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Yao T, Zhu J, Wu X, Li X, Fu Y, Wang Y, Wang Z, Xu F, Lai H, He A, Teng L, Wang C, Song H. Heterozygous HTRA1Mutations Cause Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases. Neurol Genet 2022; 8:e200044. [DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesCerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a rare hereditary cerebrovascular disease caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous variations in the high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) gene. However, several studies in recent years have found that some heterozygousHTRA1mutations also cause cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The current study aims to report the novel genotypes, phenotypes, and histopathologic results of 3 pedigrees of CSVD with heterozygousHTRA1mutation.MethodsThree pedigrees of familiar CSVD, including 11 symptomatic patients and 3 asymptomatic carriers, were enrolled. Whole-exome sequencing was conducted in the probands for identifying rare variants, which were then evaluated for pathogenicity according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Sanger sequencing was performed for validation of mutations in the probands and other family members. The protease activity was assayed for the novel mutations. All the participants received detailed clinical and imaging examinations and the corresponding results were concluded. Hematoma evacuation was performed for an intracerebral hemorrhage patient with the p.Q318H mutation, and the postoperative pathology including hematoma and cerebral small vessels were examined.ResultsThree novel heterozygousHTRA1mutations (p.Q318H, p.V279M, and p.R274W) were detected in the 3 pedigrees. The protease activity was largely lost for all the mutations, confirming that they were loss-of-function mutations. The patients in each pedigree presented with typical clinical and imaging features of CVSD, and some of them displayed several new phenotypes including color blindness, hydrocephalus, and multiple arachnoid cysts. In addition, family 1 is the largest pedigree with heterozygousHTRA1mutation so far and includes homozygous twins, displaying some variation in clinical phenotypes. More importantly, pathologic study of a patient with p.Q318H mutation showed hyalinization, luminal stenosis, loss of smooth muscle cells, splitting of the internal elastic lamina, and intramural hemorrhage/dissection-like structures.DiscussionThese findings broaden the mutational and clinical spectrum of heterozygousHTRA1-related CSVD. Pathologic features were similar with the previous heterozygous and homozygous cases. Moreover, clinical heterogeneity was revealed within the largest single family, and the mechanisms of the phenotypic heterogenetic remain unclear. Overall, heterozygous HTRA1-related CSVD should not be simply taken as a mild type of CARASIL as previously considered.
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When Recurrent Strokes, Back Pain, and Alopecia Constitute a Hereditary Cause of Small-Vessel Disease, CARASIL in an Arabic Woman. Neurologist 2022:00127893-990000000-00046. [DOI: 10.1097/nrl.0000000000000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Zhou H, Jiao B, Ouyang Z, Wu Q, Shen L, Fang L. Report of two pedigrees with heterozygous HTRA1 variants-related cerebral small vessel disease and literature review. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e2032. [PMID: 35946346 PMCID: PMC9544214 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic HTRA1 pathogenic variants are associated with autosomal recessive cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Recent studies have indicated that heterozygous HTRA1 variants are related to autosomal dominant hereditary cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). However, few studies have assessed heterozygous HTRA1 carriers or the genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS The clinical data of two unrelated Chinese Han families with CSVD were collected. Panel sequencing was used to search for pathogenic genes, Sanger sequencing was used for verification, three-dimensional protein models were constructed, and pathogenicity was analyzed. Published HTRA1-related phenotypes included in PubMed up to September 2021 were extensively reviewed, and the patients' genetic and clinical characteristics were summarized. RESULTS We report a novel heterozygous variant c.920T>C p.L307P in the HTRA1, whose main clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes are stroke and gait disturbance. We report another patient with the previously reported pathogenic variant HTRA1 c.589C>T p.R197X characterized by early cognitive decline. A literature review indicated that compared with CARASIL, HTRA1-related autosomal dominant hereditary CSVD has a later onset age, milder clinical symptoms, fewer extraneurological symptoms, and slower progression, indicating a milder CARASIL phenotype. In addition, HTRA1 heterozygous variants were related to a higher proportion of vascular risk factors (p < .001) and male sex (p = .022). CONCLUSION These findings broaden the known mutational spectrum and possible clinical phenotype of HTRA1. Considering the semidominant characteristics of HTRA1-related phenotypes, we recommend that all members of HTRA1 variant families undergo genetic screening and clinical follow-up if carrying pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Wen L, Yuan J, Li S, Zhao J, Li C, Li J, Han Y, Wang C, Li G. Case Report: Diffuse Cerebral Microbleeds in Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:818332. [PMID: 35222251 PMCID: PMC8869253 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.818332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a hereditary cerebral small vascular disease caused by a homozygous mutation in the high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) gene. Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are increasingly being recognized as neuroimaging findings occurring with cerebrovascular disease and have different etiologies. Mild to moderate CMBs are not unusual in CARASIL, and they are observed to affect cortical and subcortical structures; in contrast, diffuse CMBs, especially in the cerebellum, are rare. In this case, we report a novel mutation of HTRA1 in a 43-year-old woman whose imaging indicated multiple CMBs in all lobes, brain stem, and cerebellum. The amount and location of CMBs vary in CARASIL cases, and the potential cause is not fully understood. This study revealed that specific imaging findings of this patient may be related to a new genetic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jieyi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Congjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiafei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaohua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Chaohua Wang
| | - Guangjian Li
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guangjian Li
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Relationships of Ischemic Stroke Occurrence and Outcome with Gene Variants Encoding Enzymes of Tryptophan Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101441. [PMID: 34680558 PMCID: PMC8533114 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is among the leading causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide. Among stroke risk factors the importance of genetic background is gaining interest. There is a growing body of evidence of changes of metabolite levels and enzyme activities involved in the conversion of Trp during the course of cerebral ischemia. We compared the frequencies of ten SNPs of five genes related to Trp metabolism between groups of 122 ischemic stroke patients and 120 control individuals. Furthermore, we examined the mRNA levels of TPH1, IDO1 and KYAT1 genes in peripheral venous blood with the aim of assessing (i) whether there are changes in their expression during the course of stroke and (ii) does any of their investigated SNPs have an impact on gene expression. In seven cases out of ten studied polymorphisms we detected significant differences in frequencies in relation to ischemic stroke occurrence, etiology, and clinical parameters. We also detected changes in the expression of TPH1 and IDO1 genes during the course of the disease. We found that those IDO1 variants which show a trend towards elevated mRNA level are more frequent in stroke patients than in controls. Our results are important novel observations which suggest a causal relationship between elevated IDO1 expression and stroke etiology.
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Tan RY, Drazyk AM, Urankar K, Bailey C, Gräf S, Markus H, Giffin NJ. Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Pract Neurol 2021; 21:448-451. [PMID: 34433685 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2021-003058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A 44-year-old Caucasian man presented with seizures and cognitive impairment. He had marked retinal drusen, and MR brain scan showed features of cerebral small vessel disease; he was diagnosed with a leukoencephalopathy of uncertain cause. He died at the age of 46 years and postmortem brain examination showed widespread small vessel changes described as a vasculopathy of unknown cause. Seven years postmortem, whole-genome sequencing identified a homozygous nonsense HTRA1 mutation (p.Arg302Ter), giving a retrospective diagnosis of cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Yy Tan
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna M Drazyk
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Clare Bailey
- Ophthalmology, Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Haematology and Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hugh Markus
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Yu Z, Cao S, Wu A, Yue H, Zhang C, Wang J, Xia M, Wu J. Genetically Confirmed CARASIL: Case Report with Novel HTRA1 Mutation and Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2020; 143:121-128. [PMID: 32445900 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is an extremely rare monogenic autosomal disease associated with the HtrA serine protease 1 (HTRA 1) gene mutation. Recently, a few genetically confirmed CARASIL cases with novel HTRA1 mutations have been reported in countries other than Japan. CASE DESCRIPTION Here, we report a case of a patient presenting with worsening right hemiplegia and hemiparesthesia. Physical examination revealed that the patient had typical clinical features of CARASIL including thinning hair, cognitive impairment, emotional changes, lumbago, and gait disorder. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormal diffuse symmetric changes in white matter and hypertensive diffusion-weighted imaging signals in the left centrum ovale and right splenium of the corpus callosum, and susceptibility-weighted imaging showed multiple cerebral microbleeds. Lumbar magnetic resonance imaging showed herniated disks with degenerative changes. A genetic test showed a novel homozygous nucleotide variation of c.847G>T in the HTRA1 gene, thereby resulting in p.Gly283Ter. Thus the patient met the diagnostic criteria for CARASIL. We provide a literature review of genetically confirmed CARASIL cases reported to date. CONCLUSIONS CARASIL is a rare autosomal recessive disease with an HTRA1 mutation. Familiarity with the early clinical and imaging features of CARASIL combined with a genetic test is key for its early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Aimei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yue
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Mingwu Xia
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Juncang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hefei Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China.
