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Kotańska M, Marcinkowska M, Kuder KJ, Walczak M, Bednarski M, Siwek A, Kołaczkowski M. Metabolic and cardiovascular benefits and risks of 4-hydroxy guanabenz hydrochloride: α 2-adrenoceptor and trace amine-associated receptor 1 ligand. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:1211-1229. [PMID: 37624466 PMCID: PMC10539439 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-adrenoceptor ligands have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity. Our previous studies have shown that guanabenz reduces the body weight of obese rats, presumably through its anorectic action. This demonstrates an additional beneficial effect on selected metabolic parameters, including glucose levels. The purpose of this present research was to determine the activity of guanabenz's metabolite-4-hydroxy guanabenz hydrochloride (4-OH-Guanabenz). METHODS We performed in silico analyses, involving molecular docking to targets of specific interest as well as other potential biological targets. In vitro investigations were conducted to assess the selectivity profile of 4-OH-Guanabenz binding to α-adrenoceptors, along with intrinsic activity studies involving α2-adrenoceptors and trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Additionally, the effects of 4-OH-Guanabenz on the body weight of rats and selected metabolic parameters were evaluated using the diet-induced obesity model. Basic safety and pharmacokinetic parameters were also examined. RESULTS 4-OH-guanabenz is a partial agonist of α2A-adrenoceptor. The calculated EC50 value for it is 316.3 nM. It shows weak agonistic activity at TAAR1 too. The EC50 value for 4-OH-Guanabenz calculated after computer simulation is 330.6 µM. Its primary mode of action is peripheral. The penetration of 4-OH-Guanabenz into the brain is fast (tmax = 15 min), however, with a low maximum concentration of 64.5 ng/g. 4-OH-Guanabenz administered ip at a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. to rats fed a high-fat diet causes a significant decrease in body weight (approximately 14.8% compared to the baseline weight before treatment), reduces the number of calories consumed by rats, and decreases plasma glucose and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS The precise sequence of molecular events within the organism, linking the impact of 4-OH-Guanabenz on α2A-adrenoceptor and TAAR1 with weight reduction and the amelioration of metabolic disturbances, remains an unresolved matter necessitating further investigation. Undoubtedly, the fact that 4-OH-Guanabenz is a metabolite of a well-known drug has considerable importance, which is beneficial from an economic point of view and towards its further development as a drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotańska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Marcinkowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil J. Kuder
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Walczak
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
- Adamed Pharma Ltd, Czosnów, Poland
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Mangi MA, Rehman H, Rafique M, Illovsky M. Energy Drinks and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Current Literature. Cureus 2017; 9:e1322. [PMID: 28690955 PMCID: PMC5501707 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) are commonly used as a dietary supplement by young adolescents and adults. They are often used as a source of energy in order to enhance physical and mental performance. EDs contain a variety of substances, but caffeine is the main component. Safety has been the biggest concern associated with consuming EDs. Case reports, observational studies, and meta-analyses have been done in order to determine the effects of EDs on cardiovascular changes. The detrimental effects of EDs are cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, prolonged QT interval, aortic dissection, and death. In this article, we review case reports, observational studies, and meta-analyses of EDs and the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. We also review active ingredients, pharmacokinetics, and the mechanism of action of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiba Rehman
- GME Internal Medicine, Orange Park Medical Center
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Enriquez A, Frankel DS. Arrhythmogenic effects of energy drinks. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017; 28:711-717. [PMID: 28387431 DOI: 10.1111/jce.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks (ED) are increasingly popular, especially among adolescents and young adults. They are marketed as enhancers of energy, alertness, and physical performance. ED contain high doses of caffeine and other active ingredients. Their safety has come under question due to reports temporally linking ED consumption with serious cardiovascular events, including arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. In this article, we report 2 cases of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in young patients after consuming ED. We also review the ingredients of ED, the physiologic effects on the cardiovascular system, and the available evidence suggesting arrhythmogenecity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Enriquez
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David S Frankel
