%. Conclusion Utilization of the 5x age-adjusted instrumentation lab assay D-dimer results in increased specificity with the potential to reduce the number of unnecessary admissions, radiation exposure, and medication use, improving patient safety and reducing healthcare burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Cracknell
- Cardiology, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, GBR
| | - Ehsan Salim
- Radiology, University Hospital Monklands, Glasgow, GBR
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Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism during Pregnancy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081875. [PMID: 36010225 PMCID: PMC9406738 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rare, pulmonary embolism (PE) remains one of the most common causes of severe maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Among pregnant women with suspected PE, the prevalence of confirmed disease is far lower than in the general population, reflecting the fear of missing the diagnosis and a low threshold to suspect PE in this setting. Two prospective management outcome trials have recently assessed two different diagnostic algorithms based on the assessment of clinical probability, D-dimer, venous compression ultrasonography of the lower limbs (CUS), and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). Both demonstrated the safety of such strategies to exclude PE, with a very low failure rate defined as the rate of subsequent 3-month venous thromboembolism in women left untreated after a negative work-up. These studies were also the first to prospectively demonstrate the safety of negative D-dimer associated with a clinical prediction rule to exclude PE without any chest imaging. Pregnant women are known to be a subgroup at particularly high risk of inappropriate diagnostic management, so the implementation of such validated diagnostic strategies in clinical practice should represent a high priority goal.
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11
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Karny-Epstein N, Abuhasira R, Grossman A. Current use of D-dimer for the exclusion of venous thrombosis in hospitalized patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12376. [PMID: 35859105 PMCID: PMC9300739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
D-dimer assay’s utility for excluding venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients is debatable. We aimed to assess the current use of D-dimer as a diagnostic tool for excluding VTE in hospitalized patients and examine a mandatory age-adjusted D-dimer (AADD) threshold for diagnostic imaging. Retrospective cohort study between 2014 to 2019 that included patients from medical and surgical wards with a positive AADD result drawn during their hospitalization. The outcomes were determining a D-dimer threshold requiring further evaluation and assessing the prognostic value of D-dimer in predicting clinically relevant VTE in hospitalized patients. The cohort included 354 patients, 56% of them underwent definitive diagnostic imaging, and 7.6% were diagnosed with VTE after a positive AADD within 90 days of follow-up. Mortality rates were higher in patients diagnosed with VTE (33.3% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.03). Patients with pneumonia and other infectious etiologies were less likely to be further evaluated by definitive imaging (p = 0.001). Patients with a respiratory complaint (p = 0.02), chest pain (p < 0.001), or leg swelling (p = 0.01) were more likely to undergo diagnostic imaging. Patients with D-dimer levels > X2 the AADD were at increased risk of VTE [OR 3.87 (1.45–10.27)]. At 90 days of follow-up, no excess mortality was observed for patients without diagnostic evaluation following elevated AADD. D-dimer may be used in hospitalized patients to exclude VTE using the traditional AADD thresholds, with a high negative predictive value. D-dimer levels > X2 the AADD usually mandates further diagnostic imaging, while lower levels, probably do not require additional workup, with a sensitivity of almost 80% and no excess mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Karny-Epstein
- Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Jabotinsky 39 St., Petah-Tikva, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Ran Abuhasira
- Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Jabotinsky 39 St., Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Grossman
- Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Jabotinsky 39 St., Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Kahn
- From Lady Davis Institute at Jewish General Hospital and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K.), the Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (K.W.), and the Departments of Medicine and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (K.W.) - all in Canada
| | - Kerstin de Wit
- From Lady Davis Institute at Jewish General Hospital and the Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal (S.R.K.), the Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON (K.W.), and the Departments of Medicine and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON (K.W.) - all in Canada
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13
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Caruso S, Szoke D, Panteghini M. 'Penelope test': a practical instrument for checking appropriateness of laboratory tests. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1342-1349. [PMID: 35785546 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In medical laboratories, the appropriateness challenge directly revolves around the laboratory test and its proper selection, data analysis, and result reporting. However, laboratories have also a role in the appropriate management of those phases of total testing process (TTP) that traditionally are not under their direct control. So that, the laboratory obligation to act along the entire TTP is now widely accepted in order to achieve better care management. Because of the large number of variables involved in the overall TTP structure, it is difficult to monitor appropriateness in real time. However, it is possible to retrospectively reconstruct the body of the clinical process involved in the management of a specific laboratory test to track key passages that may be defective or incomplete in terms of appropriateness. Here we proposed an appropriateness check-list scheme along the TTP chain to be potentially applied to any laboratory test. This scheme consists of a series of questions that healthcare professionals should answer to achieve laboratory test appropriateness. In the system, even a single lacking answer may compromise the integrity of all appropriateness evaluation process as the inability to answer may involve a significant deviation from the optimal trajectory, which compromise the test appropriateness and the quality of subsequent steps. Using two examples of the check-list application, we showed that the proposed instrument may offer an objective help to avoid inappropriate use of laboratory tests in an integrated way involving both laboratory professionals and user clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Caruso