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Liu JY, Zhu YC, Zhou LX, Wei YP, Mao CH, Cui LY, Peng B, Yao M. HTRA1-related autosomal dominant cerebral small vessel disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 134:178-184. [PMID: 33109952 PMCID: PMC7817319 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in high temperature requirement serine peptidase A1 (HTRA1) gene are responsible for cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Recently, increasing evidence has shown that heterozygous HTRA1 mutations are also associated with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. This study was aimed to analyze the genetic and clinical characteristics of HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD. METHODS We presented three new Chinese cases of familial CSVD with heterozygous HTRA1 mutations and reviewed all clinical case reports and articles on HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD included in PUBMED by the end of March 1, 2020. CARASIL probands with genetic diagnosis reported to date were also reviewed. The genetic and clinical characteristics of HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD were summarized and analyzed by comparing with CARASIL. RESULTS Forty-four HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD probands and 22 CARASIL probands were included. Compared with typical CARASIL, HTRA1-related autosomal dominant probands has a higher proportion of vascular risk factors (P < 0.001), a later onset age (P < 0.001), and a relatively slower clinical progression. Alopecia and spondylosis can be observed, but less than those in the typical CARASIL. Thirty-five heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 were reported, most of which were missense mutations. Amino acids located close to amino acids 250-300 were most frequently affected, followed by these located near 150∼200. While amino acids 250∼300 were also the most frequently affected region in CARASIL patients, fewer mutations precede the 200th amino acids were detected, especially in the Kazal-type serine protease domain. CONCLUSIONS HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD is present as a mild phenotype of CARASIL. The trend of regional concentration of mutation sites may be related to the concentration of key sites in these regions which are responsible for pathogenesis of HTRA1-related autosomal dominant CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
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Uemura M, Nozaki H, Kato T, Koyama A, Sakai N, Ando S, Kanazawa M, Hishikawa N, Nishimoto Y, Polavarapu K, Nalini A, Hanazono A, Kuzume D, Shindo A, El-Ghanem M, Abe A, Sato A, Yoshida M, Ikeuchi T, Mizuta I, Mizuno T, Onodera O. HTRA1-Related Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review of the Literature. Front Neurol 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 32719647 PMCID: PMC7351529 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is clinically characterized by early-onset dementia, stroke, spondylosis deformans, and alopecia. In CARASIL cases, brain magnetic resonance imaging reveals severe white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunar infarctions, and microbleeds. CARASIL is caused by a homozygous mutation in high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1). Recently, it was reported that several heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 also cause cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Although patients with heterozygous HTRA1-related CSVD (symptomatic carriers) are reported to have a milder form of CARASIL, little is known about the clinical and genetic differences between the two diseases. Given this gap in the literature, we collected clinical information on HTRA1-related CSVD from a review of the literature to help clarify the differences between symptomatic carriers and CARASIL and the features of both diseases. Forty-six symptomatic carriers and 28 patients with CARASIL were investigated. Twenty-eight mutations in symptomatic carriers and 22 mutations in CARASIL were identified. Missense mutations in symptomatic carriers are more frequently identified in the linker or loop 3 (L3)/loop D (LD) domains, which are critical sites in activating protease activity. The ages at onset of neurological symptoms/signs were significantly higher in symptomatic carriers than in CARASIL, and the frequency of characteristic extraneurological findings and confluent WMHs were significantly higher in CARASIL than in symptomatic carriers. As previously reported, heterozygous HTRA1-related CSVD has a milder clinical presentation of CARASIL. It seems that haploinsufficiency can cause CSVD among symptomatic carriers according to the several patients with heterozygous nonsense/frameshift mutations. However, the differing locations of mutations found in the two diseases indicate that distinct molecular mechanisms influence the development of CSVD in patients with HTRA1-related CSVD. These findings further support continued careful examination of the pathogenicity of mutations located outside the linker or LD/L3 domain in symptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nozaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kato
- Department of System Pathology for Neurological Disorders, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akihide Koyama
- Division of Legal Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoko Sakai
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Ando
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masato Kanazawa
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kiran Polavarapu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Atchayaram Nalini
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Akira Hanazono
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatology and Neurology, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuzume
- Department of Neurology, Chikamori Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Mohammad El-Ghanem
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Imaging, University of Arizona-Banner University Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Arata Abe
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Aki Sato
- Department of Neurology, Niigata City General Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeuchi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mizuta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- Department of Neurology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Müller SJ, Khadhraoui E, Allam I, Argyriou L, Hehr U, Liman J, Hasenfuß G, Bähr M, Riedel CH, Koch JC. CARASIL with coronary artery disease and distinct cerebral microhemorrhage: A case report and literature review. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2514183x20914182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL, Maeda syndrome) is an extremely rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder with a serious arteriopathy causing subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. In less than 20 cases, a genetic mutation was proven. Patients suffer from alopecia, disc herniations, and spondylosis. Between the age of 30 and 40, the patients typically develop severe cerebral infarcts. Clinical symptoms, genetic study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and coronary angiography of a patient with proven CARASIL are presented. The patient showed the typical phenotype with cerebral small-vessel disease, cerebral infarcts, spondylosis, and abnormal hair loss. Additionally, distinct cerebral microhemorrhage and a severe coronary artery disease (CAD) were found, which have not been reported before for CARASIL. Mutation screening revealed the presence of a homozygous c.1022G > T substitution in the HTRA1 gene. Evidence from other publications supports a pathogenetic link between the HTRA1 mutation and CAD as a new feature of CARASIL. This is the first report about CARASIL with a concomitant severe CAD. Thus, in patients with CARASIL, other vessel diseases should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Müller
