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Nakata S, Masumi A, Toya G. Formalising prestige bias: Differences between models with first-order and second-order cues. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2024; 6:e21. [PMID: 38689894 PMCID: PMC11058518 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge and behaviour are transmitted from one individual to another through social learning and eventually disseminated across the population. People often learn useful behaviours socially through selective bias rather than random selection of targets. Prestige bias, or the tendency to selectively imitate prestigious individuals, has been considered an important factor in influencing human behaviour. Although its importance in human society and culture has been recognised, the formulation of prestige bias is less developed than that of other social learning biases. To examine the effects of prestige bias on cultural evolution theoretically, it is imperative to formulate prestige and investigate its basic properties. We reviewed two definitions: one based on first-order cues, such as the demonstrator's appearance and job title, and the other based on second-order cues, such as people's behaviour towards the demonstrator (e.g. people increasingly pay attention to prestigious individuals). This study builds a computational model of prestige bias based on these two definitions and compares the cultural evolutionary dynamics they generate. Our models demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between the two types of formalisation, because they can have different influences on cultural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Nakata
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Masumi
- School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Genta Toya
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Breithaupt F, Otenen E, Wright DR, Kruschke JK, Li Y, Tan Y. Humans create more novelty than ChatGPT when asked to retell a story. Sci Rep 2024; 14:875. [PMID: 38195660 PMCID: PMC10776760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We compare how humans retell stories to how ChatGPT retells stories in chains of three retellings by different people or different accounts on ChatGPT. ChatGPT provides competent summaries of the original narrative texts in one step of retelling. In subsequent retellings few additional changes occur. Human retellers, by contrast, reduce the original text incrementally and by creating 55-60% of novel words and concepts (synsets) at each iteration. The retellings by both ChatGPT and humans show very stable emotion ratings, which is a puzzle for human retellers given the high degree of novel inventions across retellings. ChatGPT maintains more nouns, adjectives, and prepositions and also uses language later acquired in life, while humans use more verbs, adverbs, and negations and use language acquired at a younger age. The results reveal that spontaneous retelling by humans involves ongoing creativity, anchored by emotions, beyond the default probabilistic wording of large language models such as ChatGPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Breithaupt
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Germanic Studies, Indiana University Bloomington, 355 N. Eagleson, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Ege Otenen
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 901 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Devin R Wright
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, 901 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - John K Kruschke
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyan Tan
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Liz Paola NZ, Torgerson PR, Hartnack S. Alternative Paradigms in Animal Health Decisions: A Framework for Treating Animals Not Only as Commodities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141845. [PMID: 35883391 PMCID: PMC9311748 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans, more comprehensive measures are needed when preventing and controlling these diseases. Because the value of animals is mainly based on monetary terms, animals are typically treated as commodities, impacting public health decisions. Therefore, a framework is proposed to value the health of animals beyond money for public health decision-making with a “One Health” approach. The aim is to have more comprehensive animal values based on the opinion of societies. However, tackling the dilemmas related to animal diseases, public health, and welfare still represents a challenge and a work in progress. Abstract Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from (vertebrate) animals to humans in the environment. The control and prevention of these diseases require an appropriate way to measure health value for prudent and well-balanced decisions in public health, production costs, and market values. Currently, the impact of diseases and animal disease control measures are typically assessed in monetary values, thus lacking consideration of other values such as emotional, societal, ecological, among others. Therefore, a framework is proposed that aims to explore, understand, and open up a conversation about the non-monetary value of animals through environmental and normative ethics. This method might help us complement the existing metrics in health, which are currently DALY and zDALY, adding more comprehensive values for animal and human health to the “One Health” approach. As an example of this framework application, participants can choose what they are willing to give in exchange for curing an animal in hypothetical scenarios selecting a human health condition to suffer, the amount of money, and lifetime as a tradeoff. Considering animals beyond their monetary value in public health decisions might contribute to a more rigorous assessment of the burden of zoonotic diseases, among other health decisions. This study is structured as follows: after a brief introduction of zoonoses, animal health, and health metrics, briefly, different environmental health perspectives are presented. Based on this, a framework for animal health decisions is proposed. This framework introduces the “anthropozoocentric interface” based on anthropocentrism and zoocentrism perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noguera Z. Liz Paola
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (P.R.T.); (S.H.)
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: or
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (P.R.T.); (S.H.)
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (P.R.T.); (S.H.)