- Clinical Pathology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Dominika Szoke
- Clinical Pathology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Panteghini
- Clinical Pathology Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
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14
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Robert-Ebadi H, Le Gal G, Righini M. Diagnostic Management of Pregnant Women With Suspected Pulmonary Embolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:851985. [PMID: 35369309 PMCID: PMC8967345 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.851985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the most common causes of severe morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. PE diagnosis during pregnancy remains a true challenge for all physicians, as many of the symptoms and signs associated with PE are often reported during physiological pregnancy. The fear of missing a PE during pregnancy leads a low threshold of suspicion, hence to a low prevalence of confirmed PE among pregnant women with suspected PE. This means that most pregnant women with suspected PE do not have the disease. Until recently, international guidelines suggested thoracic imaging in all pregnant women with suspected PE. Two recent prospective management outcome studies based on clinical probability assessment, D-dimer measurement, venous compression ultrasonography of the lower limbs (CUS) and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) proved the safety of such strategies, with a very low failure rate. For the first time, these studies also demonstrated that the association of a clinical prediction rule and D-dimer measurement allowed a safe exclusion of PE in a significant proportion of pregnant women, without the need for radiating imaging tests. These two prospective studies pave the way to further improvements in the diagnostic strategies. Indeed, both specific clinical prediction rules and possibly D-dimer cutoffs adapted to pregnant women could help to further reduce the proportion of patients needing thoracic imaging. As an imaging test will still ultimately be necessary in a significant proportion of women, further technical advances in CT scans protocols could reduce the radiation dose to both the fetus and the mother, an important step to reassure clinicians. Finally, educational efforts should be encouraged in the future to pass the challenge of implementing these validated diagnostic strategies in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia Robert-Ebadi
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Helia Robert-Ebadi
| | - Grégoire Le Gal
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- EA3878 University of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Marc Righini
- Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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de Wit K, Motalo O, Dalmia S. Just the facts: testing patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. CAN J EMERG MED 2022; 24:259-262. [PMID: 35023055 PMCID: PMC8754359 DOI: 10.1007/s43678-021-00260-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin de Wit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Victory 3, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada.
| | - Oksana Motalo
- Hematology Residency Program, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Shreyash Dalmia
- Hematology Residency Program, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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16
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Role of a new age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff value for preoperative deep venous thrombosis exclusion in elderly patients with hip fractures. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:649. [PMID: 34717681 PMCID: PMC8557539 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02801-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to describe the characteristics of plasma D-dimer level with increasing age and establish a new age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff value for excluding preoperative lower limb deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in elderly patients with hip fractures. Methods This was a retrospective study of elderly patients who presented with acute hip fracture in our institution between June 2016 and June 2019. All patients underwent D-dimer test and duplex ultrasound. Patients were divided into six 5-year-apart age groups. The optimal cutoff value for each group was calculated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, whereby the new age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff value was determined. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated and compared when different D-dimer cutoff values were applied, i.e., conventional 0.5 mg/L, previously well-established age-adjusted cutoff value (age × 0.01 mg/L) and the new age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff value herein. Results There were 2759 patients included, 887 males and 1872 females, with an average age of 78 years. In total, 280 patients were diagnosed with preoperative DVT. The optimal cutoff values for the six age groups were 0.715 mg/L, 1.17 mg/L, 1.62 mg/L, 1.665 mg/L, 1.69 mg/L and 1.985 mg/L, respectively, and the calculated age-adjusted coefficient was 0.02 mg/L. With this new coefficient applied, the specificity was 61%, clearly higher than those for conventional threshold (0.5 mg/L, 37%) or previously established age-adjusted D-dimer threshold (age × 0.01 mg/L, 22%). In contrast, the sensitivity was lower than that (59% vs 85% or 77%) when D-dimer threshold of 0.5 mg/L or age-adjusted cutoff value (age × 0.01 mg/L) was used. The other indexes as PPV (15%, 11% and 12%) and NPV (93%, 93% and 94%) were comparable when three different D-dimer thresholds were applied. Conclusions We developed a new age-adjusted D-dimer cutoff value (age × 0.02 mg/L) for a specified high-risk population of patients aged 65 years or older with hip fractures, and demonstrated the improved utility of the D-dimer test for exclusion of DVT. This formula can be considered for use in elderly hip fracture patients who meet the applicable standards as preoperative DVT screening, after its validity is confirmed by more well-evidenced studies.