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eya Khadhraoui
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Allam
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Loukas Argyriou
- Institute of Human Genetics, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jan Liman
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerd Hasenfuß
- Department of Cardiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian H Riedel
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan C Koch
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Yang W, Ma F, Wang L, He X, Zhang H, Zheng J, Wang Y, Jin T, Yuan D, He Y. The association analysis between CYP24A1 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in Chinese Han population. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01503. [PMID: 31872978 PMCID: PMC7010572 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stroke is a complicated neurological disease and the second leading cause of death in the world. We aimed to investigate the association between CYP24A1 genetic polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk. METHODS In this case-control study, four single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP24A1 were selected and genotyped by MassARRAY platform in Chinese Han population. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated via logistic regression analysis with adjustment in genetic models. RESULTS Our results indicated that CYP24A1 variant (rs1570669) was associated with the decreased risk of ischemic stroke (OR = 0.60, p < .001). Stratification analysis showed that the rs6068816 could enhance the ischemic stroke risk by 1.64 times (OR = 1.64, p = .028), while rs1570669 played protective role (OR = 0.63, p = .044) in age >64 years. The rs2762934 had an increased ischemic stroke susceptibility (OR = 1.62, p = .033); however, rs1570669 might reduce stroke risk (OR = 0.61, p = .015) in age ≤64 years. The rs1570669 depressed ischemic stroke susceptibility both in female and male patients (OR = 0.46, p = .002; OR = 0.69, p = .033, respectively), and rs2296241 would weaken the risk in male (OR = 0.63, p = .012). The rs1570669 was associated with decreased risk of ischemic stroke with hypertension (OR = 0.56, p = .042). CONCLUSION Our study gave the evidences that CYP24A1 genetic polymorphisms were significantly associated with ischemic stroke patients, which would provide useful information of assessment or possible diagnostic markers for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Emergency, the Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Fenghui Ma
- Medical Examination Center, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xue He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hengxun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Emergency, the Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jianwen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongya Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yongjun He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Intervention Research for Plateau Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China.,School of Basic Medical Science, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
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12
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Oluwole OJ, Ibrahim H, Garozzo D, Ben Hamouda K, Ismail Mostafa Hassan S, Hegazy AM, Msaddi AK. Cerebral small vessel disease due to a unique heterozygous HTRA1 mutation in an African man. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2019; 6:e382. [PMID: 32042911 PMCID: PMC6936311 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the case of an African patient who was diagnosed with cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL). Methods Case report and literature review. Results We present a 39-year-old Gabonese man who developed progressive gait difficulty at the age of 32, followed by insidious tetraparesis, urinary sphincter disturbance, spastic dysarthria, cognitive dysfunction, and seizures. Brain imaging was performed many years after disease onset and revealed diffuse confluent white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts. He tested negative for acquired white matter disease, but genetic screening detected a genetic variant of HTRA1 gene (G283R), which has not been previously reported. Conclusions CARASIL is a disease that usually affects Asian patients. This case report describes a unique case of an African patient diagnosed with CARASIL and a novel genetic mutation in HTRA1 that has not been previously described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun John Oluwole
- Department of Neurology (O.J.O., A.M.H.) and Department of Radiology (H.I.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai; Ain Shams University (H.I.), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery (D.G., K.B.H., A.K.M.) and Department of Clinical Pathology (S.I.M.H.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Beni-Suef University (S.I.M.H.), Egypt
| | - Heba Ibrahim
- Department of Neurology (O.J.O., A.M.H.) and Department of Radiology (H.I.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai; Ain Shams University (H.I.), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery (D.G., K.B.H., A.K.M.) and Department of Clinical Pathology (S.I.M.H.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Beni-Suef University (S.I.M.H.), Egypt
| | - Debora Garozzo
- Department of Neurology (O.J.O., A.M.H.) and Department of Radiology (H.I.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai; Ain Shams University (H.I.), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery (D.G., K.B.H., A.K.M.) and Department of Clinical Pathology (S.I.M.H.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Beni-Suef University (S.I.M.H.), Egypt
| | - Karim Ben Hamouda
- Department of Neurology (O.J.O., A.M.H.) and Department of Radiology (H.I.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai; Ain Shams University (H.I.), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery (D.G., K.B.H., A.K.M.) and Department of Clinical Pathology (S.I.M.H.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Beni-Suef University (S.I.M.H.), Egypt
| | - Saly Ismail Mostafa Hassan
- Department of Neurology (O.J.O., A.M.H.) and Department of Radiology (H.I.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai; Ain Shams University (H.I.), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery (D.G., K.B.H., A.K.M.) and Department of Clinical Pathology (S.I.M.H.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Beni-Suef University (S.I.M.H.), Egypt
| | - Ahmed Metwaly Hegazy
- Department of Neurology (O.J.O., A.M.H.) and Department of Radiology (H.I.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai; Ain Shams University (H.I.), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery (D.G., K.B.H., A.K.M.) and Department of Clinical Pathology (S.I.M.H.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Beni-Suef University (S.I.M.H.), Egypt
| | - Abdul Karim Msaddi
- Department of Neurology (O.J.O., A.M.H.) and Department of Radiology (H.I.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai; Ain Shams University (H.I.), Cairo, Egypt; Department of Neurosurgery (D.G., K.B.H., A.K.M.) and Department of Clinical Pathology (S.I.M.H.), Neuro Spinal Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and Beni-Suef University (S.I.M.H.), Egypt
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13