- Electrophysiology Section, Cardiovascular Division, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Skoog J, Zachrisson H, Länne T, Lindenberger M. Slower Lower Limb Blood Pooling Increases Orthostatic Tolerance in Women with Vasovagal Syncope. Front Physiol 2016; 7:232. [PMID: 27378941 PMCID: PMC4906053 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Slower lower limb blood pooling and associated blunted sympathetic activation has been detected in healthy women prone to orthostatic syncope. Whether these findings are true also for patients with vasovagal syncope (VVS) is unknown. The aim was to investigate initial blood pooling time (poolingtime, time to 50% of total blood pooling) together with hemodynamic responses and orthostatic tolerance during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in VVS and healthy controls. Methods and Results: Fourteen VVS women (25.7 ± 1.3 years) and 15 healthy women (22.8 ± 0.8 years) were subjected to single-step and graded LBNP to pre-syncope. Lower limb blood pooling (ml · 100 ml−1), poolingtime (s), hemodynamic responses and LBNP-tolerance were evaluated. LBNP induced comparable lower limb blood pooling in both groups (controls, 3.1 ± 0.3; VVS, 2.9 ± 0.3 ml · 100 ml−1, P = 0.70). In controls, shorter poolingtime correlated to higher LBNP-tolerance (r = –0.550, P < 0.05) as well as better maintained stroke volume (r = –0.698, P < 0.01) and cardiac output (r = –0.563, P < 0.05). In contrast, shorter poolingtime correlated to lower LBNP-tolerance in VVS (r = 0.821, P < 0.001) and larger decline in stroke volume (r = 0.611, P < 0.05). Furthermore, in controls, shorter poolingtime correlated to baroreflex-mediated hemodynamic changes during LBNP, e.g., increased vasoconstriction (P < 0.001). In VVS, poolingtime was not correlated with LBNP-induced baroreceptor unloading, but rather highly correlated to resting calf blood flow (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Shorter poolingtime seems to elicit greater sympathetic activation with a concomitant higher orthostatic tolerance in healthy women. The contrasting findings in VVS indicate a deteriorated vascular sympathetic control suggesting well-defined differences already in the initial responses during orthostatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Skoog
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Johan Skoog
| | - Helene Zachrisson
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Toste Länne
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lindenberger
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköping, Sweden
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Dudek M, Knutelska J, Bednarski M, Nowiński L, Zygmunt M, Kazek G, Mordyl B, Głuch-Lutwin M, Zaręba P, Kulig K, Sapa J. Pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives may reduce body weight in rats with diet-induced obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 776:146-55. [PMID: 26896778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity affects an increasing number of individuals in the human population and significant importance is attached to research leading to the discovery of drug which would effectively reduce weight. The search for new drugs with anorectic activity and acting within the adrenergic system has attracted the interest of researchers. This study concerns the experimental effects on body weight of α2-adrenoceptor antagonists from the group of pyrrolidin-2-one derivatives in rats with diet-induced obesity. METHODS The intrinsic activity of the test compounds at the α-adrenoreceptors was tested. Obesity in rats was obtained by the use of fatty diet and then the influence of the test compounds on body weight, food and water intakes, lipid and glucose profiles and glycerol and cortisol levels were determinated. The effects of the compounds on locomotor activity, body temperature, blood pressure and heart rate were tested. RESULTS One of the test compounds (1-(3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)pyrrolidin-2-one) reduces the animal's body weight and the amount of peritoneal adipose tissue during chronic administration, at the same time it does not cause significant adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. This compound decreases temperature and elevates glycerol levels and does not change the locomotor activity and cortisol level at anti-obese dose. CONCLUSIONS Some derivatives of pyrrolidin-2-one that act as antagonists of the α2-adrenoreceptor may reduce body weight. Reducing body weight for 1-(3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)pyrrolidin-2-one can be associated with decrease in food intake, body fat reduction, reduction of blood glucose, and increased thermogenesis and lipolysis. This effect cannot be the result of changes in spontaneous activity or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dudek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Knutelska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Nowiński
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zygmunt
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kazek
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paula Zaręba
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kulig