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Jiménez D, Agustí A, Tabernero E, Jara-Palomares L, Hernando A, Ruiz-Artacho P, Pérez-Peñate G, Rivas-Guerrero A, Rodríguez-Nieto MJ, Ballaz A, Agüero R, Jiménez S, Calle-Rubio M, López-Reyes R, Marcos-Rodríguez P, Barrios D, Rodríguez C, Muriel A, Bertoletti L, Couturaud F, Huisman M, Lobo JL, Yusen RD, Bikdeli B, Monreal M, Otero R. Effect of a Pulmonary Embolism Diagnostic Strategy on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for COPD Exacerbation: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 326:1277-1285. [PMID: 34609451 PMCID: PMC8493436 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Active search for pulmonary embolism (PE) may improve outcomes in patients hospitalized for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVE To compare usual care plus an active strategy for diagnosing PE with usual care alone in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial conducted across 18 hospitals in Spain. A total of 746 patients were randomized from September 2014 to July 2020 (final follow-up was November 2020). INTERVENTIONS Usual care plus an active strategy for diagnosing PE (D-dimer testing and, if positive, computed tomography pulmonary angiogram) (n = 370) vs usual care (n = 367). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was a composite of nonfatal symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE), readmission for COPD, or death within 90 days after randomization. There were 4 secondary outcomes, including nonfatal new or recurrent VTE, readmission for COPD, and death from any cause within 90 days. Adverse events were also collected. RESULTS Among the 746 patients who were randomized, 737 (98.8%) completed the trial (mean age, 70 years; 195 [26%] women). The primary outcome occurred in 110 patients (29.7%) in the intervention group and 107 patients (29.2%) in the control group (absolute risk difference, 0.5% [95% CI, -6.2% to 7.3%]; relative risk, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.82-1.28]; P = .86). Nonfatal new or recurrent VTE was not significantly different in the 2 groups (0.5% vs 2.5%; risk difference, -2.0% [95% CI, -4.3% to 0.1%]). By day 90, a total of 94 patients (25.4%) in the intervention group and 84 (22.9%) in the control group had been readmitted for exacerbation of COPD (risk difference, 2.5% [95% CI, -3.9% to 8.9%]). Death from any cause occurred in 23 patients (6.2%) in the intervention group and 29 (7.9%) in the control group (risk difference, -1.7% [95% CI, -5.7% to 2.3%]). Major bleeding occurred in 3 patients (0.8%) in the intervention group and 3 patients (0.8%) in the control group (risk difference, 0% [95% CI, -1.9% to 1.8%]; P = .99). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients hospitalized for an exacerbation of COPD, the addition of an active strategy for the diagnosis of PE to usual care, compared with usual care alone, did not significantly improve a composite health outcome. The study may not have had adequate power to assess individual components of the composite outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02238639.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvar Agustí
- Respiratory Institute, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERES, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Tabernero
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Biocruces-Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luis Jara-Palomares
- Respiratory Department, Virgen del Rocío Hospital and Instituto de Biomedicina, Sevilla
| | | | - Pedro Ruiz-Artacho
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid; Interdisciplinar Teragnosis and Radiosomics Research Group (INTRA-Madrid), Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Pérez-Peñate
- Respiratory Department and Pulmonary Vascular Unit, HUGC Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas GC, Spain
| | | | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Nieto
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Respiratory Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Ballaz
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Galdakao-Usansolo, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ramón Agüero
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Sonia Jiménez
- Emergency Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myriam Calle-Rubio
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Medicine Department, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Marcos-Rodríguez
- Respiratory Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), INIBIC, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Deisy Barrios
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Muriel
- Biostatistics Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- CHU de St-Etienne, Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Thérapeutique; INSERM, UMR1059, Université Jean-Monnet; INSERM, CIC-1408, CHU de Saint-Etienne; INNOVTE, CHU de Saint-Etienne; all in F-42055, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Francis Couturaud
- Department of Internal Medicine and Chest Diseases, EA3878 (G.E.T.B.O.), CIC INSERM 0502, University Hospital of Brest, European University of Occidental Brittany, Brest, France
| | - Menno Huisman
- Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roger D. Yusen
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Behnood Bikdeli
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation (CORE), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, New York
| | - Manuel Monreal
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona; Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Remedios Otero
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- Respiratory Department, Virgen del Rocío Hospital and Instituto de Biomedicina, Sevilla
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Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis: Similar but different. Thromb Res 2021; 206:88-98. [PMID: 34454241 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), the two clinical manifestations of venous thromboembolism (VTE), constitute a major global burden of cardiovascular disease. They are often referred to as one disease but several patient characteristics, risk factors, real-world treatment, and clinical outcomes may differ substantially between PE and DVT alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a narrative review of the state-of-the-art literature on the topic of PE and DVT alone using PubMed, Google scholar, and MEDLINE databases and the most established international consensus statement guidelines for the management of VTE, focusing on the recommendations for diagnosis and treatment but also including epidemiological and clinical characteristics of VTE, highlighting similarities and differences between PE and DVT alone. RESULTS Several patient characteristics, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and outcomes differ substantially between PE versus DVT alone. Nevertheless, recommendations for both diagnosis and treatment are strikingly similar in the current guidelines for the management of DVT and PE, except for the indication for advanced reperfusion therapies. CONCLUSIONS The differences in risk factors, clinical manifestations, and clinical outcomes between patients with PE versus DVT alone are only marginally addressed in the current consensus guidelines. More data is needed allowing proposal of evidence-based adjustments in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for these two manifestations of VTE. Tailored risk stratification and individualized management strategies for patients with PE and DVT alone may lead to a better prognosis, less recurrence and complications, and possibly to a gain of quality-adjusted life years in patients with VTE.
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