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Giau VV, Bagyinszky E, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim SY. Genetic Factors of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease and Their Potential Clinical Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174298. [PMID: 31484286 PMCID: PMC6747336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel diseases (SVD) have been causally correlated with ischemic strokes, leading to cognitive decline and vascular dementia. Neuroimaging and molecular genetic tests could improve diagnostic accuracy in patients with potential SVD. Several types of monogenic, hereditary cerebral SVD have been identified: cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL), cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), cathepsin A-related arteriopathy with strokes and leukoencephalopathy (CARASAL), hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), COL4A1/2-related disorders, and Fabry disease. These disorders can be distinguished based on their genetics, pathological and imaging findings, clinical manifestation, and diagnosis. Genetic studies of sporadic cerebral SVD have demonstrated a high degree of heritability, particularly among patients with young-onset stroke. Common genetic variants in monogenic disease may contribute to pathological progress in several cerebral SVD subtypes, revealing distinct genetic mechanisms in different subtype of SVD. Hence, genetic molecular analysis should be used as the final gold standard of diagnosis. The purpose of this review was to summarize the recent discoveries made surrounding the genetics of cerebral SVD and their clinical significance, to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of cerebral SVD, and to highlight the possible convergence of disease mechanisms in monogenic and sporadic cerebral SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology & Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology & Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea.
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology & Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, Korea.
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul 06973, Korea
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14
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Favaretto S, Margoni M, Salviati L, Pianese L, Manara R, Baracchini C. A new Italian family with HTRA1 mutation associated with autosomal-dominant variant of CARASIL: Are we pointing towards a disease spectrum? J Neurol Sci 2019; 396:108-111. [PMID: 30447605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Favaretto
- Department of Neurosciences DNS, University Hospital, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Margoni
- Department of Neurosciences DNS, University Hospital, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Pianese
- Clinical Pathology Unit, Mazzoni Hospital, ASUR Marche AV5, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Renzo Manara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Unit of Neuroradiology, Section of Neuroscience, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Claudio Baracchini
- Department of Neurosciences DNS, University Hospital, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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15
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Khasanova LT, Stakhovskaya LV, Koltsova EA, Shamalov NA. [Genetic characteristics of stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:65-72. [PMID: 32207720 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911912265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years there is a growing interest in identification of additional genetic factors of stroke. A growing body of evidence supports the role of genetic factors in determining the risk of both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. The article considers the main genes associated with susceptibility to stroke and genetic polymorphisms associated with the disease. Genetic factors, modulating inflammation process, coagulation, lipid metabolism, NO formation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and homeostasis play a significant role in stroke development. A comprehensive analysis of different genes associated with stroke may help to detect individuals with extremely high risk of stroke and implement timely preventive measures to decrease stroke burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Khasanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Stakhovskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Koltsova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Shamalov
- Federal Center for Cerebrovascular Pathology and Stroke, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Lee YC, Chung CP, Chao NC, Fuh JL, Chang FC, Soong BW, Liao YC. Characterization of Heterozygous HTRA1 Mutations in Taiwanese Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Stroke 2018; 49:1593-1601. [PMID: 29895533 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.021283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations in the high temperature requirement serine peptidase A1 gene (HTRA1) cause cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy. However, heterozygous HTRA1 mutations were recently identified to be associated with autosomal dominant cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). The present study aims at investigating the clinical features, frequency, and spectrum of HTRA1 mutations in a Taiwanese cohort with SVD. METHODS Mutational analyses of HTRA1 were performed by Sanger sequencing in 222 subjects, selected from a cohort of 337 unrelated patients with SVD after excluding those harboring a NOTCH3 mutation. The influence of these mutations on HTRA1 protease activities was characterized. RESULTS Seven novel heterozygous mutations in HTRA1 were identified, including p.Gly120Asp, p.Ile179Asn, p.Ala182Profs*33, p.Ile256Thr, p.Gly276Ala, p.Gln289Ter, and p.Asn324Thr, and each was identified in 1 single index patient. All mutations significantly compromise the HTRA1 protease activities. For the 7 index cases and another 2 affected siblings carrying a heterozygous HTRA1 mutation, the common clinical presentations include lacunar infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, cognitive decline, and spondylosis at the fifth to sixth decade of life. Among the 9 patients, 4 have psychiatric symptoms as delusion, depression, and compulsive behavior, 3 have leukoencephalopathy in anterior temporal poles, and 2 patients have alopecia. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous HTRA1 mutations account for 2.08% (7 of 337) of SVD in Taiwan. The clinical and neuroradiological features of HTRA1-related SVD and sporadic SVD are similar. These findings broaden the mutational spectrum of HTRA1 and highlight the pathogenic role of heterozygous HTRA1 mutations in SVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chung Lee
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., N.-C.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; and Department of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Brain Research Center (Y.-C.L., J.-L.F., B.-W.S.), National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chung
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., N.-C.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; and Department of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
| | - Nai-Chen Chao
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., N.-C.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., N.-C.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; and Department of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Brain Research Center (Y.-C.L., J.-L.F., B.-W.S.), National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Bing-Wing Soong
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., N.-C.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; and Department of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Brain Research Center (Y.-C.L., J.-L.F., B.-W.S.), National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Liao
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., N.-C.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan; and Department of Neurology (Y.-C.L., C.-P.C., J.-L.F., B.-W.S., Y.-C.L.)