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Dudek M, Knutelska J, Bednarski M, Nowiński L, Zygmunt M, Mordyl B, Głuch-Lutwin M, Kazek G, Sapa J, Pytka K. A Comparison of the Anorectic Effect and Safety of the Alpha2-Adrenoceptor Ligands Guanfacine and Yohimbine in Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141327. [PMID: 26506439 PMCID: PMC4624629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for drugs with anorectic activity, acting within the adrenergic system has attracted the interest of researchers. Partial α2-adrenoceptor agonists might offer the potential for effective and safe treatment of obesity. We compared the effectiveness and safety of α2-adrenoceptor ligands in reducing body mass. We also analyzed if antagonist and partial agonists of α2-adrenoceptor––yohimbine and guanfacine––act similarly, and determined which course of action is connected with anorectic activity. We tested intrinsic activity and effect on the lipolysis of these compounds in cell cultures, evaluated their effect on meal size, body weight in Wistar rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity, and determined their effect on blood pressure, heart rate, lipid profile, spontaneous locomotor activity, core temperature and glucose, as well as glycerol and cortisol levels. Both guanfacine and yohimbine showed anorectic activity. Guanfacine was much more effective than yohimbine. Both significantly reduced the amount of intraperitoneal adipose tissue and had a beneficial effect on lipid profiles. Decreased response of α2A-adrenoceptors and partial stimulation of α2B-receptors seem to be responsible for the anorectic action of guanfacine. The stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors by guanfacine is responsible for cardiovascular side effects but may also be linked with improved anorexic effect. α1-adrenoceptor blockade is connected with the side effects of yohimbine, but it is also associated with the improvement of lipid profiles. Guanfacine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat hypertension and conduct disorder, but as it reduces body weight, it is worth examining its effectiveness and safety in models of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dudek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Joanna Knutelska
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Bednarski
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Nowiński
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zygmunt
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kazek
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, 9 Medyczna Street, PL 30–688 Kraków, Poland
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7
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Vo L, Drummond PD. Involvement of α2-adrenoceptors in inhibitory and facilitatory pain modulation processes. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:386-98. [PMID: 26032281 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In healthy humans, high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) of the forearm not only produces hyperalgesia at the site of stimulation but also reduces sensitivity to pressure-pain on the ipsilateral side of the forehead. In addition, HFS augments the ipsilateral trigeminal nociceptive blink reflex and intensifies the ipsilateral component of conditioned pain modulation. The aim of this study was to determine whether α2-adrenoceptors mediate these ipsilateral nociceptive influences. METHODS The α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine was administered to 22 participants in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. In each session, thermal and mechanical sensitivity in the forearms and forehead was assessed before and after HFS. In addition, the combined effect of HFS and yohimbine on the nociceptive blink reflex and on conditioned pain modulation was explored. In this paradigm, the conditioning stimulus was cold pain in the ipsilateral or contralateral temple, and the test stimulus was electrically evoked pain in the forearm. RESULTS Blood pressure and electrodermal activity increased for several hours after yohimbine administration, consistent with blockade of central α2-adrenoceptors. Yohimbine not only augmented the nociceptive blink reflex ipsilateral to HFS but also intensified the inhibitory influence of ipsilateral temple cooling on electrically evoked pain at the HFS-treated site in the forearm. Yohimbine had no consistent effect on primary or secondary hyperalgesia in the forearm or on pressure-pain in the ipsilateral forehead. CONCLUSIONS These findings imply involvement of α2-adrenoceptors both in ipsilateral antinociceptive and pronociceptive pain modulation processes. However, a mechanism not involving α2-adrenoceptors appears to mediate analgesia in the ipsilateral forehead after HFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vo
- Centre for Research on Chronic Pain and Inflammatory Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P D Drummond
- Centre for Research on Chronic Pain and Inflammatory Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015; 37:275-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Ziegler
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Milos Milic
- From the Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Joshi BD, Srivastava A, Tandon P, Jain S. Molecular structure, vibrational spectra and HOMO, LUMO analysis of yohimbine hydrochloride by density functional theory and ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 82:270-278. [PMID: 21856216 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Yohimbine hydrochloride (YHCl) is an aphrodisiac and promoted for erectile dysfunction, weight loss and depression. The optimized geometry, total energy, potential energy surface and vibrational wavenumbers of yohimbine hydrochloride have been determined using ab initio, Hartree-Fock (HF) and density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. A complete vibrational assignment is provided for the observed Raman and IR spectra of YHCl. The UV absorption spectrum was examined in ethanol solvent and compared with the calculated one in gas phase as well as in solvent environment (polarizable continuum model, PCM) using TD-DFT/6-31G basis set. These methods are proposed as a tool to be applied in the structural characterization of YHCl. The calculated highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) with frontier orbital gap are presented.