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Abstract
We conducted the largest multiple-iteration retelling study to date (12,840 participants and 19,086 retellings) with two different studies that test how emotional appraisals are transmitted across retellings. We use a novel Bayesian model that tracks changes across retellings. Study 1 examines the preservation of appraisals of happy and sad stories and finds that retellings preserve the story's degree of happiness and sadness even when length shrinks and aspects of story coherence and rationalisation deteriorate. Study 2 compared the transmission of appraisals of happiness and sadness with embarrassment, disgust, and risk. Appraisals of happiness, sadness, and also embarrassment showed high appraisal preservation, while disgust and risk were not well preserved. We conclude that participants in our studies encoded happy and sad stories by encapsulating the events and details into an overall emotional appraisal of the story and that this processing strategy might also apply to stories involving other emotions like embarrassment. The emotional appraisal played a key role in retelling by helping to guide the selection, invention, and ordering of the story elements. Hence, we posit that emotion appraisals can operate as anchors for remembering and retelling stories, thus playing an important role in narrative communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Breithaupt
- Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Germanic Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Binyan Li
- Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - John K Kruschke
- Cognitive Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Berl RE, Samarasinghe AN, Roberts SG, Jordan FM, Gavin MC. Prestige and content biases together shape the cultural transmission of narratives. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2021; 3:e42. [PMID: 37588523 PMCID: PMC10427335 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultural transmission biases such as prestige are thought to have been a primary driver in shaping the dynamics of human cultural evolution. However, few empirical studies have measured the importance of prestige relative to other effects, such as content biases present within the information being transmitted. Here, we report the findings of an experimental transmission study designed to compare the simultaneous effects of a model using a high- or low-prestige regional accent with the presence of narrative content containing social, survival, emotional, moral, rational, or counterintuitive information in the form of a creation story. Results from multimodel inference reveal that prestige is a significant factor in determining the salience and recall of information, but that several content biases, specifically social, survival, negative emotional, and biological counterintuitive information, are significantly more influential. Further, we find evidence that reliance on prestige cues may serve as a conditional learning strategy when no content cues are available. Our results demonstrate that content biases serve a vital and underappreciated role in cultural transmission and cultural evolution. Social media summary: Storyteller and tale are both key to memorability, but some content is more important than the storyteller's prestige.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E.W. Berl
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523-1480, USA
| | - Alarna N. Samarasinghe
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Seán G. Roberts
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of English, Communication and Philosophy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Jordan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael C. Gavin
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523-1480, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
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Eriksson K, Strimling P. Using Models to Predict Cultural Evolution From Emotional Selection Mechanisms. EMOTION REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073919890914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cultural variants may spread by being more appealing, more memorable, or less offensive than other cultural variants. Empirical studies suggest that such “emotional selection” is a force to be reckoned with in cultural evolution. We present a research paradigm that is suitable for the study of emotional selection. It guides empirical research by directing attention to the circumstances under which emotions influence the likelihood that an individual will influence another individual to acquire a cultural variant. We present a modeling framework to translate such knowledge into specific and testable predictions of population-level change. A set of already analyzed basic cases can serve as a toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Eriksson
- Centre for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Sweden
- School of Education, Culture and Communication, Mälardalen University
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Abstract
Emotion is critical for cultural dynamics, that is, for the formation, maintenance, and transformation of culture over time. We outline the component micro- and macro-level processes of cultural dynamics, and argue that emotion not only facilitates the transmission and retention of cultural information, but also is shaped and crafted by cultural dynamics. Central to this argument is our understanding of emotion as a complete information package that signals the adaptive significance of the information that the agent is processing. It captures an agent’s appraisal about the relationship between themself and the object of emotional focus, as well as action orientation and allostasis in context. We discuss implications of this perspective in the context of the changing natural and geopolitical environment, and future cultural dynamics into the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Vincent Yzerbyt
- Department of Psychology, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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Kashima Y, Bain PG, Perfors A. The Psychology of Cultural Dynamics: What Is It, What Do We Know, and What Is Yet to Be Known? Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 70:499-529. [PMID: 30609914 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The psychology of cultural dynamics is the psychological investigation of the formation, maintenance, and transformation of culture over time. This article maps out the terrain, reviews the existing literature, and points out potential future directions of this research. It is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on micro-cultural dynamics, which refers to the social and psychological processes that contribute to the dissemination and retention of cultural information. The second part, on micro-macro dynamics, investigates how micro-level processes give rise to macro-cultural dynamics. The third part focuses on macro-cultural dynamics, referring to the distribution and long-term trends involving cultural information in a population, which in turn enable and constrain the micro-level processes. We conclude the review with a consideration of future directions, suggesting behavior change research as translational research on cultural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Paul G Bain
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Perfors
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;
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Giner-Sorolla R. From crisis of evidence to a “crisis” of relevance? Incentive-based answers for social psychology’s perennial relevance worries. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2018.1542902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kashima Y, Bratanova B, Peters K. Social transmission and shared reality in cultural dynamics. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 23:15-19. [PMID: 29174489 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Micro cultural dynamics are concerned with the mechanisms of transmission, retention, and modification of cultural information in social networks. When interacting individuals mutually recognize that they share psychological reactions to given cultural information, it may be grounded as an aspect of their shared reality under specifiable conditions. The interpretation of cultural information as socially verified shared reality provides a basis for further dissemination of the information and coordinated social action. We review the recent literature that supports this general contention, while highlighting the role of emotion-a somewhat under-recognized aspect of shared reality research-and emphasizing the mediating role of cultural dynamics in the mutual constitution of social reality and shared reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - Kim Peters
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Australia
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Morin O, Acerbi A. Birth of the cool: a two-centuries decline in emotional expression in Anglophone fiction. Cogn Emot 2016; 31:1663-1675. [PMID: 27910735 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2016.1260528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of emotional words and content in stories has been shown to enhance a story's memorability, and its cultural success. Yet, recent cultural trends run in the opposite direction. Using the Google Books corpus, coupled with two metadata-rich corpora of Anglophone fiction books, we show a decrease in emotionality in English-speaking literature starting plausibly in the nineteenth century. We show that this decrease cannot be explained by changes unrelated to emotionality (such as demographic dynamics concerning age or gender balance, changes in vocabulary richness, or changes in the prevalence of literary genres), and that, in our three corpora, the decrease is driven almost entirely by a decline in the proportion of positive emotion-related words, while the frequency of negative emotion-related words shows little if any decline. Consistently with previous studies, we also find a link between ageing and negative emotionality at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Morin
- a Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History , Jena , Germany
| | - Alberto Acerbi
- b School of Innovation Sciences , Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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