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17
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Kalaria RN. The pathology and pathophysiology of vascular dementia. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:226-239. [PMID: 29273521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is widely recognised as the second most common type of dementia. Consensus and accurate diagnosis of clinically suspected VaD relies on wide-ranging clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging measures in life but more importantly pathological confirmation. Factors defining subtypes of VaD include the nature and extent of vascular pathologies, degree of involvement of extra and intracranial vessels and the anatomical location of tissue changes as well as time after the initial vascular event. Atherosclerotic and cardioembolic diseases combined appear the most common subtypes of vascular brain injury. In recent years, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) has gained prominence worldwide as an important substrate of cognitive impairment. SVD is characterised by arteriolosclerosis, lacunar infarcts and cortical and subcortical microinfarcts and diffuse white matter changes, which involve myelin loss and axonal abnormalities. Global brain atrophy and focal degeneration of the cerebrum including medial temporal lobe atrophy are also features of VaD similar to Alzheimer's disease. Hereditary arteriopathies have provided insights into the mechanisms of dementia particularly how arteriolosclerosis, a major contributor of SVD promotes cognitive impairment. Recently developed and validated neuropathology guidelines indicated that the best predictors of vascular cognitive impairment were small or lacunar infarcts, microinfarcts, perivascular space dilation, myelin loss, arteriolosclerosis and leptomeningeal cerebral amyloid angiopathy. While these substrates do not suggest high specificity, VaD is likely defined by key neuronal and dendro-synaptic changes resulting in executive dysfunction and related cognitive deficits. Greater understanding of the molecular pathology is needed to clearly define microvascular disease and vascular substrates of dementia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Cerebral Ischemia'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.
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18
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Bougea A, Velonakis G, Spantideas N, Anagnostou E, Paraskevas G, Kapaki E, Kararizou E. The first Greek case of heterozygous cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy: An atypical clinico-radiological presentation. Neuroradiol J 2017; 30:583-585. [PMID: 28402226 DOI: 10.1177/1971400917700168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) was previously considered a rare, early-onset recessive form of small-vessel disease (SVD) caused by biallelic mutations in the serine protease gene HTRA1 with subsequent loss of its activity. However, very recently, there is growing interest of research showing heterozygous HTRA1 mutations as causes of SVD with a dominant inheritance pattern. This first Greek heterozygous CARASIL case with unusual clinico-radiological presentation extends our very recent knowledge on how heterozygous CARASIL mutations may be associated with cerebral SVD. Our findings highlight heterozygous HTRA1 mutations as an important cause of familial SVD, and that screening of HTRA1 should be considered in all patients with a hereditary SVD of unknown aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bougea
- 1 First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Greece
| | - George Velonakis
- 2 Research Unit of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Spantideas
- 1 First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Greece
| | - Evangelos Anagnostou
- 1 First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Greece
| | - George Paraskevas
- 1 First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Greece
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- 1 First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kararizou
- 1 First Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Greece
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19
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Ikram MA, Bersano A, Manso-Calderón R, Jia JP, Schmidt H, Middleton L, Nacmias B, Siddiqi S, Adams HHH. Genetics of vascular dementia - review from the ICVD working group. BMC Med 2017; 15:48. [PMID: 28260527 PMCID: PMC5338082 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia is a common disorder resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Determining the extent to which genes play a role in disease susceptibility and their pathophysiological mechanisms could improve our understanding of vascular dementia, leading to a potential translation of this knowledge to clinical practice. DISCUSSION In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the genetics of vascular dementia. The identification of causal genes remains limited to monogenic forms of the disease, with findings for sporadic vascular dementia being less robust. However, progress in genetic research on associated phenotypes, such as cerebral small vessel disease, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke, have the potential to inform on the genetics of vascular dementia. We conclude by providing an overview of future developments in the field and how such work could impact patients and clinicians. CONCLUSION The genetic background of vascular dementia is well established for monogenic disorders, but remains relatively obscure for the sporadic form. More work is needed for providing robust findings that might eventually lead to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Bersano
- Cerebrovascular Unit IRCCS Foundation Neurological Institute C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Raquel Manso-Calderón
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC-SACYL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jian-Ping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lefkos Middleton