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Tank J, Heusser K, Diedrich A, Hering D, Luft FC, Busjahn A, Aydin A, Limon J, Narkiewicz K, Jordan J. Beta-2 adrenoreceptor gene polymorphisms and sympathetic outflow in humans. Clin Auton Res 2011; 21:333-8. [PMID: 21448689 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-011-0121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous association studies suggested that common polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenoreceptor gene leading to glycine for arginine substitution at position 16 or glutamic acid for glutamine substitution at position 27 affect blood pressure. We reasoned that measurements of resting sympathetic nerve traffic could increase the sensitivity of defining a gene phenotype relationship. METHODS We studied 111 Caucasian subjects (70 men, 41 women) with blood pressure<140/90 mmHg. We measured electrocardiogram, beat-by-beat finger blood pressure, brachial blood pressure, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) using microneurography. We genotyped the functionally relevant polymorphisms of the beta-2 adrenoreceptor gene by means of allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Sympathetic nerve traffic was similar regardless of genotypes. We obtained similar results when we quantified sympathetic nerve traffic as bursts/100 heart beats or as normalized burst area or when we adjusted resting sympathetic nerve traffic for gender, age, and blood pressure. The polymorphism at position 27 affects sympathetic regulation in men. Men with a Glu/Glu genotype had a significant positive correlation between blood pressure and MSNA. INTERPRETATIONS While our study was not sufficiently powered to detect subtle influences of genetic variability in the beta-2 adrenoreceptor gene on resting sympathetic nerve traffic, a large effect is unlikely. However the observation that beta-2 adrenoreceptor genotype may affect coupling between resting sympathetic nerve traffic and systolic blood pressure deserves to be tested in larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tank
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hanover, Germany
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Tank J, Heusser K, Diedrich A, Luft FC, Jordan J. A Novel Pharmacological Approach to Determining Parasympathetic Heart Rate Reserve in Human Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 88:630-3. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Biphasic Dose-dependent Modulation of Cardiac Parasympathetic Activity by Moxonidine, an Imidazoline I1-receptor Agonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 52:524-35. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181907146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Valsalva maneuver: screening for drug-induced baroreflex dysfunction. Clin Auton Res 2008; 19:32-8. [PMID: 19011931 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-008-0508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many drugs can interfere with baroreflex mechanisms thereby impairing blood pressure control, but few have undergone sufficient testing. The state of affairs may be explained by the lack of simple and inexpensive screening tests. METHODS In eleven healthy men, we tested the hypothesis that a simple Valsalva maneuver could detect drug-induced changes in baroreflex function that have previously been described using more elaborate and invasive methodologies. They performed Valsalva maneuvers after selective pharmacological inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, crossover fashion. Patients with severe autonomic failure served as positive controls. RESULTS NET inhibition profoundly augmented the blood pressure decrease during phase II and attenuated the blood pressure overshoot in phase IV compared with placebo. Furthermore, NET inhibition increased the heart rate response during the Valsalva maneuver. INTERPRETATION The Valsalva maneuver recapitulated complex alterations in baroreflex regulation during NET inhibition. Thus, this simple and inexpensive test could be employed as a screening tool for drug-induced baroreflex dysfunction.
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