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Søndergaard CB, Nielsen JE, Hansen CK, Christensen H. Hereditary cerebral small vessel disease and stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 155:45-57. [PMID: 28254515 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease is considered hereditary in about 5% of patients and is characterized by lacunar infarcts and white matter hyperintensities on MRI. Several monogenic hereditary diseases causing cerebral small vessel disease and stroke have been identified. The purpose of this systematic review is to provide a guide for determining when to consider molecular genetic testing in patients presenting with small vessel disease and stroke. CADASIL, CARASIL, collagen type IV mutations (including PADMAL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy, Fabry disease, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, and forkhead box C1 mutations are described in terms of genetics, pathology, clinical manifestation, imaging, and diagnosis. These monogenic disorders are often characterized by early-age stroke, but also by migraine, mood disturbances, vascular dementia and often gait disturbances. Some also present with extra-cerebral manifestations such as microangiopathy of the eyes and kidneys. Many present with clinically recognizable syndromes. Investigations include a thorough family medical history, medical history, neurological examination, neuroimaging, often supplemented by specific examinations e.g of the of vision, retinal changes, as well as kidney and heart function. However molecular genetic analysis is the final gold standard of diagnosis. There are increasing numbers of reports on new monogenic syndromes causing cerebral small vessel disease. Genetic counseling is important. Enzyme replacement therapy is possible in Fabry disease, but treatment options remain overall very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jørgen Erik Nielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
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21
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Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV. Stroke Risk Factors, Genetics, and Prevention. Circ Res 2017; 120:472-495. [PMID: 28154098 PMCID: PMC5321635 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a heterogeneous syndrome, and determining risk factors and treatment depends on the specific pathogenesis of stroke. Risk factors for stroke can be categorized as modifiable and nonmodifiable. Age, sex, and race/ethnicity are nonmodifiable risk factors for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, while hypertension, smoking, diet, and physical inactivity are among some of the more commonly reported modifiable risk factors. More recently described risk factors and triggers of stroke include inflammatory disorders, infection, pollution, and cardiac atrial disorders independent of atrial fibrillation. Single-gene disorders may cause rare, hereditary disorders for which stroke is a primary manifestation. Recent research also suggests that common and rare genetic polymorphisms can influence risk of more common causes of stroke, due to both other risk factors and specific stroke mechanisms, such as atrial fibrillation. Genetic factors, particularly those with environmental interactions, may be more modifiable than previously recognized. Stroke prevention has generally focused on modifiable risk factors. Lifestyle and behavioral modification, such as dietary changes or smoking cessation, not only reduces stroke risk, but also reduces the risk of other cardiovascular diseases. Other prevention strategies include identifying and treating medical conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, that increase stroke risk. Recent research into risk factors and genetics of stroke has not only identified those at risk for stroke but also identified ways to target at-risk populations for stroke prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia K Boehme
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (A.K.B., M.S.V.E.) and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (A.K.B., C.E., M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Charles Esenwa
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (A.K.B., M.S.V.E.) and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (A.K.B., C.E., M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (A.K.B., M.S.V.E.) and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (A.K.B., C.E., M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY.
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Müller K, Courtois G, Ursini MV, Schwaninger M. New Insight Into the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Small-Vessel Diseases. Stroke 2017; 48:520-527. [PMID: 28082670 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Müller
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.)
| | - Gilles Courtois
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.)
| | - Matilde Valeria Ursini
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.)
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.).
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23
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Ito S, Takao M, Fukutake T, Hatsuta H, Funabe S, Ito N, Shimoe Y, Niki T, Nakano I, Fukayama M, Murayama S. Histopathologic Analysis of Cerebral Autosomal Recessive Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): A Report of a New Genetically Confirmed Case and Comparison to 2 Previous Cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:1020-1030. [PMID: 27634960 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a nonhypertensive hereditary cerebral small vessel disease that is caused by mutations in a single gene, HTRA1. The HTRA1 protein normally represses transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and its mutations result in vascular changes. Ten homozygous, 1 compound heterozygous, and 1 homozygous frameshift mutation have been identified in the HTRA1 gene of patients with genetically confirmed CARASIL. However, few studies have compared neuropathologic findings in patients with the same or different mutations in HTRA1. We analyzed histopathologic alterations in 3 autopsied patients with genetically confirmed CARASIL: 2 of them had the HTRA1 p.R302X mutation and 1 had the HTRA1 p.A252T mutation. All 3 had similar cerebral arteriopathy showing myointimal proliferation, multi-layering and splitting of elastic laminae, and marked loss of medial smooth muscle cells. One CARASIL patient with the p.R302X mutation had atherosclerosis-like intimal thickening and arteriolosclerosis in the arteries of visceral organs, indicating that atherosclerotic changes are not confined to the intracranial vasculature but can occur throughout the body. CARASIL is a unique hereditary disease that shows similar neuropathology, systemic vascular pathology, and other TGF-β1-related pathology associated with HTRA1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ito
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukutake
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Funabe
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ito
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimoe
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masashi Fukayama
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- From the Department of Neuropathology (SI, MT, HH, SF, SM) and Department of Neurology (SM), Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pathology (SI), Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology (MT), Saitama International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurology (TF), Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, Japan; Department of Pathology (NI), Iida Municipal Hospital, Nagano, Japan; Department of Neurology (YS), Kashima Rosai Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Integrative Pathology (TN) and Department of Neurology (IN), Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and Department of Pathology (MF), The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Nozaki H, Kato T, Nihonmatsu M, Saito Y, Mizuta I, Noda T, Koike R, Miyazaki K, Kaito M, Ito S, Makino M, Koyama A, Shiga A, Uemura M, Sekine Y, Murakami A, Moritani S, Hara K, Yokoseki A, Kuwano R, Endo N, Momotsu T, Yoshida M, Nishizawa M, Mizuno T, Onodera O. Distinct molecular mechanisms of HTRA1 mutants in manifesting heterozygotes with CARASIL. Neurology 2016; 86:1964-74. [PMID: 27164673 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the molecular mechanism of mutant HTRA1-dependent cerebral small vessel disease in heterozygous individuals. METHODS We recruited 113 unrelated index patients with clinically diagnosed cerebral small vessel disease. The coding sequences of the HTRA1 gene were analyzed. We evaluated HTRA1 protease activities using casein assays and oligomeric HTRA1 formation using gel filtration chromatography. RESULTS We found 4 heterozygous missense mutations in the HTRA1 gene (p.G283E, p.P285L, p.R302Q, and p.T319I) in 6 patients from 113 unrelated index patients and in 2 siblings in 2 unrelated families with p.R302Q. The mean age at cognitive impairment onset was 51.1 years. Spondylosis deformans was observed in all cases, whereas alopecia was observed in 3 cases; an autopsied case with p.G283E showed arteriopathy in their cerebral small arteries. These mutant HTRA1s showed markedly decreased protease activities and inhibited wild-type HTRA1 activity, whereas 2 of 3 mutant HTRA1s reported in cerebral autosomal-recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) (A252T and V297M) did not inhibit wild-type HTRA1 activity. Wild-type HTRA1 forms trimers; however, G283E and T319I HTRA1, observed in manifesting heterozygotes, did not form trimers. P285L and R302Q HTRA1s formed trimers, but their mutations were located in domains that are important for trimer-associated HTRA1 activation; in contrast, A252T and V297M HTRA1s, which have been observed in CARASIL, also formed trimers but had mutations outside the domains important for trimer-associated HTRA1 activation. CONCLUSIONS The mutant HTRA1s observed in manifesting heterozygotes might result in an impaired HTRA1 activation cascade of HTRA1 or be unable to form stable trimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nozaki
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kato
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Megumi Nihonmatsu
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yohei Saito
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mizuta
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Tomoko Noda
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koike
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Miyazaki
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Muichi Kaito
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shoichi Ito
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Makino
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Akihide Koyama
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shiga
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uemura
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yumi Sekine
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Ayuka Murakami
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Suzuko Moritani
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Kenju Hara
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Akio Yokoseki
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Ryozo Kuwano
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Momotsu
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Masatoyo Nishizawa
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Osamu Onodera
- From the Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine (H.N.), Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute (T.K., A.Y., O.O.), Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute (M. Nihonmatsu, Y. Saito, A.K., A.S., M.U., Y. Sekine, M. Nishizawa), Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery (N.E.), and Department of Molecular Genetics, Bioresource Science Branch, Brain Research Institute (R. Kuwano), Niigata University, Niigata City; Department of Neurology (I.M., T. Mizuno), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Department of Neurology (T.N.), Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, Aichi; Department of Neurology (R. Koike), Nishi-Niigata Chuo National Hospital, Niigata; Department of Neurology (K.M.), Shiseikai-Daini Hospital, Tokyo; Department of Neurology (M.K.), Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa; Department of Neurology (S.I.), Chiba University; Department of Neurology (M.M.), Nantan General Hospital, Kyoto; Departments of Neurology (A.M.) and Advanced Diagnosis (S.M.), Nagoya Medical Center, Aichi; Department of Neurology (K.H.), Japanese Red Cross Akita Hospital; Department of Internal Medicine (T. Momotsu), Sado General Hospital, Niigata; and Institute for Medical Science of Aging (M.Y.), Aichi Medical University, Japan.
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Tateoka T, Onda H, Hirota K, Kasuya H, Shinohara T, Kinouchi H, Akagawa H. Unusual case of cerebral small vessel disease with a heterozygous nonsense mutation in HTRA1. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:144-6. [PMID: 26944136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tateoka
- Division of Neurosurgery, Kofu Neurosurgical Hospital, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onda
- Division of Neurosurgery, Kofu Neurosurgical Hospital, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Hirota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences (TIIMS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kasuya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Shinohara
- Division of Neurosurgery, Kofu Neurosurgical Hospital, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kinouchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Akagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Tokyo Women's Medical University Institute for Integrated Medical Sciences (TIIMS), Tokyo, Japan.
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